[{"n": "Computer hardware", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/computer-hardware/", "s": "Hardware is the physical parts of a computer directed by software."}, {"n": "AMD XDNA", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/amd-xdna/", "s": "AMD's spatial dataflow NPU for on-chip AI inference."}, {"n": "ASRock M8", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/asrock-m8/", "s": "Mini-ITX barebones kit co-designed with BMW Designworks."}, {"n": "B5000 instruction set", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/b5000-instruction-set/", "s": "Stack-based instruction set for early Burroughs mainframes."}, {"n": "Bitwise ternary logic instruction", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/bitwise-ternary-logic-instruction/", "s": "One instruction implements all 256 three-input bitwise operations."}, {"n": "Cache hierarchy", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/cache-hierarchy/", "s": "A multi-level memory architecture to reduce CPU memory latency."}, {"n": "Emulator", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/emulator/", "s": "An emulator lets one system imitate another to run its software."}, {"n": "Engineering sample", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/engineering-sample/", "s": "Beta integrated circuits loaned for pre-launch testing under confidentiality."}, {"n": "GeForce RTX 50 series", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/geforce-rtx-50-series/", "s": "Nvidia's Blackwell-based consumer GPU series announced at CES 2025."}, {"n": "GPU switching", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/gpu-switching/", "s": "GPU switching balances performance and battery life on multi-GPU systems."}, {"n": "Hardware backdoor", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-backdoor/", "s": "Hardware backdoors are intentionally inserted during design or manufacturing."}, {"n": "Hardware for artificial intelligence", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-for-artificial-intelligence/", "s": "Specialized hardware accelerates AI training and inference with greater speed and efficiency."}, {"n": "Hardware reset", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-reset/", "s": "A hardware reset brings a system to its startup state."}, {"n": "Hardware security", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-security/", "s": "Discipline safeguarding hardware through design, keys, and supply chain."}, {"n": "Hardware trojan", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-trojan/", "s": "A malicious circuit modification inserted during design or manufacturing."}, {"n": "Hardware-based encryption", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-based-encryption/", "s": "Hardware assists or replaces software in data encryption."}, {"n": "Hardware/software co-design", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-software-co-design/", "s": "Hardware and software are developed together, not in isolation."}, {"n": "Librem", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/librem/", "s": "Librem is a line of privacy-focused computers with free software."}, {"n": "Mini-STX", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/mini-stx/", "s": "Intel's compact, rectangular motherboard form factor from 2015."}, {"n": "NexDock", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/nexdock/", "s": "A lapdock series turning phones into portable workstations."}, {"n": "Packard Bell Statesman", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/packard-bell-statesman/", "s": "Economy laptop rebranded from Zenith Z-Star, low price but slow."}, {"n": "Plug compatibility", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/plug-compatibility/", "s": "Hardware that performs exactly like another vendor's product."}, {"n": "Mark Dean (computer scientist)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/mark-dean-computer-scientist/", "s": "American inventor and computer engineer who co-created the ISA bus and led the team that developed the first o"}, {"n": "Nick DeWolf", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/nick-dewolf/", "s": "Co-founder of Teradyne, designer of the J259 tester and the ON! computer."}, {"n": "J. Presper Eckert", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/j-presper-eckert/", "s": "Co-designer of ENIAC and UNIVAC, pioneer of the stored-program computer."}, {"n": "Joel Emer", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/joel-emer/", "s": "Pioneer in quantitative computer architecture and performance analysis."}, {"n": "Bill English (computer engineer)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/bill-english-computer-engineer/", "s": "Co-creator of the first computer mouse prototype."}, {"n": "Lee Felsenstein", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/lee-felsenstein/", "s": "Designer of the first mass-produced portable computer and influential early personal computing engineer."}, {"n": "Tommy Flowers", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/tommy-flowers/", "s": "Designed and built the world's first programmable electronic computer."}, {"n": "Dirk Gates", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/dirk-gates/", "s": "Founder of Xircom and Xirrus, pioneer of notebook Ethernet adapters."}, {"n": "John Gustafson (scientist)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/john-gustafson-scientist/", "s": "American computer scientist known for Gustafson's law and unum number format."}, {"n": "Bil Herd", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/bil-herd/", "s": "Engineer who designed the Commodore 128 and other 8-bit home computers."}, {"n": "Marcian Hoff", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/marcian-hoff/", "s": "One of the inventors of the microprocessor."}, {"n": "Harry Huskey", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/harry-huskey/", "s": "American computer design pioneer who worked on ENIAC, EDVAC, and Pilot ACE."}, {"n": "Jim Keller (engineer)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/jim-keller-engineer/", "s": "American microprocessor engineer known for AMD K8, Apple A4/A5, and Tesla Autopilot hardware."}, {"n": "Raja Koduri", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/raja-koduri/", "s": "Indian computer engineer who led GPU architecture at AMD and Intel."}, {"n": "Sergey Lebedev (scientist)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/sergey-lebedev-scientist/", "s": "Soviet scientist who designed the first Soviet computers."}, {"n": "Samuel Lubkin", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/samuel-lubkin/", "s": "Mathematician and computer scientist who designed early digital computers."}, {"n": "David May (computer scientist)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/david-may-computer-scientist/", "s": "Lead architect of the transputer and founder of XMOS Semiconductor."}, {"n": "Dirk Meyer", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/dirk-meyer/", "s": "Former AMD CEO who led Athlon development and focused on PC market."}, {"n": "John Murphy (engineer)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/john-murphy-engineer/", "s": "Inventor of ARCNET, the first commercial networking system."}, {"n": "Ken Olsen", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/ken-olsen/", "s": "Co-founder of Digital Equipment Corporation and minicomputer pioneer."}, {"n": "Adam Osborne", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/adam-osborne/", "s": "Creator of the first commercially successful portable computer."}, {"n": "Chuck Peddle", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/chuck-peddle/", "s": "Main designer of the 6502 microprocessor and Commodore PET."}, {"n": "William Poduska", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/william-poduska/", "s": "Founder of Prime, Apollo, and Stellar Computer companies."}, {"n": "Victor Poor", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/victor-poor/", "s": "Co-created the architecture behind the first successful microprocessor, the Intel 8008."}, {"n": "Hal Prewitt", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hal-prewitt/", "s": "Businessman, inventor, artist, and race car driver."}, {"n": "Bashir Rameev", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/bashir-rameev/", "s": "Soviet inventor and founder of Soviet electronic computing."}, {"n": "Justin Rattner", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/justin-rattner/", "s": "Intel CTO who led the first teraFLOPS supercomputer."}, {"n": "Tim Ryan (engineer)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/tim-ryan-engineer/", "s": "Founder of Midiman/M-Audio, pioneer in digital audio."}, {"n": "Tony Sale", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/tony-sale/", "s": "Engineer who rebuilt the Colossus Mark II computer."}, {"n": "Sasikanth Manipatruni", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/sasikanth-manipatruni/", "s": "Lead author of Intel's 2018 MESO paper for beyond-CMOS computing."}, {"n": "Helmut Schreyer", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/helmut-schreyer/", "s": "German inventor who contributed to the Z3 and early electronic computing."}, {"n": "Dave Smith (engineer)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/dave-smith-engineer/", "s": "Engineer who created the Prophet-5 and led MIDI development."}, {"n": "Chris Tomic", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/chris-tomic/", "s": "German inventor of the UCP protocol for mobile binary messaging."}, {"n": "Joseph Weisbecker", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/joseph-weisbecker/", "s": "Early microprocessor designer, creator of CHIP-8 and COSMAC systems."}, {"n": "Hardware acceleration", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-acceleration/", "s": "Custom hardware performs specific functions faster than general-purpose CPU software."}, {"n": "AES instruction set", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/aes-instruction-set/", "s": "Processor instructions accelerating AES encryption and decryption."}, {"n": "Douglas Engelbart", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/douglas-engelbart/", "s": "Pioneer of human–computer interaction and inventor of the computer mouse."}, {"n": "Blitter", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/blitter/", "s": "Dedicated circuit for rapid memory data movement and modification."}, {"n": "BrainChip", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/brainchip/", "s": "Australian developer of neuromorphic AI hardware and software."}, {"n": "C to HDL", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/c-to-hdl/", "s": "C to HDL tools convert C code into hardware description languages."}, {"n": "Coarse-grained reconfigurable array", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/coarse-grained-reconfigurable-array/", "s": "A word-level reconfigurable fabric for energy-efficient dataflow acceleration."}, {"n": "Complex programmable logic device", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/complex-programmable-logic-device/", "s": "CPLD bridges PAL and FPGA with non-volatile memory."}, {"n": "Cryptographic accelerator", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/cryptographic-accelerator/", "s": "Co-processor for efficient cryptographic operations, common in servers."}, {"n": "Custom hardware attack", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/custom-hardware-attack/", "s": "Custom hardware attacks use ASICs to break encryption faster than general computers."}, {"n": "Dataflow architecture", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/dataflow-architecture/", "s": "Dataflow architecture executes instructions based on data availability, not a program counter."}, {"n": "Digital signal processor", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/digital-signal-processor/", "s": "Specialized microprocessor for real-time digital signal processing."}, {"n": "Direct memory access", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/direct-memory-access/", "s": "DMA allows hardware to access memory independently of the CPU."}, {"n": "DirectX Video Acceleration", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/directx-video-acceleration/", "s": "Microsoft API for hardware-accelerated video decoding on Windows and Xbox 360."}, {"n": "Field-programmable gate array", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/field-programmable-gate-array/", "s": "Configurable integrated circuit reprogrammable after manufacturing."}, {"n": "Graphics processing unit", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/graphics-processing-unit/", "s": "Specialized circuit for graphics and parallel computation."}, {"n": "Hardware watermarking", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-watermarking/", "s": "Passive defense proving IP ownership in semiconductor supply chains."}, {"n": "High-level synthesis", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/high-level-synthesis/", "s": "Automated design from behavioral specification to RTL structure."}, {"n": "Network on a chip", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/network-on-a-chip/", "s": "A router-based packet switching network on an integrated circuit."}, {"n": "Network processor", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/network-processor/", "s": "Integrated circuit optimized for packet processing in networks."}, {"n": "NVDEC", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/nvdec/", "s": "Nvidia's hardware video decoding offload engine for GPUs."}, {"n": "SHA instruction set", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/sha-instruction-set/", "s": "Hardware acceleration for SHA hashing across major CPU architectures."}, {"n": "Sound card", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/sound-card/", "s": "An expansion card providing computer audio input and output."}, {"n": "System on a chip", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/system-on-a-chip/", "s": "An integrated circuit combining key computer components on one chip."}, {"n": "Timeline of early 3D computer graphics hardware", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/timeline-of-early-3d-computer-graphics-hardware/", "s": "Timeline of early dedicated 3D graphics hardware from 1963 to 1994."}, {"n": "TLS acceleration", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/tls-acceleration/", "s": "Offloads processor-intensive TLS handshake to hardware accelerators."}, {"n": "Benchmark (computing)", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/benchmark-computing/", "s": "A standard method for assessing relative performance of computer systems."}, {"n": "Adjusted Peak Performance", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/adjusted-peak-performance/", "s": "A BIS metric for export control of nuclear-weapon-simulation computers."}, {"n": "AIM Multiuser Benchmark", "u": "/e/pc-hardware/aim-multiuser-benchmark/", "s": "A job throughput benchmark for UNIX systems, measuring tasks versus jobs per minute."}]