{"/e/pc-hardware/sound-card/": {"t": "Sound card", "s": "An expansion card providing computer audio input and output."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/central-processing-unit/": {"t": "Central processing unit", "s": "Primary processor executing computer program instructions."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/random-access-memory/": {"t": "Random-access memory", "s": "Electronic memory readable and writable in any order."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/graphics-card/": {"t": "Graphics card", "s": "An expansion card that generates graphics output to a display."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-mice-and-monitors/e/computer-mice-and-monitors/computer-mouse/": {"t": "Computer mouse", "s": "A hand-held pointing device that controls a computer cursor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/computer-mice-and-monitors/img/computer-mice-and-monitors/computer-mouse.webp", "c": "Pixloom · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/instruction-set-architecture/": {"t": "Instruction set architecture", "s": "An ISA is the fundamental abstraction ensuring binary compatibility across processor implementations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/instruction-set-architecture.webp", "c": "Eduardo Corpeño · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computing/": {"t": "Computing", "s": "Goal-oriented activity involving computing machinery and algorithmic processes."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/blaise-pascal/": {"t": "Blaise Pascal", "s": "French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz/": {"t": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "s": "German polymath and co-creator of calculus"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/charles-babbage/": {"t": "Charles Babbage", "s": "English polymath who originated the concept of a digital programmable computer."}, "https://codexery.com/swedish-inventions/e/swedish-inventions/difference-engine/": {"t": "Difference engine", "s": "Mechanical calculator for polynomial functions using finite differences."}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/algebra/polynomial/": {"t": "Polynomial", "s": "A mathematical expression of variables and coefficients using addition and multiplication."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/programming-language/": {"t": "Programming language", "s": "Engineered languages for expressing computer programs."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/assembly-language/": {"t": "Assembly language", "s": "Low-level language with strong correspondence to machine code."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/alan-turing/": {"t": "Alan Turing", "s": "Father of theoretical computer science and codebreaker who helped defeat the Nazis."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/universal-turing-machine/": {"t": "Universal Turing machine", "s": "A Turing machine that can simulate any other Turing machine."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/turing-machine/": {"t": "Turing machine", "s": "Abstract machine model that can implement any computer algorithm."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-program/": {"t": "Computer program", "s": "A sequence of instructions executed by a computer."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/john-von-neumann/": {"t": "John von Neumann", "s": "Mathematician who shaped quantum physics, computing, and nuclear strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/personal-computer/": {"t": "Personal computer", "s": "The definitive guide to personal computers, from early microcomputers to modern Wintel dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/amd/": {"t": "AMD", "s": "American semiconductor company competing with Intel since 1975."}, "/e/pc-hardware/dataflow-architecture/": {"t": "Dataflow architecture", "s": "Dataflow architecture executes instructions based on data availability, not a program counter."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/microarchitecture/": {"t": "Microarchitecture", "s": "The implementation of an instruction set architecture in a processor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/microarchitecture.webp", "c": "NoahSPARC · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/machine-learning/": {"t": "Machine learning", "s": "Statistical algorithms that learn from data without explicit programming."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/ryzen/": {"t": "Ryzen", "s": "AMD's Zen-based multi-core x86-64 microprocessor brand."}, "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/e/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/zen-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Zen (microarchitecture)", "s": "AMD's Zen microarchitecture family powers Ryzen, Threadripper, and Epyc processors."}, "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/e/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/rdna-microarchitecture/": {"t": "RDNA (microarchitecture)", "s": "AMD's GPU microarchitecture succeeding GCN, powering Radeon RX 5000 series onward.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/img/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/rdna-microarchitecture.webp", "c": "FritzchensFritz · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/parallel-computing/": {"t": "Parallel computing", "s": "Parallel computing enables simultaneous processing of divided tasks."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/rocm/": {"t": "ROCm", "s": "AMD's open-source GPU computing stack for HPC and machine learning."}, "https://codexery.com/display-standards/e/display-standards/hdmi/": {"t": "HDMI", "s": "Proprietary digital interface for high-quality audio and video transmission.", "i": "https://codexery.com/display-standards/img/display-standards/hdmi.webp", "c": "Vcengic · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/intel/": {"t": "Intel", "s": "A key architect of the personal computer revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/broadwell-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Broadwell (microarchitecture)", "s": "Intel's 14 nm die shrink of Haswell, introducing Core M.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/broadwell-microarchitecture.webp", "c": "Andy Dingley · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/stack-machine/": {"t": "Stack machine", "s": "A processor using a push-down stack for temporary values."}, "/e/pc-hardware/blitter/": {"t": "Blitter", "s": "Dedicated circuit for rapid memory data movement and modification."}, "/e/pc-hardware/field-programmable-gate-array/": {"t": "Field-programmable gate array", "s": "Configurable integrated circuit reprogrammable after manufacturing."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/maurice-wilkes/": {"t": "Maurice Wilkes", "s": "English computer scientist who built EDSAC and invented microprogramming."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/multi-core-processor/": {"t": "Multi-core processor", "s": "A single-chip processor with multiple cores for parallel execution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/multi-core-processor.webp", "c": "NASA Kennedy Space Center / NASA/Kim Shiflett · Public domain"}, "/e/pc-hardware/computer-hardware/": {"t": "Computer hardware", "s": "Hardware is the physical parts of a computer directed by software."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/video-game/": {"t": "Video game", "s": "Electronic games with visual feedback from a display device."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/arcade-game/": {"t": "Arcade game", "s": "Coin-operated machines of skill installed in public venues."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/mac-computer/": {"t": "Mac (computer)", "s": "The Mac: a brand of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple since 1984."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/demoscene/": {"t": "Demoscene", "s": "A computer art subculture focused on audiovisual demos."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/nintendo-64/": {"t": "Nintendo 64", "s": "A 64-bit console that introduced 3D gaming and the analog thumbstick."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/autonetics/": {"t": "Autonetics", "s": "Autonetics pioneered inertial navigation for missiles, submarines, and aircraft."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/xbox-one/": {"t": "Xbox One", "s": "An all-in-one entertainment system and eighth-generation console."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/xbox-360/": {"t": "Xbox 360", "s": "Seventh-generation console that emphasized digital media and online gaming."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/playstation-console/": {"t": "PlayStation (console)", "s": "A fifth-generation console that popularized CD-ROM gaming."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/game-boy-advance/": {"t": "Game Boy Advance", "s": "Nintendo's 32-bit handheld bridging generations with backward compatibility."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/operating-system/": {"t": "Operating system", "s": "The layer of software that manages a computer's resources for its users and their applications."}, "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/e/combinatorics/combination/": {"t": "Combination", "s": "A selection of items from a set where order does not matter."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-simulation/": {"t": "Computer simulation", "s": "Running mathematical models on computers to represent real-world systems."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/pentium-4/": {"t": "Pentium 4", "s": "Intel's NetBurst-based flagship, known for high clock speeds and mixed reviews."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/intel-core-2/": {"t": "Intel Core 2", "s": "Intel's last flagship desktop processors using a front-side bus."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/tsmc/": {"t": "TSMC", "s": "World's dominant dedicated semiconductor foundry, key AI chip supplier.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/tsmc.webp", "c": "TSMC · via Wikipedia: TSMC · Fair use"}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/nvidia/": {"t": "NVIDIA", "s": "Pioneer of GPUs for gaming, AI, and supercomputing."}, "https://codexery.com/nvidia-and-amd-graphics-processors/e/nvidia-and-amd-graphics-processors/geforce-rtx-40-series/": {"t": "GeForce RTX 40 series", "s": "Nvidia's Ada Lovelace-based GPU family with ray tracing and DLSS 3."}, "/e/pc-hardware/graphics-processing-unit/": {"t": "Graphics processing unit", "s": "Specialized circuit for graphics and parallel computation."}, "/e/pc-hardware/nvdec/": {"t": "NVDEC", "s": "Nvidia's hardware video decoding offload engine for GPUs."}, "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/e/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/blackwell-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Blackwell (microarchitecture)", "s": "Nvidia's GPU architecture for the generative AI era."}, "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/e/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/ampere-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Ampere (microarchitecture)", "s": "Nvidia GPU microarchitecture succeeding Volta and Turing."}, "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/e/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/ada-lovelace-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Ada Lovelace (microarchitecture)", "s": "Nvidia GPU microarchitecture succeeding Ampere, announced September 2022."}, "https://codexery.com/playstation-5-game-library/e/playstation-5-game-library/the-witcher-iv/": {"t": "The Witcher IV", "s": "Ciri takes the lead in a new Witcher trilogy."}, "https://codexery.com/south-korean-inventions/e/south-korean-inventions/gddr6-sdram/": {"t": "GDDR6 SDRAM", "s": "High-bandwidth graphics memory succeeding GDDR5, standardized by JEDEC in 2017."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers-2/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/sk-hynix/": {"t": "SK hynix", "s": "One of the Big Three global memory chip manufacturers."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/micron/": {"t": "Micron", "s": "American semiconductor giant and one of the Big Three memory manufacturers."}, "https://codexery.com/action-games/e/action-games/warhammer-40-000-darktide/": {"t": "Warhammer 40,000: Darktide", "s": "Four players cooperate against Chaos in a hive city."}, "https://codexery.com/detective-video-games/e/detective-video-games/alan-wake-2/": {"t": "Alan Wake 2", "s": "The sequel to Alan Wake (2010), the story follows best-selling novelist Alan Wake, who has been trapped in an alternate dimension for 13 years, as he attempts t"}, "https://codexery.com/nvidia-and-amd-graphics-processors/e/nvidia-and-amd-graphics-processors/geforce/": {"t": "GeForce", "s": "Nvidia's GeForce brand spans nineteen generations of graphics processors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nvidia-and-amd-graphics-processors/img/nvidia-and-amd-graphics-processors/geforce.webp", "c": "Jacek Halicki · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-security/": {"t": "Hardware security", "s": "Discipline safeguarding hardware through design, keys, and supply chain."}, "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-trojan/": {"t": "Hardware trojan", "s": "A malicious circuit modification inserted during design or manufacturing."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/secure-cryptoprocessor/": {"t": "Secure cryptoprocessor", "s": "A tamper-resistant chip that keeps cryptographic secrets secure."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-ame/e/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-americas/edward-snowden/": {"t": "Edward Snowden", "s": "American whistleblower who exposed NSA global surveillance programs in 2013.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-ame/img/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-americas/edward-snowden.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edward Snowden · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/bloomberg-businessweek/": {"t": "Bloomberg Businessweek", "s": "The American monthly business magazine from Bloomberg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/bloomberg-businessweek.webp", "c": "Kowbiariwan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/camera-image-sensors/e/camera-image-sensors/event-camera/": {"t": "Event camera", "s": "An imaging sensor that responds to local brightness changes."}, "/e/pc-hardware/system-on-a-chip/": {"t": "System on a chip", "s": "An integrated circuit combining key computer components on one chip."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/tensor-processing-unit/": {"t": "Tensor Processing Unit", "s": "Google's custom ASIC for neural network machine learning."}, "https://codexery.com/south-korean-inventions/e/south-korean-inventions/high-bandwidth-memory/": {"t": "High Bandwidth Memory", "s": "3D-stacked SDRAM interface for high bandwidth and low power."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/microsoft-windows/": {"t": "Microsoft Windows", "s": "Proprietary operating system by Microsoft, dominant on desktops since the 1990s."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/television/": {"t": "Television", "s": "A telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/playstation-2/": {"t": "PlayStation 2", "s": "Best-selling console with DVD playback and backward compatibility."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/read-only-memory/": {"t": "Read-only memory", "s": "Non-volatile memory that cannot be electronically modified after manufacture."}, "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-backdoor/": {"t": "Hardware backdoor", "s": "Hardware backdoors are intentionally inserted during design or manufacturing."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-security/": {"t": "Computer security", "s": "Subdiscipline of information security protecting digital systems and networks."}, "https://codexery.com/algorithms-and-data-structures/e/algorithms-and-data-structures/finite-state-machine/": {"t": "Finite-state machine", "s": "A finite-state machine models computation with a finite number of states."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-peripherals/e/computer-peripherals/kvm-switch/": {"t": "KVM switch", "s": "A hardware device for controlling multiple computers from one console."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-peripherals/e/computer-peripherals/peripheral/": {"t": "Peripheral", "s": "Auxiliary hardware device that transfers information to or from a computer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/computer-peripherals/img/computer-peripherals/peripheral.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/pc-hardware/aes-instruction-set/": {"t": "AES instruction set", "s": "Processor instructions accelerating AES encryption and decryption."}, "/e/pc-hardware/cryptographic-accelerator/": {"t": "Cryptographic accelerator", "s": "Co-processor for efficient cryptographic operations, common in servers."}, "https://codexery.com/belgian-inventions/e/belgian-inventions/advanced-encryption-standard/": {"t": "Advanced Encryption Standard", "s": "US government standard for symmetric-key encryption.", "i": "https://codexery.com/belgian-inventions/img/belgian-inventions/advanced-encryption-standard.webp", "c": "Jeongysu · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-architecture/": {"t": "Computer architecture", "s": "Conceptual design defining how computer components interact."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/algorithm/": {"t": "Algorithm", "s": "A finite sequence of logical instructions for solving problems."}, "/e/pc-hardware/sha-instruction-set/": {"t": "SHA instruction set", "s": "Hardware acceleration for SHA hashing across major CPU architectures."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/bulldozer-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Bulldozer (microarchitecture)", "s": "First major AMD architecture redesign since K8 in 2003."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/microsoft/": {"t": "Microsoft", "s": "The largest software company by revenue and one of the most valuable brands globally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations/img/corporations/microsoft.webp", "c": "3aFW · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/finnish-inventions/e/finnish-inventions/linux/": {"t": "Linux", "s": "Free and open-source Unix-like operating system family."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/android-operating-system/": {"t": "Android (operating system)", "s": "The world's most widely used operating system, powering billions of devices."}, "/e/pc-hardware/hardware-acceleration/": {"t": "Hardware acceleration", "s": "Custom hardware performs specific functions faster than general-purpose CPU software."}, "/e/pc-hardware/high-level-synthesis/": {"t": "High-level synthesis", "s": "Automated design from behavioral specification to RTL structure."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/c-programming-language/": {"t": "C (programming language)", "s": "The foundational systems programming language that powers operating systems, embedded systems, and more."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/compiler/": {"t": "Compiler", "s": "Software that translates high-level code into low-level machine code."}, "/e/pc-hardware/digital-signal-processor/": {"t": "Digital signal processor", "s": "Specialized microprocessor for real-time digital signal processing."}, "https://codexery.com/algorithms-and-data-structures/e/algorithms-and-data-structures/fast-fourier-transform/": {"t": "Fast Fourier transform", "s": "Algorithm computing discrete Fourier transforms in O(n log n) time."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/bluetooth/": {"t": "Bluetooth", "s": "Short-range wireless standard uniting devices via radio waves."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/baseband-processor/": {"t": "Baseband processor", "s": "A chip managing all antenna-based radio functions in a device."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-mics-and-mice/e/headphones-mics-and-mice/microphone/": {"t": "Microphone", "s": "A transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/user-interface/": {"t": "User interface", "s": "The space where humans and machines interact effectively."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/19-inch-rack/": {"t": "19-inch rack", "s": "The standardized frame for mounting electronic equipment, established by AT&T around 1922."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/ms-dos/": {"t": "MS-DOS", "s": "The foundational operating system for IBM PC compatibles, MS-DOS evolved from a six-week clone of CP/M into the backbone of early personal computing."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/floppy-disk/": {"t": "Floppy disk", "s": "A magnetic storage medium enclosed in a square plastic shell."}, "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/e/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/cyrix-cx486slc/": {"t": "Cyrix Cx486SLC", "s": "A 386SX with 486 instructions and 1 KB cache."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/hard-disk-drive/": {"t": "Hard disk drive", "s": "Electro-mechanical magnetic storage device with rotating platters and moving heads."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-mics-and-mice/e/headphones-mics-and-mice/pointing-stick/": {"t": "Pointing stick", "s": "An isometric pointing device that senses force, not movement."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/chips-and-technologies/": {"t": "Chips and Technologies", "s": "Pioneering fabless semiconductor company that opened the PC graphics market."}, "https://codexery.com/display-standards/e/display-standards/super-vga/": {"t": "Super VGA", "s": "A broad standard extending VGA, commonly denoting 800×600 resolution."}, "https://codexery.com/display-standards/e/display-standards/video-graphics-array/": {"t": "Video Graphics Array", "s": "Last IBM graphics standard to achieve industry-wide conformity."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-keyboards/e/computer-keyboards/ps-2-port/": {"t": "PS/2 port", "s": "Six-pin mini-DIN connector for keyboards and mice on PCs."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/nickel-cadmium-battery/": {"t": "Nickel–cadmium battery", "s": "Rechargeable battery with steady voltage and high discharge capability."}, "/e/pc-hardware/benchmark-computing/": {"t": "Benchmark (computing)", "s": "A standard method for assessing relative performance of computer systems."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/computer-engineering/": {"t": "Computer engineering", "s": "Engineering branch specializing in computer hardware and software integration."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hertz/": {"t": "Hertz", "s": "German physicist who proved electromagnetic waves exist."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventors/e/american-inventors/national-inventors-hall-of-fame/": {"t": "National Inventors Hall of Fame", "s": "Honoring US patent holders who advanced science and welfare."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/san-jose-california/": {"t": "San Jose, California", "s": "Capital of Silicon Valley"}, "https://codexery.com/computer-mice-and-monitors/e/computer-mice-and-monitors/computer-monitor/": {"t": "Computer monitor", "s": "An output device displaying pictorial or textual information from a computer."}, "https://codexery.com/philadelphia-76ers/e/stadiums/philadelphia/": {"t": "Philadelphia", "s": "The gritty, soulful city where the Sixers legacy is forged in fire and celebrated with unmatched passion."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania/": {"t": "Pennsylvania", "s": "The Keystone State", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania.webp", "c": "Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)\npermission=\n\n\n\nInsignia\n\nThis image shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia. The  · via Wikipedia: Pennsylvania · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/quakers/": {"t": "Quakers", "s": "A historically Protestant Christian movement emphasizing direct experience of God and peace.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/quakers.webp", "c": "Kenneth C. Zirkel · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/philo-farnsworth/": {"t": "Philo Farnsworth", "s": "The inventor of the first all-electronic television system."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/microprocessor/": {"t": "Microprocessor", "s": "A single-chip CPU that revolutionized computing through integration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/microprocessor.webp", "c": "Piotr433 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/computer-mice-and-monitors/e/computer-mice-and-monitors/compaq-171fs/": {"t": "Compaq 171FS", "s": "A 17-inch CRT monitor from the leading PC supplier of the 1990s."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-thumb/e/rules-of-thumb/iron-law-of-processor-performance/": {"t": "Iron law of processor performance", "s": "Performance trade-off between complexity and primitive instruction count."}, "/e/pc-hardware/douglas-engelbart/": {"t": "Douglas Engelbart", "s": "Pioneer of human–computer interaction and inventor of the computer mouse.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/img/pc-hardware/douglas-engelbart.webp", "c": "Robert Scoble · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/telefunken/": {"t": "Telefunken", "s": "German electronics pioneer from radio to television and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-8080/": {"t": "Intel 8080", "s": "Intel's 8-bit microprocessor that spurred the microcomputer revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-8080.webp", "c": "AntonSor at Russian Wikipedia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-cards-and-gpus/e/graphics-cards-and-gpus/vdm-1/": {"t": "VDM-1", "s": "First video card for S-100 bus computers."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/middlesex/": {"t": "Middlesex", "s": "Historic county of England, largely now part of Greater London."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/buckinghamshire/": {"t": "Buckinghamshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, home to the Chiltern Hills and the city of Milton Keynes."}, "https://codexery.com/english-inventions/e/english-inventions/bombe/": {"t": "Bombe", "s": "Electro-mechanical device for breaking Enigma ciphers in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. 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Australasia (note), Heritage Auctions (image) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/e/companies-and-conglomerates/ericsson/": {"t": "Ericsson", "s": "Swedish telecom giant, inventor of Bluetooth, 5G leader."}, "/e/pc-hardware/tony-sale/": {"t": "Tony Sale", "s": "Engineer who rebuilt the Colossus Mark II computer."}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/trustee/": {"t": "Trustee", "s": "A holder of property or authority for another's benefit."}, "https://codexery.com/scale-models-and-railroads/e/scale-models-and-railroads/high-power-rocketry/": {"t": "High-power rocketry", "s": "A hobby using higher-impulse motors requiring certification and safety standards."}, "https://codexery.com/scale-models-and-railroads/e/scale-models-and-railroads/model-rocket/": {"t": "Model rocket", "s": "A small, recoverable rocket for safe hobby flight."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/c64-direct-to-tv/": {"t": "C64 Direct-to-TV", "s": "A Commodore 64 in a joystick with 30 built-in games."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-4004/": {"t": "Intel 4004", "s": "First commercial single-chip CPU, using MOS silicon gate technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-4004.webp", "c": "Original: Appaloosa Vector: Racecar56 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-inventors/e/japanese-inventors/masatoshi-shima/": {"t": "Masatoshi Shima", "s": "Japanese engineer who helped create the first microprocessor."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/niklaus-wirth/": {"t": "Niklaus Wirth", "s": "Swiss computer scientist who designed several programming languages, including Pascal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/niklaus-wirth.webp", "c": "Tyomitch · via Wikipedia: Niklaus Wirth · Copyrighted free use"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/north-carolina/": {"t": "North Carolina", "s": "Southern state known for first flight and early independence call."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/idaho/": {"t": "Idaho", "s": "The Gem State", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/idaho.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, 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"https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/amd-k8/": {"t": "AMD K8", "s": "AMD's first 64-bit x86 microarchitecture with integrated memory controller."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/athlon-64/": {"t": "Athlon 64", "s": "First 64-bit processor for the average consumer."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/athlon/": {"t": "Athlon", "s": "AMD's first seventh-generation x86 processor and first to reach 1 GHz.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/athlon.webp", "c": "AMD · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/hypertransport/": {"t": "HyperTransport", "s": "High-bandwidth, low-latency point-to-point interconnect for processors and peripherals."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/alpha-21164/": {"t": "Alpha 21164", "s": "A four-issue superscalar Alpha microprocessor with on-die secondary cache."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/alpha-21264/": {"t": "Alpha 21264", "s": "A four-issue superscalar RISC microprocessor with out-of-order execution."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/computer-graphics/": {"t": "Computer graphics", "s": "Computer graphics generates and manipulates images using computers."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/radeon/": {"t": "Radeon", "s": "Brand of GPUs and other computer products by AMD."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/andhra-pradesh/": {"t": "Andhra Pradesh", "s": "The coastal gem of southern India, rich in history, culture, and natural resources.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/andhra-pradesh.webp", "c": "456legend · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/west-bengal/": {"t": "West Bengal", "s": "A state of eastern India, rich in history, culture, and diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/ati-technologies/": {"t": "ATI Technologies", "s": "Canadian fabless GPU developer acquired by AMD in 2006."}, "https://codexery.com/display-standards/e/display-standards/retina-display/": {"t": "Retina display", "s": "Apple's branded high-pixel-density displays with variable resolution thresholds."}, "https://codexery.com/prominent-women/e/prominent-women/lisa-su/": {"t": "Lisa Su", "s": "President and CEO of AMD since 2014."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-cards-and-gpus/e/graphics-cards-and-gpus/radeon-rx-vega-series/": {"t": "Radeon RX Vega series", "s": "AMD's high-end GPU series with HBM2 and GCN 5th gen architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/intel-arc/": {"t": "Intel Arc", "s": "Intel's discrete GPU brand competing with Nvidia and AMD."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-film-series/e/indian-film-series/baahubali-franchise/": {"t": "Baahubali (franchise)", "s": "A Telugu franchise that started a pan-Indian film movement."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-science/": {"t": "Computer science", "s": "Study of computation, information, and automation spanning theory to application."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/analog-computer/": {"t": "Analog computer", "s": "Analog computers model problems using physical analogies."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/reeves-instrument-corporation/": {"t": "Reeves Instrument Corporation", "s": "Cold War developer of radar bomb scoring and guided missile simulators."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/drum-memory/": {"t": "Drum memory", "s": "Magnetic drum memory was a precursor to the hard disk drive."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-jersey/": {"t": "New Jersey", "s": "Most densely populated U.S. state, hub of biopharmaceutical innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/standard-oil/": {"t": "Standard Oil", "s": "The trust that shaped an industry."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/new-york-university/": {"t": "New York University", "s": "A private research university in New York City, founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/new-york-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: State University of New York · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/transputer/": {"t": "Transputer", "s": "A pioneering parallel microprocessor with integrated memory and serial links."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematics-and-cryptography/e/mathematics-and-cryptography/tony-hoare/": {"t": "Tony Hoare", "s": "British computer scientist; developed quicksort and Hoare logic."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-james-webb-space-telescope/": {"t": "The James Webb Space Telescope", "s": "The largest space telescope, observing the infrared universe from beyond Earth's orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers-2/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/stmicroelectronics/": {"t": "STMicroelectronics", "s": "European semiconductor giant known for STM32 microcontrollers."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-thumb/e/rules-of-thumb/moore-s-law/": {"t": "Moore's law", "s": "Observation that transistor density doubles roughly every two years."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/alpha-21064/": {"t": "Alpha 21064", "s": "First commercial Alpha microprocessor, introduced in 1992."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/bobcat-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Bobcat (microarchitecture)", "s": "Low-power x86 core for AMD Fusion APUs."}, "/e/pc-hardware/victor-poor/": {"t": "Victor Poor", "s": "Co-created the architecture behind the first successful microprocessor, the Intel 8008."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/tulsa-oklahoma/": {"t": "Tulsa, Oklahoma", "s": "Second-most-populous city in Oklahoma; historic oil hub."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing/e/pioneers-of-computing/jay-wright-forrester/": {"t": "Jay Wright Forrester", "s": "Computer engineer and founder of system dynamics."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/fortune-magazine/": {"t": "Fortune (magazine)", "s": "The Ideal Super-Class Magazine"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tamil-language/": {"t": "Tamil language", "s": "Tamil (தமிழ், Tamiḻ) is a Dravidian language native to the Tamil people, primarily spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherr"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/chemical-engineering/": {"t": "Chemical engineering", "s": "Engineering field focused on converting raw materials into useful products."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc/": {"t": "Shell plc", "s": "Shell plc is a British publicly traded oil and gas company with its headquarters in London, England.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc.webp", "c": "Marek Ślusarczyk ( Tupungato ) Photo portfolio · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/henry-ford/": {"t": "Henry Ford", "s": "Pioneer of affordable automobiles and Fordism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/henry-ford.webp", "c": "Ford Motor Company. Photographic Department · via Wikipedia: Henry Ford · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/lawsuit/": {"t": "Lawsuit", "s": "A civil court proceeding initiated by a plaintiff against a defendant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/lawsuit.webp", "c": "Rrmmll22 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/radio-broadcasting/": {"t": "Radio broadcasting", "s": "Transmission of audio signals via radio waves to receivers."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/general-electric/": {"t": "General Electric", "s": "American conglomerate formed from Edison and Thomson-Houston merger in 1892."}, "https://codexery.com/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/e/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/oric-computer/": {"t": "Oric (computer)", "s": "British home computer line based on the 6502A microprocessor."}, "https://codexery.com/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/e/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/bbc-micro/": {"t": "BBC Micro", "s": "Acorn's BBC Micro brought computing to British schools."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/nintendo-entertainment-system/": {"t": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "s": "Third-generation console that revitalized the American video game industry."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/stromberg-carlson/": {"t": "Stromberg-Carlson", "s": "From telephones to radios, a pioneer in communications."}, "/e/pc-hardware/john-murphy-engineer/": {"t": "John Murphy (engineer)", "s": "Inventor of ARCNET, the first commercial networking system."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-8008/": {"t": "Intel 8008", "s": "An early 8-bit microprocessor that powered the first personal computers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-8008.webp", "c": "Appaloosa · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio/": {"t": "Amateur radio", "s": "Non-commercial radio communication for experimentation, recreation, and emergency service."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maryland/": {"t": "Maryland", "s": "A Mid-Atlantic state with diverse geography and high median income.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maryland.webp", "c": "Michael Wheeler · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/radioteletype/": {"t": "Radioteletype", "s": "Radioteletype connects teleprinters over radio using FSK or AFSK modulation."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/associated-press/": {"t": "Associated Press", "s": "A not-for-profit news cooperative founded in 1846.", "i": "https://codexery.com/news-media/img/news-media/associated-press.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Associated Press · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/intel-80286/": {"t": "Intel 80286", "s": "First x86 CPU with memory management and protected mode."}, "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/e/plays-and-drama/hamlet/": {"t": "Hamlet", "s": "A tragedy of revenge, madness, and moral uncertainty."}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/winlink/": {"t": "Winlink", "s": "Worldwide radio email system for amateur and government use."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/american-radio-relay-league/": {"t": "American Radio Relay League", "s": "Largest US amateur radio membership association, founded 1914."}, "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/e/natural-disasters/hurricane-katrina/": {"t": "Hurricane Katrina", "s": "The 2005 Category 5 hurricane that flooded New Orleans and became the costliest US tropical cyclone.", "i": "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/img/natural-disasters/hurricane-katrina.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hurricane Katrina · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/e/headphones-and-audio-gear/aiwa/": {"t": "Aiwa", "s": "Japanese audio brand revived after 2008 discontinuation."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/auto-racing/": {"t": "Auto racing", "s": "Auto racing is motorsport involving the racing of automobiles."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/sailing/": {"t": "Sailing", "s": "Wind-powered propulsion that shaped global trade and exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/mechanics/": {"t": "Mechanics", "s": "Physics of force, matter, and motion among objects."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/navigation/": {"t": "Navigation", "s": "The art and science of directing movement from one place to another."}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/venture-capital/": {"t": "Venture capital", "s": "Private equity financing for high-growth, early-stage companies."}, "https://codexery.com/motorsport-by-type/e/motorsport-by-type/autocross/": {"t": "Autocross", "s": "Timed motorsport on short courses, often on unsealed surfaces."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-programming/": {"t": "Computer programming", "s": "The composition of instructions for computers to follow."}, "https://codexery.com/motor-sports/e/motor-sports/nascar/": {"t": "NASCAR", "s": "NASCAR, officially the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC, is an American company that sanctions and operates auto racing events, most famously"}, "https://codexery.com/water-sports/e/water-sports/recreational-fishing/": {"t": "Recreational fishing", "s": "Fishing for leisure, exercise, or competition, distinct from commercial or subsistence fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/english-inventions/e/english-inventions/binary-code/": {"t": "Binary code", "s": "Binary code encodes data using two symbols, typically 0 and 1."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-physics/": {"t": "Nuclear physics", "s": "Study of atomic nuclei and their interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/sputnik-1/": {"t": "Sputnik 1", "s": "Sputnik 1, meaning \"Satellite-One\" in Russian, was the first artificial Earth satellite."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/e/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/m-audio/": {"t": "M-Audio", "s": "M-Audio makes computer music hardware for recording and performance."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/e/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/e-mu-systems/": {"t": "E-mu Systems", "s": "Pioneer in samplers and digital music workstations."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/frequency-modulation/": {"t": "Frequency modulation", "s": "Frequency modulation varies carrier frequency with message signal amplitude."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/e/jazz-innovators/chick-corea/": {"t": "Chick Corea", "s": "American jazz pianist, composer, and bandleader; key figure in jazz fusion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/img/jazz-innovators/chick-corea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Chick Corea · see source"}, "/e/pc-hardware/tommy-flowers/": {"t": "Tommy Flowers", "s": "Designed and built the world's first programmable electronic computer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/img/pc-hardware/tommy-flowers.webp", "c": "J. H. M. Abbott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/marconi-company/": {"t": "Marconi Company", "s": "Pioneer of wireless communication and mass media broadcasting."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/bedfordshire/": {"t": "Bedfordshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the East of England, bordered by Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and Buckinghamshire."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich/": {"t": "ETH Zurich", "s": "Swiss federal STEM university with 22 Nobel laureates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich.webp", "c": "Ank Kumar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/photonics/": {"t": "Photonics", "s": "Branch of optics applying light in photon form across technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/magnetic-resonance-imaging/": {"t": "Magnetic resonance imaging", "s": "Medical imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/magnetic-resonance-imaging.webp", "c": "UCSF Health · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation-pressure/": {"t": "Radiation pressure", "s": "Mechanical pressure from electromagnetic radiation momentum exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/konrad-zuse/": {"t": "Konrad Zuse", "s": "German engineer who built the first programmable computer, the Z3.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/konrad-zuse.webp", "c": "Wolfgang Hunscher, Dortmund · via Wikipedia: Konrad Zuse · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-network/": {"t": "Electrical network", "s": "Interconnection of electrical components forming circuits or networks."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-musical-instruments/e/inventors-of-musical-instruments/ikutaro-kakehashi/": {"t": "Ikutaro Kakehashi", "s": "Japanese engineer who founded Roland and co-invented MIDI."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/rolling-stone/": {"t": "Rolling Stone", "s": "All the news that fits"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/yamaha-corporation/": {"t": "Yamaha Corporation", "s": "Japanese multinational musical instrument and audio equipment manufacturer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/yamaha-corporation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yamaha Corporation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/business-magnates-tycoons/e/business-magnates-and-tycoons/andrew-grove/": {"t": "Andrew Grove", "s": "Hungarian-American businessman and engineer who served as the third CEO of Intel, transforming it into the world's largest semiconductor company."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers-2/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/creative-labs/": {"t": "Creative Labs", "s": "Singaporean audio pioneer behind the Sound Blaster card."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-musical-instruments/e/inventors-of-musical-instruments/roger-linn/": {"t": "Roger Linn", "s": "Designer of the first sample-based drum machine and the MPC."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/david-sarnoff/": {"t": "David Sarnoff", "s": "Pioneer of radio and television broadcasting, and controversial RCA executive.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/david-sarnoff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: David Sarnoff · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/rca-corporation/": {"t": "RCA Corporation", "s": "Pioneering American electronics and communications firm for over five decades."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/rca-cdp1861/": {"t": "RCA CDP1861", "s": "A monochrome video display controller for the RCA 1802 microprocessor."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/rca-studio-ii/": {"t": "RCA Studio II", "s": "A black-and-white cartridge console that struggled against color rivals."}, "/e/pc-hardware/network-on-a-chip/": {"t": "Network on a chip", "s": "A router-based packet switching network on an integrated circuit."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/cuda/": {"t": "CUDA", "s": "Nvidia's proprietary parallel computing platform and API for GPU-accelerated general-purpose processing."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/geode-processor/": {"t": "Geode (processor)", "s": "x86 SoC series for embedded systems, acquired by AMD."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-network/": {"t": "Computer network", "s": "A system of interconnected hosts communicating via protocols and hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/graphical-user-interface/": {"t": "Graphical user interface", "s": "A visual interface for interacting with electronic devices."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-thumb/e/rules-of-thumb/engelbart-s-law/": {"t": "Engelbart's law", "s": "Human performance improves at an intrinsic exponential rate."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/patent/": {"t": "Patent", "s": "A legal right excluding others from an invention for a limited time."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-mics-and-mice/e/headphones-mics-and-mice/pointer-user-interface/": {"t": "Pointer (user interface)", "s": "A graphical symbol echoing pointing device movement for user interaction."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-keyboards/e/computer-keyboards/chorded-keyboard/": {"t": "Chorded keyboard", "s": "A one-handed input device using key combinations like musical chords."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/apollo-program/": {"t": "Apollo program", "s": "The United States human spaceflight program that landed the first humans on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/alzheimer-s-disease/": {"t": "Alzheimer's disease", "s": "A progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-scientists-and-programmers/e/computer-scientists-and-programmers/alan-kay/": {"t": "Alan Kay", "s": "American computer scientist who pioneered object-oriented programming and GUI design.", "i": "https://codexery.com/computer-scientists-and-programmers/img/computer-scientists-and-programmers/alan-kay.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alan Kay · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/bally-astrocade/": {"t": "Bally Astrocade", "s": "A second-generation console with advanced graphics hindered by hardware limitations."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/nec-pd7220/": {"t": "NEC μPD7220", "s": "One of the first single-chip graphics display processors."}, "/e/pc-hardware/direct-memory-access/": {"t": "Direct memory access", "s": "DMA allows hardware to access memory independently of the CPU."}, "https://codexery.com/playstation-game-library/e/playstation-game-library/robotron-2084/": {"t": "Robotron: 2084", "s": "A twin-stick shooter that popularized dual-joystick controls."}, "https://codexery.com/shoot-em-ups-of-the-1980s/e/shoot-em-ups-of-the-1980s/sinistar/": {"t": "Sinistar", "s": "A 1983 arcade shooter featuring a digitized-voice boss."}, "https://codexery.com/nintendo-entertainment-system-game/e/nintendo-entertainment-system-game-library/joust-video-game/": {"t": "Joust (video game)", "s": "A 1982 arcade game featuring knights on flying birds."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/amiga/": {"t": "Amiga", "s": "Mid-80s computer family with custom graphics and sound hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-cards-and-gpus/e/graphics-cards-and-gpus/tms34010/": {"t": "TMS34010", "s": "First programmable graphics processor, combining CPU and GPU functions."}, "https://codexery.com/ocean-software-games/e/ocean-software-games/narc-video-game/": {"t": "Narc (video game)", "s": "A run and gun game targeting drug offenders."}, "https://codexery.com/namco-games-of-the-1980s/e/namco-games-of-the-1980s/hard-drivin/": {"t": "Hard Drivin'", "s": "A pioneering 3D polygon driving simulator from Atari Games."}, "https://codexery.com/ocean-software-games/e/ocean-software-games/smash-tv/": {"t": "Smash TV", "s": "A dystopian game show where contestants fight for cash and prizes."}, "https://codexery.com/acclaim-entertainment-games/e/acclaim-entertainment-games/nba-jam-1993-video-game/": {"t": "NBA Jam (1993 video game)", "s": "Two-on-two arcade basketball with exaggerated dunks and no fouls."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/atari-jaguar/": {"t": "Atari Jaguar", "s": "A controversial 64-bit console that failed to find its market niche."}, "https://codexery.com/display-standards/e/display-standards/video-electronics-standards-association/": {"t": "Video Electronics Standards Association", "s": "American standards body for computer display standards."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/arm-cortex-m/": {"t": "ARM Cortex-M", "s": "32-bit RISC cores for low-cost, energy-efficient embedded devices."}, "https://codexery.com/films-about-consciousness-transfer/e/films-about-consciousness-transfer/source-code/": {"t": "Source Code", "s": "A soldier enters an eight-minute simulation to find a bomber."}, "https://codexery.com/complexity-theory/e/complexity-theory/time-complexity/": {"t": "Time complexity", "s": "A measure of algorithm running time as input size grows."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-thumb/e/rules-of-thumb/dennard-scaling/": {"t": "Dennard scaling", "s": "Scaling law for constant power density in MOSFETs."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/np-completeness/": {"t": "NP-completeness", "s": "Hardest problems in NP, central to P versus NP."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-thumb/e/rules-of-thumb/heuristic/": {"t": "Heuristic", "s": "A mental shortcut for satisfactory, not optimal, solutions."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/software-defined-radio/": {"t": "Software-defined radio", "s": "Radio communication system implemented via software on general-purpose hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/printed-circuit-board/": {"t": "Printed circuit board", "s": "Laminated board connecting electronic components via etched copper traces."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telecommunications/": {"t": "Telecommunications", "s": "Transmission of information over distance by electrical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/speech-synthesis/": {"t": "Speech synthesis", "s": "Artificial production of human speech by computer systems."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/pmos-logic/": {"t": "PMOS logic", "s": "Dominant digital logic family before NMOS and CMOS."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/motorola-56000/": {"t": "Motorola 56000", "s": "A 24-bit fixed-point DSP family introduced in 1986."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/disk-storage/": {"t": "Disk storage", "s": "Rotating-disk data storage using magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/e/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/sound-blaster/": {"t": "Sound Blaster", "s": "The de facto standard for PC audio before Windows 95."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/xeon/": {"t": "Xeon", "s": "Intel's x86 processor brand for servers, workstations, and embedded systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/xeon.webp", "c": "Oofphhps · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/finnish-inventions/e/finnish-inventions/linux-kernel/": {"t": "Linux kernel", "s": "Free and open-source kernel powering billions of devices worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/larrabee-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Larrabee (microarchitecture)", "s": "Intel's cancelled hybrid x86 GPU that evolved into Xeon Phi."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/ai-engine/": {"t": "AI engine", "s": "Computational core for AI inference and signal processing."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/phase-locked-loop/": {"t": "Phase-locked loop", "s": "A control system that locks output phase to input phase."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/video-display-controller/": {"t": "Video display controller", "s": "Integrated circuit generating video signals for 1980s computers and consoles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/img/graphics-hardware/video-display-controller.webp", "c": "Evan-Amos · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/matrox/": {"t": "Matrox", "s": "Canadian graphics hardware firm since 1976, now focused on niche markets."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-cards-and-gpus/e/graphics-cards-and-gpus/scalable-link-interface/": {"t": "Scalable Link Interface", "s": "Multi-GPU technology linking cards for parallel rendering."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units/": {"t": "General-purpose computing on graphics processing units", "s": "Using GPUs for non-graphics computation to achieve parallel processing speedups."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/amd-apu/": {"t": "AMD APU", "s": "AMD's integrated CPU-GPU processor for diverse computing platforms."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/intel-graphics-technology/": {"t": "Intel Graphics Technology", "s": "Integrated graphics built into Intel CPUs since 2010."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/multi-channel-memory-architecture/": {"t": "Multi-channel memory architecture", "s": "Multi-channel memory multiplies data rate by adding communication channels."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony/": {"t": "Sony", "s": "Japanese conglomerate known for electronics and entertainment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony.webp", "c": "Akonnchiroll · via Wikipedia: Sony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/emerging-technologies/": {"t": "Emerging technologies", "s": "Technologies whose development and applications are still largely unrealized.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/emerging-technologies.webp", "c": "Avery Jensen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/algebra/quadratic-function/": {"t": "Quadratic function", "s": "A polynomial function of degree two, graphed as a parabola."}, "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/e/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/kepler-microarchitecture/": {"t": "Kepler (microarchitecture)", "s": "Nvidia's first GPU architecture focused on energy efficiency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/img/gpu-and-cpu-microarchitectures/kepler-microarchitecture.webp", "c": "ILLUSTRATION: NASA, ESA, Leah Hustak (STScI) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/arrow-lake-microprocessor/": {"t": "Arrow Lake (microprocessor)", "s": "Intel's disaggregated desktop and mobile processor with new core architectures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/arrow-lake-microprocessor.webp", "c": "W. E. 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