{"/e/peninsulas/sinai-peninsula/": {"t": "Sinai Peninsula", "s": "Peninsula in Egypt, land bridge between Africa and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/peninsula/": {"t": "Peninsula", "s": "Landform mostly surrounded by water, connected to mainland on one side."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/arabian-plate/": {"t": "Arabian plate", "s": "Minor tectonic plate colliding with Eurasia, forming major mountain ranges."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-hormuz/": {"t": "Strait of Hormuz", "s": "Strategic waterway for global oil and gas trade."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea/": {"t": "Arabian Sea", "s": "A historically vital sea linking Old World trade networks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arabian Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-aden/": {"t": "Gulf of Aden", "s": "A deepwater gulf of the Indian Ocean, vital for global shipping and rich in biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/negev/": {"t": "Negev", "s": "A desert region covering over half of Israel, rich in history and geology."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/petra/": {"t": "Petra", "s": "The Rose City of the Nabataeans", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/petra.webp", "c": "Al_Khazneh_Petra.jpg : Graham Racher from London, UK derivative work: MrPanyGoff · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/african-plate/": {"t": "African plate", "s": "Major tectonic plate comprising most of Africa and adjacent oceanic crust."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/religion-in-pre-islamic-arabia/": {"t": "Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia", "s": "Polytheistic and monotheistic traditions coexisted in pre-Islamic Arabia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/img/islamic-mythology/religion-in-pre-islamic-arabia.webp", "c": "Burton, Isabel, Lady, 1831-1896 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/prophets-and-messengers-in-islam/": {"t": "Prophets and messengers in Islam", "s": "Individuals believed to spread God's message and exemplify ideal human behaviour."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world/": {"t": "Arab world", "s": "A region of diverse peoples united by Arabic language and culture, spanning West Asia and North Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world.webp", "c": "Qbox673 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/najd/": {"t": "Najd", "s": "Central Arabian highland region, cradle of the House of Saud."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/eastern-arabia/": {"t": "Eastern Arabia", "s": "Historical coastal region of the eastern Arabian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/eastern-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shield (geology) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/al-ahsa-oasis/": {"t": "Al-Ahsa Oasis", "s": "The world's largest oasis, a lush haven in the Arabian desert."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/hejaz/": {"t": "Hejaz", "s": "Historical region of western Arabia containing Islam's holiest cities."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-paleolithic/": {"t": "Middle Paleolithic", "s": "Second subdivision of the Paleolithic, defined by the coexistence of archaic and anatomically modern humans."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-california/": {"t": "Gulf of California", "s": "Marginal sea separating Baja California from mainland Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/baja-california/": {"t": "Baja California", "s": "Northwestern Mexican state, home to diverse geography and wine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/img/mexican-states/baja-california.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Baja California peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/baja-california-sur/": {"t": "Baja California Sur", "s": "Mexico's youngest state, covering the southern half of the Baja California Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/img/mexican-states/baja-california-sur.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Baja California Sur · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/colorado-river/": {"t": "Colorado River", "s": "Major river of the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/colorado-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Colorado River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/e/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/el-vizca-no-biosphere-reserve/": {"t": "El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve", "s": "Largest wildlife refuge in Mexico, spanning desert and coast."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-folklore/e/latin-american-folklore/island-of-california/": {"t": "Island of California", "s": "A centuries-old cartographic error depicting California as an island."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/the-californias/": {"t": "The Californias", "s": "A historic region now spanning the U.S. and Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/alta-california/": {"t": "Alta California", "s": "Former Spanish province and later Mexican territory in North America."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/nevada/": {"t": "Nevada", "s": "Landlocked Western state known for silver, gambling, and libertarian laws."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/utah/": {"t": "Utah", "s": "A landlocked state shaped by Mormon settlement and desert geography."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/pacific-plate/": {"t": "Pacific plate", "s": "The largest tectonic plate, underlying most of the Pacific Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-cities/e/indonesian-cities/sorong/": {"t": "Sorong", "s": "Gateway to Raja Ampat and eastern oil hub."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea/": {"t": "New Guinea", "s": "The world's second-largest island, rich in biodiversity and cultural history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German New Guinea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-papua-province/": {"t": "West Papua (province)", "s": "Province of West Papua – Land of diverse tribes and traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/raja-ampat-islands/": {"t": "Raja Ampat Islands", "s": "Archipelago in the Coral Triangle with the richest marine biodiversity on earth."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/indonesian-language/": {"t": "Indonesian language", "s": "The official and national language of Indonesia, a standardized variety of Malay spoken by over 97% of the population."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/language-isolate/": {"t": "Language isolate", "s": "A language family with only one known member."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/chiba-prefecture/": {"t": "Chiba Prefecture", "s": "Chiba Prefecture: Eastern gateway to Tokyo, home to Narita Airport and the Keiyō Industrial Zone.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/chiba-prefecture.webp", "c": "Ineshima · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/honshu/": {"t": "Honshu", "s": "Japan's largest and most populous main island"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/kawasaki-kanagawa/": {"t": "Kawasaki, Kanagawa", "s": "Major industrial and residential city in Greater Tokyo Area.", "i": "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/img/japanese-cities/kawasaki-kanagawa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kawasaki, Kanagawa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/kanagawa-prefecture/": {"t": "Kanagawa Prefecture", "s": "Historic seat of the Kamakura shogunate and modern commercial hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/kanagawa-prefecture.webp", "c": "Dick Thomas Johnson from Tokyo, Japan · via Wikipedia: Kanagawa Prefecture · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-japan/e/national-parks-of-japan/minami-b-s-quasi-national-park/": {"t": "Minami Bōsō Quasi-National Park", "s": "Coastal quasi-national park on southern Bōsō Peninsula, Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/tree-species/e/tree-species/eucalyptus/": {"t": "Eucalyptus", "s": "The gum tree genus with over 700 species, known for its distinctive operculum and oil-rich leaves."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/willem-janszoon/": {"t": "Willem Janszoon", "s": "Dutch navigator who made first recorded European landfall in Australia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/torres-strait-islanders/": {"t": "Torres Strait Islanders", "s": "Indigenous Melanesian peoples of the Torres Strait Islands"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-carpentaria/": {"t": "Gulf of Carpentaria", "s": "A shallow sea off northern Australia with submerged coral reefs."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/coral-sea/": {"t": "Coral Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the South Pacific, home to the Great Barrier Reef and rich in marine life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/coral-sea.webp", "c": "NormanEinstein · via Wikipedia: Coral Sea · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/james-cook/": {"t": "James Cook", "s": "British Royal Navy officer who mapped much of the Pacific and Southern Oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/james-cook.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Cook · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/meander/": {"t": "Meander", "s": "Sinuous stream-channel curves built by bank erosion and sediment deposition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/meander.webp", "c": "USDA & Mysid · via Wikipedia: Meander · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/floodplain/": {"t": "Floodplain", "s": "Floodplains are fertile, flood-prone river-adjacent lands."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/great-dividing-range/": {"t": "Great Dividing Range", "s": "Australia's longest mountain chain and primary eastern watershed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/great-dividing-range.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Appalachian Mountains · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/karst/": {"t": "Karst", "s": "A topography formed from dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/drainage-basin/": {"t": "Drainage basin", "s": "A land area where surface water converges to a single outlet."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/dry-season/": {"t": "Dry season", "s": "A yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/dry-season.webp", "c": "Charles J. Sharp · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/peninsulas/seward-peninsula/": {"t": "Seward Peninsula", "s": "Alaskan peninsula remnant of the Bering land bridge."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bering-sea/": {"t": "Bering Sea", "s": "Marginal sea of the northern Pacific Ocean between Eurasia and the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bering-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bering Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bering-strait/": {"t": "Bering Strait", "s": "Strait between Asia and North America, key to human migration theory."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-siberia/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of Siberia", "s": "Indigenous peoples of Siberia: history, demographics, and cultures"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tin/": {"t": "Tin", "s": "A soft, silvery-white post-transition metal with the largest number of stable isotopes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tin.webp", "c": "Farmers' Trading Company · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/delaware/": {"t": "Delaware", "s": "First state to ratify the U.S. Constitution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/delaware.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maryland/": {"t": "Maryland", "s": "A Mid-Atlantic state with diverse geography and high median income.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maryland.webp", "c": "Michael Wheeler · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleo-indians/": {"t": "Paleo-Indians", "s": "First peoples of the Americas during the Late Pleistocene.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/paleo-indians.webp", "c": "NPS · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/treaty/": {"t": "Treaty", "s": "Legally binding agreements between sovereign states under international law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-law/img/public-law/treaty.webp", "c": "Department of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Record Group 75 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/ontario/": {"t": "Ontario", "s": "Canada's most populous province, home to Ottawa and Toronto."}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/new-netherland/": {"t": "New Netherland", "s": "Dutch colony on North America's East Coast, ceded to England in 1664.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/img/former-dutch-colonies/new-netherland.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Netherland · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-ii-of-england/": {"t": "James II of England", "s": "Last Catholic monarch deposed in the Glorious Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania/": {"t": "Pennsylvania", "s": "The Keystone State", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania.webp", "c": "Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)\npermission=\n\n\n\nInsignia\n\nThis image shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia. The  · via Wikipedia: Pennsylvania · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southern-united-states/": {"t": "Southern United States", "s": "The Southern United States: a diverse region defined by history, culture, and climate, from the Atlantic to the Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/surveying/": {"t": "Surveying", "s": "Surveying determines positions for maps, boundaries, and construction."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/south-dakota/": {"t": "South Dakota", "s": "Landlocked Great Plains state named after the Dakota Sioux."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-hampshire/": {"t": "New Hampshire", "s": "The Granite State"}, "https://codexery.com/conservation-priority-breeds-of-the/e/conservation-priority-breeds-of-the-livestock-conservancy/delaware-chicken/": {"t": "Delaware chicken", "s": "An American chicken breed with barred Columbian plumage."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/ionian-sea/": {"t": "Ionian Sea", "s": "Deepest point in the Mediterranean, seismically active sea."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/adriatic-sea/": {"t": "Adriatic Sea", "s": "Northernmost arm of the Mediterranean, separating Italy from the Balkans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/adriatic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Adriatic Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/tyrrhenian-sea/": {"t": "Tyrrhenian Sea", "s": "Part of the Mediterranean Sea off western Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "/e/peninsulas/salento/": {"t": "Salento", "s": "Cultural region at the heel of Italy's boot."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/calabria/": {"t": "Calabria", "s": "Southern Italian region with Greek roots and linguistic diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/michael/e/michael/gargano/": {"t": "Gargano", "s": "Historical sub-region and promontory in Apulia, Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/apennine-mountains/": {"t": "Apennine Mountains", "s": "The mountain range forming the backbone of peninsular Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/vesuvius/": {"t": "Vesuvius", "s": "Active volcano that destroyed Pompeii in 79 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/northern-italy/": {"t": "Northern Italy", "s": "Northern Italy: economic core and cultural heart of the country."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/shizuoka-prefecture/": {"t": "Shizuoka Prefecture", "s": "Pacific coast prefecture home to Mount Fuji and major industries."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/amur-plate/": {"t": "Amur plate", "s": "Minor tectonic plate in northern and eastern hemispheres."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-japan/e/world-heritage-sites-in-japan/mount-fuji/": {"t": "Mount Fuji", "s": "Japan's highest peak and a sacred cultural symbol."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/volcano/": {"t": "Volcano", "s": "A vent in a planet's crust that erupts magma."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/suruga-bay/": {"t": "Suruga Bay", "s": "Deepest bay in Japan, shaped by tectonic subduction."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/hot-spring/": {"t": "Hot spring", "s": "A spring produced by geothermally heated groundwater.", "i": "https://codexery.com/volcanology/img/volcanology/hot-spring.webp", "c": "Continental Stereoscopic Company · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/atami/": {"t": "Atami", "s": "Japanese resort city on the Izu Peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-japan/e/national-parks-of-japan/fuji-hakone-izu-national-park/": {"t": "Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park", "s": "A dispersed collection of tourist sites including Mount Fuji."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/kara-sea/": {"t": "Kara Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, named for the Kara River, with a name possibly meaning 'hummocked ice' or 'black'."}, "/e/peninsulas/yamal-peninsula/": {"t": "Yamal Peninsula", "s": "Remote Siberian peninsula vital for climate science and gas."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yenisei/": {"t": "Yenisei", "s": "Fifth-longest river system, largest Arctic Ocean tributary."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost/": {"t": "Permafrost", "s": "Frozen ground that stores carbon and threatens infrastructure when thawed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost.webp", "c": "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Kathryn Mersmann · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-russia/e/national-parks-of-russia/gyda-national-park/": {"t": "Gyda National Park", "s": "Arctic national park on the Gyda Peninsula and Kara Sea islands."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/national-park/": {"t": "National park", "s": "Preserving wild nature for posterity and national pride."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/natural-gas/": {"t": "Natural gas", "s": "Fossil fuel primarily composed of methane, used for energy."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/geopolitics/": {"t": "Geopolitics", "s": "Study of geography's effects on politics and international relations."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/somalia/": {"t": "Somalia", "s": "Easternmost country in continental Africa, with a long history of trade and conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/eritrea/": {"t": "Eritrea", "s": "Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, sits in the Horn of Africa on the eastern side of the continent."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/somaliland/": {"t": "Somaliland", "s": "Somaliland, officially the Republic of Somaliland, is a partially recognised state in the Horn of Africa, located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kenya/": {"t": "Kenya", "s": "East African nation with ancient human origins and diverse landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "/e/peninsulas/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "The world's largest peninsula, cradle of Islam, and a land of ancient trade and modern oil wealth."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/ethiopian-highlands/": {"t": "Ethiopian Highlands", "s": "The Roof of Africa: a rugged mass of mountains extending from Ethiopia to Eritrea, bisected by the Great East African Rift.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/ethiopian-highlands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ogaden · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/oromo-language/": {"t": "Oromo language", "s": "Oromo is a major Cushitic language of Ethiopia and Kenya."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/somali-language/": {"t": "Somali language", "s": "A Cushitic language spoken by millions across the Horn of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/tigrinya-language/": {"t": "Tigrinya language", "s": "An Ethio-Semitic language spoken primarily in Eritrea and the Tigray Region of Ethiopia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/nilo-saharan-languages/": {"t": "Nilo-Saharan languages", "s": "A proposed family of around 210 African languages, spoken by some 70 million people across the northern half of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/abugida/": {"t": "Abugida", "s": "A segmental writing system with consonant-based units and secondary vowel notation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/abugida.webp", "c": "Paul Morrow, and enhance & edited by Melgazar Galvan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coffee/e/coffee/coffee/": {"t": "Coffee", "s": "A dark, bitter beverage with a global history and stimulating effects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/coffee/img/coffee/coffee.webp", "c": "Bex Walton · via Wikipedia: Coffee · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/land-of-punt/": {"t": "Land of Punt", "s": "Ancient kingdom known from Egyptian trade records, located in East Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-kingdom-of-aksum/": {"t": "The Kingdom of Aksum", "s": "Aksum was a major ancient empire in the Horn of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/suez-canal/": {"t": "Suez Canal", "s": "Artificial waterway connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/referendum/": {"t": "Referendum", "s": "A direct vote by the electorate on a proposal or law."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-ontario/": {"t": "Lake Ontario", "s": "The easternmost Great Lake, outlet to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-ontario.webp", "c": "Dougtone · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-erie/": {"t": "Lake Erie", "s": "Southernmost, shallowest Great Lake with shortest water residence time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-erie.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Erie · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-york-state/": {"t": "New York (state)", "s": "The Empire State: A global node of creativity, entrepreneurship, and natural wonder."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/wyandot-people/": {"t": "Wyandot people", "s": "Indigenous people of the Great Lakes, formed from Petun and Wendat refugees."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-involving-the-indigenous-peoples/e/wars-involving-the-indigenous-peoples-of-north-america/beaver-wars/": {"t": "Beaver Wars", "s": "17th-century conflicts over fur, territory, and captives in the Great Lakes."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/irish-people/": {"t": "Irish people", "s": "An ethnic group and nation native to the island of Ireland, with a rich history, unique culture, and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/st-lawrence-seaway/": {"t": "St. Lawrence Seaway", "s": "Binational waterway linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/img/canals-and-waterways/st-lawrence-seaway.webp", "c": "20px|link=User:Kcida10|Kcida10  Kcida10 (talk) (Uploads). · via Wikipedia: St. Lawrence Seaway · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/welland-canal/": {"t": "Welland Canal", "s": "Ship canal in Ontario, part of the St. Lawrence Seaway."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/general-motors/": {"t": "General Motors", "s": "American multinational automaker headquartered in Detroit, owner of Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/niagara-falls/": {"t": "Niagara Falls", "s": "Thundering waters at the border of Canada and the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/img/other-geographic-features/niagara-falls.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Niagara Falls · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/toronto/": {"t": "Toronto", "s": "Canada's largest city and a global hub of multiculturalism, finance, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-bernard-shaw/": {"t": "George Bernard Shaw", "s": "Irish playwright and critic who reshaped modern drama."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/north-island/": {"t": "North Island", "s": "The most populous of New Zealand's two main islands."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/auckland/": {"t": "Auckland", "s": "New Zealand's largest city and leading economic centre."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-reinga/": {"t": "Cape Reinga", "s": "Sacred Māori departure point for spirits and popular tourist destination.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-reinga.webp", "c": "Phillip Capper from Wellington, New Zealand · via Wikipedia: Cape Reinga · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/tasman-sea/": {"t": "Tasman Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Australia and New Zealand.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/tasman-sea.webp", "c": "CIA · via Wikipedia: Tasman Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/m-ori-people/": {"t": "Māori people", "s": "Indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand."}, "https://codexery.com/mythography/e/mythography/national-myth/": {"t": "National myth", "s": "A narrative shaping national identity through symbolic and often fictional stories."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/nation/": {"t": "Nation", "s": "A socially constructed, modern political community tied to the state."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-japan/": {"t": "Sea of Japan", "s": "A marginal sea shaped by isolation, geology, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/ishikawa-prefecture/": {"t": "Ishikawa Prefecture", "s": "A prefecture of Japan in the Chūbu region of Honshu, known for its history, crafts, and the Noto Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/ishikawa-prefecture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ishikawa Prefecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-juan-de-fuca/": {"t": "Strait of Juan de Fuca", "s": "Main outlet of the Salish Sea to the Pacific Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/mount-olympus/": {"t": "Mount Olympus", "s": "Home of the Greek gods and Greece's highest peak.", "i": "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/img/greek-myths/mount-olympus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mount Olympus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/washington/": {"t": "Washington", "s": "First president of the United States and namesake of many places."}, "https://codexery.com/us-parks/e/us-national-parks/olympic/": {"t": "Olympic", "s": "A large wilderness park preserving primeval forest and rugged coast."}, "https://codexery.com/highest-points-of-united-states/e/highest-points-of-united-states-national-parks/mount-olympus-washington/": {"t": "Mount Olympus (Washington)", "s": "Highest summit of the Olympic Mountains in Olympic National Park."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/democratic-party-united-states/": {"t": "Democratic Party (United States)", "s": "World's oldest active political party, center to center-left."}, "/e/peninsulas/shimokita-peninsula/": {"t": "Shimokita Peninsula", "s": "Remote northeastern cape of Honshū, shaped like an axe."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/south/": {"t": "South", "s": "One of the four cardinal directions, opposite north."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hokkaido/": {"t": "Hokkaido", "s": "Hokkaido is Japan’s northernmost main island and the second largest of the four."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/tsugaru-strait/": {"t": "Tsugaru Strait", "s": "Strait between Honshu and Hokkaido, site of Seikan Tunnel."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/hakodate/": {"t": "Hakodate", "s": "Historic port city and capital of Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/ehime-prefecture/": {"t": "Ehime Prefecture", "s": "Prefecture on Shikoku, home to three Nobel laureates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/ehime-prefecture.webp", "c": "wongwt · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/kyushu/": {"t": "Kyushu", "s": "Japan's southern gateway, rich in volcanic landscapes and ancient heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/ita-city/": {"t": "Ōita (city)", "s": "Capital of Ōita Prefecture on Kyushu, Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/apulia/": {"t": "Apulia", "s": "Region forming the heel of Italy's boot, with ancient Greek and Roman heritage."}, "/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/local-government/": {"t": "Local government", "s": "Lowest tier of governance within a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/appian-way/": {"t": "Appian Way", "s": "The queen of long roads, built for military conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/olive-oil/": {"t": "Olive oil", "s": "A staple of Mediterranean cuisine, olive oil is pressed from olives and used in cooking, cosmetics, and more."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/diocletian/": {"t": "Diocletian", "s": "Roman emperor who stabilized the empire, initiated the Tetrarchy, and abdicated voluntarily."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/justinian-i/": {"t": "Justinian I", "s": "Roman emperor who codified Roman law and reconquered lost territories."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/normans/": {"t": "Normans", "s": "From Norse raiders to rulers of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/northern-europe/": {"t": "Northern Europe", "s": "A diverse region of northern Europe defined by geography, climate, and multiple classification systems."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/scania/": {"t": "Scania", "s": "Southernmost historical province of Sweden, once Danish."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/metamorphic-rock/": {"t": "Metamorphic rock", "s": "Rock transformed by heat and pressure without melting."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/ice-age/": {"t": "Ice age", "s": "A period of prolonged cooling leading to expansion of glaciers and ice caps.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/ice-age.webp", "c": "Druyts.t · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/elevation/": {"t": "Elevation", "s": "Height of Earth's surface above a reference geoid."}, "https://codexery.com/climate/e/climate/climate/": {"t": "Climate", "s": "Climate is the long-term average of weather over decades."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/ore/": {"t": "Ore", "s": "Natural rock containing economically viable minerals or metals."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nickel/": {"t": "Nickel", "s": "Silvery-white metal, ferromagnetic, key to stainless steel and batteries."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/s-mi-people/": {"t": "Sámi people", "s": "Indigenous people of Sápmi, traditionally speaking Sámi languages and known for reindeer herding."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/subarctic/": {"t": "Subarctic", "s": "Subarctic: a cold, sparsely populated region of taiga, permafrost, and mineral wealth."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/uralic-languages/": {"t": "Uralic languages", "s": "Language family spoken across Europe and North Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/img/languages-of-the-world/uralic-languages.webp", "c": "Timo Rantanen, Harri Tolvanen, Meeli Roose, Jussi Ylikoski, Outi Vesakoski (editor Søren Wichmann) · via Wikipedia: Uralic languages · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/estonian-language/": {"t": "Estonian language", "s": "Estonian: a Finnic language of Estonia, one of the EU's non-Indo-European tongues."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/finnish-language/": {"t": "Finnish language", "s": "A Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by millions in Finland and diaspora communities."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/alaska-purchase/": {"t": "Alaska Purchase", "s": "1867 U.S. purchase of Russian America for $7.2 million."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/": {"t": "Radar", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/seafood/e/seafood/salmon/": {"t": "Salmon", "s": "Anadromous fish of the genera Salmo and Oncorhynchus, important for food and sport."}, "https://codexery.com/fish/e/fish/northern-pike/": {"t": "Northern pike", "s": "A carnivorous freshwater fish of the Northern Hemisphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fish/img/fish/northern-pike.webp", "c": "Jik jik · via Wikipedia: Northern pike · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/bony-fish/e/bony-fish/burbot/": {"t": "Burbot", "s": "The only freshwater cod, a coldwater benthic predator with a chin barbel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bony-fish/img/bony-fish/burbot.webp", "c": "USFWS Mountain Prairie · via Wikipedia: Burbot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/conifers-and-gymnosperms/e/conifers-and-gymnosperms/picea-mariana/": {"t": "Picea mariana", "s": "A slow-growing boreal spruce with the smallest cones of any spruce."}, "/e/peninsulas/chukchi-peninsula/": {"t": "Chukchi Peninsula", "s": "Easternmost point of continental Asia, near Alaska."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/yellow-sea/": {"t": "Yellow Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between China and Korea, named for its yellow silt."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/qingdao/": {"t": "Qingdao", "s": "A historic port city blending German heritage with modern Chinese dynamism."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula/": {"t": "Liaodong Peninsula", "s": "Strategic peninsula in Northeast China, site of major wars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qi-state/": {"t": "Qi (state)", "s": "A major Zhou dynasty state in ancient China, known for its early hegemony and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/sphere-of-influence/": {"t": "Sphere of influence", "s": "A region where a powerful state exerts dominant influence."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/may-fourth-movement/": {"t": "May Fourth Movement", "s": "Student protests on May 4, 1919 sparked a nationalist and political movement."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "Imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/aomori-prefecture/": {"t": "Aomori Prefecture", "s": "Japan's northernmost prefecture on Honshu, home to active volcanoes, ancient pottery, and vibrant festivals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/aomori-prefecture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aomori Prefecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/fault-geology/": {"t": "Fault (geology)", "s": "A fracture in rock where displacement occurs, causing earthquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/anticline/": {"t": "Anticline", "s": "Arch-like fold with oldest rocks at core, key for oil traps."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-okhotsk/": {"t": "Sea of Okhotsk", "s": "Coldest sea in East Asia, seasonally ice-covered."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/sea-ice/": {"t": "Sea ice", "s": "Frozen seawater that shapes climate, navigation, and polar ecosystems."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's continents and major landmasses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "Sean Baker ( Marvin01 | talk ) · via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animals/e/mammals/red-fox/": {"t": "Red Fox", "s": "The biggest true fox and the most widespread carnivoran on Earth, at home from tundra to city streets."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/arctic-warbler/": {"t": "Arctic warbler", "s": "A migratory leaf warbler with one of the longest insectivore migrations."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-nigripes/": {"t": "Laminaria nigripes", "s": "A kelp species with disputed taxonomy and climate vulnerability.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/img/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-nigripes.webp", "c": "Laminaria.jpg: Stemonitis\nderivative work: Thiotrix · via Wikipedia: Laminaria nigripes · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/e/plants-and-crops/viola-plant/": {"t": "Viola (plant)", "s": "A large genus of flowering plants, including violets and pansies."}, "https://codexery.com/ornamental-garden-plants/e/ornamental-and-garden-plants/chrysanthemum/": {"t": "Chrysanthemum", "s": "A late-season flower symbolizing autumn, cultivated for centuries in East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-japan/e/world-heritage-sites-in-japan/shiretoko-national-park/": {"t": "Shiretoko National Park", "s": "Remote Hokkaido park with brown bears and disputed views of Kunashiri Island."}, "https://codexery.com/governorates-of-egypt/e/governorates-of-egypt/north-sinai-governorate/": {"t": "North Sinai Governorate", "s": "Egyptian governorate on northern Sinai, site of ancient settlements and modern conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/governorates-of-egypt/e/governorates-of-egypt/south-sinai-governorate/": {"t": "South Sinai Governorate", "s": "Least populated Egyptian governorate, home to Saint Catherine's Monastery."}, "https://codexery.com/governorates-of-egypt/e/governorates-of-egypt/suez-governorate/": {"t": "Suez Governorate", "s": "One of Egypt's most urbanized governorates, with key ports and industrial zones."}, "https://codexery.com/governorates-of-egypt/e/governorates-of-egypt/ismailia-governorate/": {"t": "Ismailia Governorate", "s": "Canal Zone governorate named after Ismail Pasha.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governorates-of-egypt/img/governorates-of-egypt/ismailia-governorate.webp", "c": "Benno Rothenberg · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/governorates-of-egypt/e/governorates-of-egypt/port-said-governorate/": {"t": "Port Said Governorate", "s": "A transcontinental Egyptian governorate at the Suez Canal's northern mouth."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/first-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "First Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "First dynasty of unified Egypt, Early Dynastic Period."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/history-of-egypt-under-the-british/": {"t": "History of Egypt under the British", "s": "British occupation of Egypt from 1882 to 1956."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/six-day-war/": {"t": "Six-Day War", "s": "In June 1967, a brief but intense conflict broke out between Israel and a coalition of Arab states—chiefly Egypt, Syria, and Jordan—lasting from the 5th to the "}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/coral-reef/": {"t": "Coral reef", "s": "Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems built by coral polyps."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/turquoise/": {"t": "Turquoise", "s": "An opaque blue-to-green gemstone prized for millennia, with classic Persian turquoise from Iran setting the standard for quality.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/turquoise.webp", "c": "Tess Mattew · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/darius-the-great/": {"t": "Darius the Great", "s": "Third Achaemenid King of Kings who centralized the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/australian-convict-sites/e/australian-convict-sites/australian-convict-sites/": {"t": "Australian Convict Sites", "s": "Eleven penal sites from Australia's convict transportation era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/australian-convict-sites/img/australian-convict-sites/australian-convict-sites.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Australian Convict Sites · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/bushrangers/e/bushrangers/martin-cash/": {"t": "Martin Cash", "s": "Irish-Australian bushranger who escaped Port Arthur twice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bushrangers/img/bushrangers/martin-cash.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Martin Cash · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/marsupials/e/marsupials/tasmanian-devil/": {"t": "Tasmanian devil", "s": "Carnivorous marsupial, now confined to Tasmania, endangered by facial tumour disease."}, "https://codexery.com/carcinogenesis/e/carcinogenesis/clonally-transmissible-cancer/": {"t": "Clonally transmissible cancer", "s": "A rare malignant cell clone transmitted between hosts without a virus."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/byrranga-mountains/": {"t": "Byrranga Mountains", "s": "The Byrranga Mountains (Gory Byrranga) are a mountain range situated in the central region of the Taymyr Peninsula in Siberia, Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/img/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/byrranga-mountains.webp", "c": "User:Mohonu · via Wikipedia: Byrranga Mountains · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/krasnoyarsk-krai/": {"t": "Krasnoyarsk Krai", "s": "Largest krai in Russia, spanning Siberia from Arctic to mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-taymyr/": {"t": "Lake Taymyr", "s": "Large Arctic lake with irregular shape and cold-water fish."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/yakut-language/": {"t": "Yakut language", "s": "A Siberian Turkic language with unique phonology and a rich case system."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/mammal/": {"t": "Mammal", "s": "Vertebrate class defined by mammary glands and three middle ear bones.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mammals/img/mammals/mammal.webp", "c": "Hannah Ritchie and Klara Auerbach · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/prehistoric-beasts/e/prehistoric-beasts/woolly-mammoth/": {"t": "Woolly mammoth", "s": "Extinct ice-age elephant relative, adapted to cold and hunted by humans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prehistoric-beasts/img/prehistoric-beasts/woolly-mammoth.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/wrangel-island/": {"t": "Wrangel Island", "s": "Arctic island refuge for wildlife and last mammoths."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/inuit/": {"t": "Inuit", "s": "Inuit are Indigenous Arctic peoples descended from the Thule culture."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/labrador-peninsula/": {"t": "Labrador Peninsula", "s": "Large eastern Canadian peninsula with rich indigenous and colonial history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/labrador-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Labrador Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/hudson-bay/": {"t": "Hudson Bay", "s": "A vast inland marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean in northeastern Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/canadian-shield/": {"t": "Canadian Shield", "s": "Ancient geologic core of North America, rich in minerals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/canadian-shield.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Canadian Shield · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/granulite/": {"t": "Granulite", "s": "High-grade metamorphic rocks representing deep continental crust."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-biology-and-behavior/e/animal-biology-and-behavior/population-biology/": {"t": "Population (biology)", "s": "A group of same-species individuals separated by space, genetics, or demography."}, "https://codexery.com/carnivores-and-insectivores/e/carnivores-and-insectivores/grizzly-bear/": {"t": "Grizzly bear", "s": "A large North American brown bear, variable in size and color."}, "/e/peninsulas/gyda-peninsula/": {"t": "Gyda Peninsula", "s": "Arctic peninsula with permafrost, tundra, and gas reserves."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/associated-press/": {"t": "Associated Press", "s": "A not-for-profit news cooperative founded in 1846.", "i": "https://codexery.com/news-media/img/news-media/associated-press.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Associated Press · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/novaya-zemlya/": {"t": "Novaya Zemlya", "s": "Arctic archipelago used as a major Soviet nuclear test site."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methane/": {"t": "Methane", "s": "Simplest alkane, main component of natural gas, potent greenhouse gas."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america/": {"t": "North America", "s": "Third-largest continent by area; fourth-largest by population.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: North America · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-mexico/": {"t": "Gulf of Mexico", "s": "Marginal sea of the Atlantic, bordered by the U.S., Mexico, and Cuba.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-mexico.webp", "c": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. · via Wikipedia: Gulf of Mexico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/yucat-n-channel/": {"t": "Yucatán Channel", "s": "Strait linking the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-regions/e/specific-regions/isthmus-of-tehuantepec/": {"t": "Isthmus of Tehuantepec", "s": "Narrow Mexican isthmus linking Gulf of Mexico and Pacific."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous/": {"t": "Cretaceous", "s": "The longest geological period, marked by warm climates, dinosaurs, and the rise of flowering plants, ending with a mass extinction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/syphilis/e/syphilis/syphilis/": {"t": "Syphilis", "s": "A sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/chiapas/": {"t": "Chiapas", "s": "Southernmost Mexican state with Mayan ruins and high indigenous population."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/chichen-itza/": {"t": "Chichen Itza", "s": "Major Maya city and regional capital in northern Yucatán.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/chichen-itza.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Chichen Itza · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-maya-collapse/": {"t": "The Maya Collapse", "s": "Classic Maya collapse: a rupture, not an end."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-involving-the-indigenous-peoples/e/wars-involving-the-indigenous-peoples-of-north-america/caste-war-of-yucat-n/": {"t": "Caste War of Yucatán", "s": "A Maya revolt against Hispanic rule in the Yucatán Peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/maya-peoples/": {"t": "Maya peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica, descendants of the ancient Maya civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/quintana-roo/": {"t": "Quintana Roo", "s": "A smaller Mennonite settlement area in Mexico's southeast."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/yucat-n/": {"t": "Yucatán", "s": "Mexican state on the Yucatán Peninsula, heartland of Maya civilization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/yucat-n.webp", "c": "Philip N. Cohen · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/m-rida-yucat-n/": {"t": "Mérida, Yucatán", "s": "Capital of Yucatán, built on Maya ruins with colonial heritage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/m-rida-yucat-n.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mérida International Airport · see source"}}