{"https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/dardanelles/": {"t": "Dardanelles", "s": "Narrow strait connecting the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean Sea, forming part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldavia/": {"t": "Moldavia", "s": "Historical principality that united with Wallachia to form Romania."}, "https://codexery.com/orestes/e/orestes/orestias/": {"t": "Orestias", "s": "Ancient Thracian settlement refounded as Adrianople by Hadrian."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/giurgiu/": {"t": "Giurgiu", "s": "Romanian Danube port founded by Genoese merchants in the 14th century."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "/e/peace-treaties-of-the-ottoman-empire/treaty-of-ni-1739/": {"t": "Treaty of Niš (1739)", "s": "Peace treaty ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739."}, "/e/peace-treaties-of-the-ottoman-empire/treaty-of-passarowitz/": {"t": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "s": "1718 peace ending Ottoman-Habsburg-Venetian war with major territorial cessions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/sava/": {"t": "Sava", "s": "Longest tributary of the Danube, flowing through four countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/sava.webp", "c": "Petar Milošević · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/charles-vi-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who enacted the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/gallipoli/": {"t": "Gallipoli", "s": "Historic peninsula between Europe and Asia, site of ancient cities."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/byzantine-empire/": {"t": "Byzantine Empire", "s": "The Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople until 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/": {"t": "Republic of Genoa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/hospitallers/": {"t": "Hospitallers", "s": "The Knights of St John, a Catholic military order born in crusader Jerusalem."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/kingdom-of-hungary/": {"t": "Kingdom of Hungary", "s": "The Árpád kingdom founded by Stephen I around 1000."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "Capetian capital on the Seine."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "/e/peace-treaties-of-the-ottoman-empire/treaty-of-s-vres/": {"t": "Treaty of Sèvres", "s": "Unratified 1920 treaty partitioning the Ottoman Empire after World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/lemnos/": {"t": "Lemnos", "s": "Greek island in the northern Aegean, sacred to Hephaestus."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bosporus/": {"t": "Bosporus", "s": "The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and dividing Europe from Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ankara/": {"t": "Ankara", "s": "Capital of Turkey, ancient Galatian and Roman center."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mustafa-kemal-atat-rk/": {"t": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "s": "Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mustafa-kemal-atat-rk.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/tashkent/": {"t": "Tashkent", "s": "The Stone City at the Crossroads of Cultures", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/tashkent.webp", "c": "Sneedicture · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/enver-pasha/": {"t": "Enver Pasha", "s": "Ottoman war minister, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/talaat-pasha/": {"t": "Talaat Pasha", "s": "Ottoman leader and architect of the Armenian genocide", "i": "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/img/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/talaat-pasha.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Talaat Pasha · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/david-lloyd-george/": {"t": "David Lloyd George", "s": "Liberal PM who led Britain through WWI and social reform."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/georges-clemenceau/": {"t": "Georges Clemenceau", "s": "French statesman and prime minister known as 'Father Victory' and 'The Tiger'."}, "/e/peace-treaties-of-the-ottoman-empire/treaty-of-belgrade/": {"t": "Treaty of Belgrade", "s": "1739 peace ending Austro-Turkish War, ceding three Habsburg provinces to the Ottomans."}, "https://codexery.com/daughters-of-russian-emperors/e/daughters-of-russian-emperors/anna-of-russia/": {"t": "Anna of Russia", "s": "Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river/": {"t": "Don (river)", "s": "Fifth-longest river in Europe, key Byzantine trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river.webp", "c": "High Contrast · via Wikipedia: Don (river) · CC BY-SA 2.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/stato-da-m-r/": {"t": "Stato da Màr", "s": "Venice's overseas empire, spanning the Mediterranean from 1000 to 1797."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/duchy-of-the-archipelago/": {"t": "Duchy of the Archipelago", "s": "Venetian maritime state in the Cyclades after the Fourth Crusade."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/euboea/": {"t": "Euboea", "s": "Second-largest Greek island, historically important for trade and colonization."}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/islamic-calendar/": {"t": "Islamic calendar", "s": "Lunar calendar used for Islamic religious observances and dating."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/holy-roman-empire/": {"t": "Holy Roman Empire", "s": "The decentralised empire of Central Europe that lasted from 800 or 962 to 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/crete/": {"t": "Crete", "s": "Largest Greek island, centre of Minoan civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/prince-eugene-of-savoy/": {"t": "Prince Eugene of Savoy", "s": "Prince Eugene of Savoy: feldmarschall, diplomat, and one of the greatest military commanders of his era."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/aegina/": {"t": "Aegina", "s": "Swift guardian of Venetian seas, named for ancient Aeginetan silver."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/tinos/": {"t": "Tinos", "s": "Greek island known for its pilgrimage church and artistic heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/ionian-islands/": {"t": "Ionian Islands", "s": "Island group under Venetian rule, united with Greece in 1864."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/kythira/": {"t": "Kythira", "s": "Greek island at the crossroads of Mediterranean trade and conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/epirus-region/": {"t": "Epirus (region)", "s": "Northwestern Greek region, rugged and mountainous, with ancient roots.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/epirus-region.webp", "c": "Alexikoua · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/imotski/": {"t": "Imotski", "s": "Small Croatian town with medieval lakes and a rich history."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/treaty-of-berlin-1878/": {"t": "Treaty of Berlin (1878)", "s": "Congress of Berlin settlement reversing extreme Russian gains in the Balkans."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/great-power/": {"t": "Great power", "s": "Sovereign state with global influence and recognized power status."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/batumi/": {"t": "Batumi", "s": "Second-largest city of Georgia and key Black Sea port."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/benjamin-disraeli/": {"t": "Benjamin Disraeli", "s": "British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-gascoyne-cecil-3rd-marquess-of-salisbury/": {"t": "Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury", "s": "British statesman and Conservative politician, three-time Prime Minister and architect of 'splendid isolation'."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/a-j-p-taylor/": {"t": "A. J. P. Taylor", "s": "English historian and broadcaster, known for his television lectures and expertise in European diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/mystery-and-thriller-writers/e/mystery-and-thriller-writers/boris-akunin/": {"t": "Boris Akunin", "s": "Master of historical mystery and the creator of Erast Fandorin."}, "/e/peace-treaties-of-the-ottoman-empire/armistice-of-mudros/": {"t": "Armistice of Mudros", "s": "Ended Ottoman participation in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/treaty-of-brest-litovsk/": {"t": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "s": "Separate peace ending Russia's role in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/league-of-nations-mandate/": {"t": "League of Nations mandate", "s": "Post-WWI territories administered under League of Nations supervision."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/eleftherios-venizelos/": {"t": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "s": "Cretan Greek statesman who shaped modern Greece."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/crimean-war/": {"t": "Crimean War", "s": "A mid-19th century conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia, notable for modern technologies and "}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/adana/": {"t": "Adana", "s": "A historic city on the Seyhan River, gateway to the fertile Çukurova plain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/adana.webp", "c": "Basak · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/diyarbak-r/": {"t": "Diyarbakır", "s": "Ancient city on the Tigris, Kurdish cultural and political center."}, "https://codexery.com/victor-emmanuel-iii/e/victor-emmanuel-iii/italo-turkish-war/": {"t": "Italo-Turkish War", "s": "A 1911–1912 conflict that gave Italy Libya and saw first aerial combat."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antalya/": {"t": "Antalya", "s": "Ancient Attaleia, now Turkey's leading tourism hub on the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/muhammad-ali-of-egypt/": {"t": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt", "s": "Ottoman viceroy who founded modern Egypt and established a hereditary dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/caesar-title/": {"t": "Caesar (title)", "s": "From cognomen to imperial title: the evolution of Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/caesar-title.webp", "c": "Justus van Egmont · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-fall-of-constantinople/": {"t": "The Fall of Constantinople", "s": "The fall of Constantinople in 1453 marked the end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the early modern period."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-of-the-ottoman-empire/e/historiography-of-the-ottoman-empire/problem-of-two-emperors/": {"t": "Problem of two emperors", "s": "Medieval dispute over the legitimate Roman imperial title."}}