{"https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/plaster/": {"t": "Plaster", "s": "Building material used for interiors, decoration, and medical casts."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "/e/palatine-hill/palatine-museum/": {"t": "Palatine Museum", "s": "Museum on the Palatine Hill housing excavated Roman artifacts."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/crucifixion/": {"t": "Crucifixion", "s": "Ancient method of execution used in Persia, Carthage, and Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/caligula/": {"t": "Caligula", "s": "Third Roman emperor, ruling from AD 37 until his assassination."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/boarding-school/": {"t": "Boarding school", "s": "Residential schools where pupils live and study on campus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantine-the-great/": {"t": "Constantine the Great", "s": "First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/josephus/": {"t": "Josephus", "s": "Roman–Jewish historian and military leader, author of The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/origen/": {"t": "Origen", "s": "Prolific early Christian theologian and controversial Church Father."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/tertullian/": {"t": "Tertullian", "s": "Early Christian author and first Latin theologian."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/set/": {"t": "Set", "s": "Set (deity) or Seth, an ancient Egyptian deity."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/anubis/": {"t": "Anubis", "s": "God of funerary rites, protector of graves, and guide to the underworld."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/thoth/": {"t": "Thoth", "s": "God of the Moon, wisdom, writing, and magic"}, "https://codexery.com/psychopomps/e/psychopomps/mercury-mythology/": {"t": "Mercury (mythology)", "s": "Roman god of commerce, communication, and guide of souls."}, "https://codexery.com/colosseum/e/colosseum/via-sacra/": {"t": "Via Sacra", "s": "Main street of ancient Rome, route of triumphs and ceremonies."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/domitian/": {"t": "Domitian", "s": "Last of the Flavians: Ruthless autocrat who expanded Rome's borders and rebuilt the city, but was assassinated and condemned by the Senate."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/vespasian/": {"t": "Vespasian", "s": "Founder of the Flavian dynasty and restorer of stability."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "Capetian capital on the Seine."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-colosseum/": {"t": "The Colosseum", "s": "Largest ancient amphitheatre, symbol of Imperial Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio/": {"t": "Cassius Dio", "s": "Roman historian and senator who wrote an 80-volume history of Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Cassius Dio · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/17th-century-dutch-cartographers/e/17th-century-dutch-cartographers/adriaan-reland/": {"t": "Adriaan Reland", "s": "Dutch scholar who mapped Persia and Japan without leaving home.", "i": "https://codexery.com/17th-century-dutch-cartographers/img/17th-century-dutch-cartographers/adriaan-reland.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Adriaan Reland · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/hanukkah/": {"t": "Hanukkah", "s": "Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple."}, "https://codexery.com/book-of-exodus/e/book-of-exodus/showbread/": {"t": "Showbread", "s": "Bread perpetually offered in the Temple as a divine presence offering."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/e/ancient-roman-government/spqr/": {"t": "SPQR", "s": "Emblematic acronym for the Roman Senate and People."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/bonaventure/": {"t": "Bonaventure", "s": "Italian Franciscan scholastic theologian and philosopher, Doctor of the Church known as the Seraphic Doctor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/bonaventure.webp", "c": "Claude François · via Wikipedia: Bonaventure · Public domain"}, "/e/palatine-hill/palace-of-domitian/": {"t": "Palace of Domitian", "s": "Official residence of Roman emperors on Palatine Hill."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "/e/palatine-hill/flavian-palace/": {"t": "Flavian Palace", "s": "Public wing of Domitian's palace on the Palatine Hill."}, "https://codexery.com/textiles-in-folklore/e/textiles-in-folklore/minerva/": {"t": "Minerva", "s": "Roman goddess of wisdom, war, crafts, and the Capitoline Triad."}, "/e/palatine-hill/domus-augustana/": {"t": "Domus Augustana", "s": "Central residential part of the Palace of Domitian on the Palatine."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/septimius-severus/": {"t": "Septimius Severus", "s": "Founder of the Severan dynasty and the first provincial emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-gymnastics-venues/e/olympic-gymnastics-venues/baths-of-caracalla/": {"t": "Baths of Caracalla", "s": "Roman baths turned 1960 Olympic gymnastics venue."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/maxentius/": {"t": "Maxentius", "s": "Roman emperor from 306 to 312, last to reside permanently in Rome."}, "/e/palatine-hill/septizodium/": {"t": "Septizodium", "s": "A decorative Roman façade built by Septimius Severus in 203 AD."}, "/e/palatine-hill/farnese-gardens/": {"t": "Farnese Gardens", "s": "First private botanical gardens in Europe, created on Palatine Hill."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/tiberius/": {"t": "Tiberius", "s": "Second Roman emperor and successful general who expanded the northern frontier."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/claudius/": {"t": "Claudius", "s": "Fourth Julio-Claudian emperor, conquered Britain, expanded bureaucracy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hadrian/": {"t": "Hadrian", "s": "Roman emperor from 117 to 138, builder of Hadrian's Wall and a promoter of philhellenism."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-tacitus/": {"t": "Histories (Tacitus)", "s": "Roman historical chronicle covering the Year of Four Emperors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/img/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-tacitus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tacitus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/galba/": {"t": "Galba", "s": "First emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/suetonius/": {"t": "Suetonius", "s": "Roman historian and biographer of the Twelve Caesars"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/nerva-antonine-dynasty/": {"t": "Nerva–Antonine dynasty", "s": "The Nerva–Antonine dynasty consisted of seven Roman emperors ruling from 96 to 192 AD: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, an"}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/lucius-verus/": {"t": "Lucius Verus", "s": "Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius; led the Parthian war to victory."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/marcus-aurelius/": {"t": "Marcus Aurelius", "s": "Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher, last of the Five Good Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/antoninus-pius/": {"t": "Antoninus Pius", "s": "Roman emperor whose reign was the most peaceful of the Principate."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/aphrodite/": {"t": "Aphrodite", "s": "Ancient Greek goddess of love, beauty, and desire."}, "/e/palatine-hill/domus-tiberiana/": {"t": "Domus Tiberiana", "s": "Imperial Roman palace on the Palatine Hill, expanded by early emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-religion/e/ancient-greek-religion/nymphaeum/": {"t": "Nymphaeum", "s": "Monument consecrated to nymphs, often spring sanctuaries."}, "/e/palatine-hill/arch-of-titus/": {"t": "Arch of Titus", "s": "1st-century AD arch commemorating Titus's deification and Judaean victory."}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/architects/giacomo-barozzi-da-vignola/": {"t": "Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola", "s": "Italian Mannerist architect, key figure in spreading Renaissance style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architects/img/architects/giacomo-barozzi-da-vignola.webp", "c": "Warburg · via Wikipedia: Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rites-of-passage/e/rites-of-passage/grand-tour/": {"t": "Grand Tour", "s": "An educational journey through Europe for young elite men.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rites-of-passage/img/rites-of-passage/grand-tour.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Grand Tour · see source"}, "/e/palatine-hill/domus-transitoria/": {"t": "Domus Transitoria", "s": "Nero's first palace, destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome."}, "/e/palatine-hill/palatine-colossi/": {"t": "Palatine colossi", "s": "Two colossal Roman statues in greywacke from Domitian's palace."}, "https://codexery.com/society-of-ancient-rome/e/society-of-ancient-rome/patronage-in-ancient-rome/": {"t": "Patronage in ancient Rome", "s": "Hierarchical mutual obligations between patron and client defined Roman society."}, "https://codexery.com/words-and-phrases-derived-from-greek/e/words-and-phrases-derived-from-greek-mythology/herculean/": {"t": "Herculean", "s": "Of or like Hercules; requiring great strength."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/dionysus/": {"t": "Dionysus", "s": "God of wine, theatre, and ecstatic liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/hypocaust/": {"t": "Hypocaust", "s": "Ancient Roman underfloor heating system that circulated hot air."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/chios/": {"t": "Chios", "s": "Greek island known for mastic gum and medieval villages."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/casa-romuli/": {"t": "Casa Romuli", "s": "Legendary hut of Rome's founder, preserved for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/img/roman-mythology/casa-romuli.webp", "c": "Giuseppe Vasi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/apollo/": {"t": "Apollo", "s": "God of light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry, and archery; twin brother of Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/pompeii/e/pompeii/pompeian-styles/": {"t": "Pompeian Styles", "s": "Four periods of Roman mural painting from Pompeii."}, "https://codexery.com/new-religious-movement-deities/e/new-religious-movement-deities/diana-mythology/": {"t": "Diana (mythology)", "s": "Roman goddess of the hunt, moon, and wilderness."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/pantheon-rome/": {"t": "Pantheon, Rome", "s": "Ancient Roman temple, now a Catholic church, with the largest unreinforced concrete dome."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-fall-of-the-western-roman-empire/": {"t": "The Fall of the Western Roman Empire", "s": "Loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/e/sons-of-roman-emperors/honorius/": {"t": "Honorius", "s": "Western Roman emperor during the sack of Rome in 410."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/greywacke/": {"t": "Greywacke", "s": "A dark, hard sandstone formed by ancient submarine avalanches."}, "https://codexery.com/temple-of-artemis/e/temple-of-artemis/praxiteles/": {"t": "Praxiteles", "s": "Attic sculptor of the 4th century BC, first to carve the nude female form."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-myths/e/astronomical-myths/nemean-lion/": {"t": "Nemean lion", "s": "A beast with golden fur killed by Heracles in his first labour."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-louise-duchess-of-parma/": {"t": "Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma", "s": "Duchess of Parma, Empress of the French, and second wife of Napoleon Bonaparte.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/img/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-louise-duchess-of-parma.webp", "c": "Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin / After François Gérard · via Wikipedia: Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma · Public domain"}, "/e/palatine-hill/villa-mills/": {"t": "Villa Mills", "s": "A villa on the Palatine Hill, demolished for archaeology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/diocletian/": {"t": "Diocletian", "s": "Roman emperor who stabilized the empire, initiated the Tetrarchy, and abdicated voluntarily."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-actium/": {"t": "Battle of Actium", "s": "Naval battle that ended the Roman Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/tetrarchy/": {"t": "Tetrarchy", "s": "The Roman system of four rulers instituted by Diocletian, lasting from AD 293 to 324.", "i": "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/img/tetrarchy/tetrarchy.webp", "c": "DEGA MD · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/palatine-hill/alexamenos-graffito/": {"t": "Alexamenos graffito", "s": "Early Roman graffito mocking a Christian worshipper."}, "https://codexery.com/set/e/set/onolatry/": {"t": "Onolatry", "s": "Ancient accusation of donkey worship against Jews and Christians."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/lazio/": {"t": "Lazio", "s": "Central Italian region home to Rome, rich in history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-roman-people/e/legendary-roman-people/anastasia-of-sirmium/": {"t": "Anastasia of Sirmium", "s": "Christian martyr and healer venerated as Pharmakolytria."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-damasus-i/": {"t": "Pope Damasus I", "s": "Bishop of Rome who established the biblical canon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-damasus-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Damasus I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-urban-viii/": {"t": "Pope Urban VIII", "s": "Pope who expanded papal territory, opposed Copernicanism, and left a legacy of debt."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/archbishop-of-canterbury/": {"t": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "s": "Senior bishop and primate of the Church of England, spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/palladium-classical-antiquity/": {"t": "Palladium (classical antiquity)", "s": "Sacred wooden statue on which Troy's and Rome's safety depended."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/athena/": {"t": "Athena", "s": "Goddess of wisdom, warfare, and handicraft; patron of Athens."}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/sovereign-military-order-of-malta/": {"t": "Sovereign Military Order of Malta", "s": "Sovereign Catholic order with global humanitarian mission."}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-footprints/e/legendary-footprints/san-sebastiano-fuori-le-mura/": {"t": "San Sebastiano fuori le mura", "s": "Basilica built over catacombs, once holding apostles' remains."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-benedict-xvi/": {"t": "Pope Benedict XVI", "s": "First pope to resign since 1415; defender of traditional Catholic values.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-benedict-xvi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-peter-s-basilica/": {"t": "St. Peter's Basilica", "s": "The Vatican's Renaissance basilica over the traditional tomb of Saint Peter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-peter-s-basilica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St. Peter's Basilica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-roman-mythology/e/characters-in-roman-mythology/luna-goddess/": {"t": "Luna (goddess)", "s": "Roman goddess embodying the Moon, often paired with Sol."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rapists/e/mythological-rapists/mars-mythology/": {"t": "Mars (mythology)", "s": "Roman god of war and father of Romulus and Remus."}, "https://codexery.com/aphrodite/e/aphrodite/venus-mythology/": {"t": "Venus (mythology)", "s": "Roman goddess of love, beauty, desire, and ancestral mother of Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/appian-way/": {"t": "Appian Way", "s": "The queen of long roads, built for military conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/e/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/frederick-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor, polymath, and centralizer of royal power."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-obelisks/e/ancient-egyptian-obelisks/flaminio-obelisk/": {"t": "Flaminio Obelisk", "s": "Ancient Egyptian obelisk moved to Rome, now in Piazza del Popolo."}, "https://codexery.com/rioni-of-rome/e/rioni-of-rome/campitelli/": {"t": "Campitelli", "s": "Rione X, home to the Roman Forum and Campidoglio."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/raphael/": {"t": "Raphael", "s": "High Renaissance painter and architect, known for clarity and harmony."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}}