{"/e/pakistani-inventions/hmg-pk-16/": {"t": "HMG PK-16", "s": "Pakistani heavy machine gun unveiled at IDEAS 2016."}, "/e/pakistani-inventions/pof-eye/": {"t": "POF Eye", "s": "A corner-shot weapon system developed by Pakistan Ordnance Factories."}, "/e/pakistani-inventions/psr-90/": {"t": "PSR-90", "s": "Pakistani semi-automatic sniper rifle inspired by the H&K PSG1."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/e/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/night-vision-device/": {"t": "Night-vision device", "s": "Optoelectronic device for low-light visualization, first used in WWII."}, "https://codexery.com/sniper-rifles/e/sniper-rifles/sniper-rifle/": {"t": "Sniper rifle", "s": "A high-precision, long-range rifle for military and law enforcement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/sniper-rifles/img/sniper-rifles/sniper-rifle.webp", "c": "Charles Rosemond · Public domain"}, "/e/pakistani-inventions/pc-virus/": {"t": "PC virus", "s": "Self-replicating malware that requires a host program to spread."}, "https://codexery.com/bios/e/bios/boot-sector/": {"t": "Boot sector", "s": "First sector of a storage device executed by firmware."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/floppy-disk/": {"t": "Floppy disk", "s": "A magnetic storage medium enclosed in a square plastic shell."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/heavy-machine-gun/": {"t": "Heavy machine gun", "s": "A class of machine guns too heavy to be man-portable.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/heavy-machine-gun.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/dshk/": {"t": "DShK", "s": "Soviet heavy machine gun used from World War II to present."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/w85-heavy-machine-gun/": {"t": "W85 heavy machine gun", "s": "Chinese heavy machine gun adopted as vehicle-mounted QJC-88."}, "https://codexery.com/soviet-inventions/e/soviet-inventions/12-7-108-mm/": {"t": "12.7 × 108 mm", "s": "Soviet-era heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge developed in the late 1930s for the DShK"}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy/": {"t": "Life expectancy", "s": "A statistical measure of average remaining years of life at a given age, most commonly at birth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy.webp", "c": "Lady3mlnm · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/economists-and-nobel-laureates/e/economists-and-nobel-laureates/amartya-sen/": {"t": "Amartya Sen", "s": "Indian economist and philosopher, Nobel laureate in Economic Sciences, known for work on welfare economics, social choice, and famine theory."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/unemployment/": {"t": "Unemployment", "s": "Unemployment is the state of being without work while seeking it."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-economist/": {"t": "The Economist", "s": "A severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/commercial-bank/": {"t": "Commercial bank", "s": "Financial institutions that accept deposits and create credit for commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/gulf-cooperation-council/": {"t": "Gulf Cooperation Council", "s": "Regional union of six Gulf Arab monarchies founded in 1981."}, "https://codexery.com/arabic-architecture/e/arabic-architecture/al-azhar-university/": {"t": "Al-Azhar University", "s": "One of the world's oldest universities and chief center for Islamic learning.", "i": "https://codexery.com/arabic-architecture/img/arabic-architecture/al-azhar-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Al-Azhar University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/muhammad-abduh/": {"t": "Muhammad Abduh", "s": "Egyptian scholar and Grand Mufti, key figure in Islamic Modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/invented-tradition/": {"t": "Invented tradition", "s": "Practices of recent origin presented as ancient traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/mercantilism/": {"t": "Mercantilism", "s": "Economic policy maximizing exports and state power through trade regulation."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/currency/": {"t": "Currency", "s": "A standardized medium of exchange, from cowry shells to digital balances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/currency.webp", "c": "Kavali Chandrakanth KCK · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/partnership/": {"t": "Partnership", "s": "A cooperative agreement to advance mutual interests."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/cheque/": {"t": "Cheque", "s": "A written order to pay money from an account."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/promissory-note/": {"t": "Promissory note", "s": "A written promise to pay a specified sum to a payee."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/harun-al-rashid/": {"t": "Harun al-Rashid", "s": "The fifth Abbasid caliph whose reign marked the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/abbasid-caliphate/": {"t": "Abbasid Caliphate", "s": "The third Islamic caliphate, ruled from Baghdad from 762 to 1258."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/reuters/": {"t": "Reuters", "s": "One of the largest news agencies in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/bolt-action/": {"t": "Bolt action", "s": "Manual firearm action operated by a turn-bolt handle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/img/bolt-action-rifles/bolt-action.webp", "c": "MagHoxpox · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/pakistani-inventions/microfinance/": {"t": "Microfinance", "s": "Financial services for low-income individuals and small businesses."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jonathan-swift/": {"t": "Jonathan Swift", "s": "Anglo-Irish satirist and author of Gulliver's Travels."}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-wesley/": {"t": "John Wesley", "s": "English cleric and leader of the Methodist revival movement."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/lysander-spooner/": {"t": "Lysander Spooner", "s": "Abolitionist, individualist anarchist, and challenger of government monopolies."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/caste/": {"t": "Caste", "s": "A hereditary social group defined by endogamy, occupation, and ritual hierarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "/e/pakistani-inventions/microcredit/": {"t": "Microcredit", "s": "Small loans aimed at fostering entrepreneurship and reducing poverty."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/credit-union/": {"t": "Credit union", "s": "Member-owned cooperatives offering banking services with a community focus."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/developing-country/": {"t": "Developing country", "s": "A country with a less-developed industrial base and lower HDI, though definitions vary widely."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-monetary-fund/": {"t": "International Monetary Fund", "s": "International financial institution fostering global monetary cooperation and stability."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/oecd/": {"t": "OECD", "s": "A forum of 38 market-oriented democracies promoting economic progress and world trade."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/sustainability/": {"t": "Sustainability", "s": "Ability to continue over a long period of time."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/bolivia/": {"t": "Bolivia", "s": "A landlocked South American nation with diverse geography and a rich indigenous heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/minority-group/": {"t": "Minority group", "s": "A group experiencing disadvantage relative to a dominant social group."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "/e/pakistani-inventions/brain-computer-virus/": {"t": "Brain (computer virus)", "s": "First IBM PC virus, written by two Pakistani brothers."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/microprocessor/": {"t": "Microprocessor", "s": "A single-chip CPU that revolutionized computing through integration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/microprocessor.webp", "c": "Piotr433 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/mos-capacitor/": {"t": "MOS capacitor", "s": "Core structure enabling the MOSFET and modern integrated circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrolyte/": {"t": "Electrolyte", "s": "Substance conducting electricity through ion movement, vital in biology and technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrolyte.webp", "c": "Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/electrical-capacitor/": {"t": "Electrical capacitor", "s": "Passive component storing electrical energy via separated conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/mind-control/e/mind-control/brain-implant/": {"t": "Brain implant", "s": "Implants linking brain and machine for therapy, research, and control."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/university-of-virginia/": {"t": "University of Virginia", "s": "Founded by Thomas Jefferson, home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/paul-dirac/": {"t": "Paul Dirac", "s": "Founder of quantum mechanics and formulator of the Dirac equation"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/electric-motor/": {"t": "Electric motor", "s": "Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy via magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/alternating-current/": {"t": "Alternating current", "s": "Electric current that reverses direction and enables efficient power transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/resonance/": {"t": "Resonance", "s": "Resonance amplifies vibrations when frequency matches a system's natural frequency."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zinc/": {"t": "Zinc", "s": "The essential trace element with a shiny blue whitish appearance."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-program/": {"t": "Computer program", "s": "A sequence of instructions executed by a computer."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/sabotage/": {"t": "Sabotage", "s": "Deliberate action to weaken through disruption or destruction."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/operating-system/": {"t": "Operating system", "s": "The layer of software that manages a computer's resources for its users and their applications."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/john-von-neumann/": {"t": "John von Neumann", "s": "Mathematician who shaped quantum physics, computing, and nuclear strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/arpanet/": {"t": "ARPANET", "s": "First packet-switched network; technical foundation of the Internet."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/algorithm/": {"t": "Algorithm", "s": "A finite sequence of logical instructions for solving problems."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/microsoft-windows/": {"t": "Microsoft Windows", "s": "Proprietary operating system by Microsoft, dominant on desktops since the 1990s."}, "https://codexery.com/microsoft-windows/e/microsoft-windows/windows-3-0/": {"t": "Windows 3.0", "s": "Third major release of Microsoft Windows, launched in 1990."}, "https://codexery.com/windows-apis/e/windows-apis/windows-api/": {"t": "Windows API", "s": "The foundational API for accessing Microsoft Windows features."}, "https://codexery.com/microsoft-windows/e/microsoft-windows/windows-95/": {"t": "Windows 95", "s": "Consumer OS merging MS-DOS and Windows with a new GUI."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/amiga/": {"t": "Amiga", "s": "Mid-80s computer family with custom graphics and sound hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/windows-administration/e/windows-administration/exe/": {"t": ".exe", "s": "Native executable file extension for Windows, OS/2, and DOS."}, "https://codexery.com/bios/e/bios/master-boot-record/": {"t": "Master boot record", "s": "Boot sector and partition table for IBM PC-compatible disks."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/hard-disk-drive/": {"t": "Hard disk drive", "s": "Electro-mechanical magnetic storage device with rotating platters and moving heads."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/solid-state-drive/": {"t": "Solid-state drive", "s": "Solid-state drives store data in semiconductor cells with no moving parts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/img/computer-storage/solid-state-drive.webp", "c": "David290 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/e/pc-hardware/emulator/": {"t": "Emulator", "s": "An emulator lets one system imitate another to run its software."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/personal-computer/": {"t": "Personal computer", "s": "The definitive guide to personal computers, from early microcomputers to modern Wintel dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/assault-rifles/e/assault-rifles/cornershot/": {"t": "CornerShot", "s": "A hinged weapon accessory enabling safe engagement around corners.", "i": "https://codexery.com/assault-rifles/img/assault-rifles/cornershot.webp", "c": "Vitaly V. Kuzmin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/activision-blizzard-franchises/e/activision-blizzard-franchises/swat-series/": {"t": "SWAT (series)", "s": "A subseries of tactical police simulation video games."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/lift-force/": {"t": "Lift (force)", "s": "Lift is the perpendicular force from fluid flow on an object."}, "https://codexery.com/cricket-legends/e/cricket-legends/wasim-akram/": {"t": "Wasim Akram", "s": "The Sultan of Swing"}, "https://codexery.com/ball-games/e/ball-games/india-national-cricket-team/": {"t": "India national cricket team", "s": "The India men’s national cricket team plays for the country in international matches.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ball-games/img/ball-games/india-national-cricket-team.webp", "c": "Board of Control for Cricket in India · via Wikipedia: India national cricket team · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/india-national-cricket-team/e/legends/zaheer-khan/": {"t": "Zaheer Khan", "s": "Indian left-arm fast-medium bowler, second-most successful Indian pace bowler in Tests, and key member of the 2011 World Cup winning team."}, "https://codexery.com/ball-games/e/ball-games/australia-national-cricket-team/": {"t": "Australia national cricket team", "s": "The most successful national team in cricket history."}, "https://codexery.com/2020s-british-sports-television-series/e/2020s-british-sports-television-series/freddie-flintoff-s-field-of-dreams/": {"t": "Freddie Flintoff's Field of Dreams", "s": "Flintoff mentors a youth cricket team in this 2020s series."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radio-frequency/": {"t": "Radio frequency", "s": "Oscillation rate enabling radio wave radiation and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/radio-frequency-engineering/": {"t": "Radio-frequency engineering", "s": "Engineering of devices using radio-band signals."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telecommunications/": {"t": "Telecommunications", "s": "Transmission of information over distance by electrical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/bluetooth/": {"t": "Bluetooth", "s": "Short-range wireless standard uniting devices via radio waves."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation/e/satellite-navigation/satellite-navigation-device/": {"t": "Satellite navigation device", "s": "Device using GNSS satellites to determine geographic position and provide navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/nmos-logic/": {"t": "NMOS logic", "s": "NMOS logic enabled faster, cheaper digital circuits in the 1970s-80s."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-processing/": {"t": "Signal processing", "s": "Subfield of electrical engineering for analyzing and modifying signals."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/baseband-processor/": {"t": "Baseband processor", "s": "A chip managing all antenna-based radio functions in a device."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/near-field-communication/": {"t": "Near-field communication", "s": "Short-range wireless protocol for data exchange and charging."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/4g/": {"t": "4G", "s": "All-IP packet-switched cellular generation with gigabit-speed capability."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/dect/": {"t": "DECT", "s": "ETSI cordless telephony standard, evolved for IoT and 5G."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/software-defined-radio/": {"t": "Software-defined radio", "s": "Radio communication system implemented via software on general-purpose hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-originating-in-australia/e/sports-originating-in-australia/backyard-cricket/": {"t": "Backyard cricket", "s": "An informal cricket variant played in any available space."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/ramadan/": {"t": "Ramadan", "s": "Islamic month of fasting, prayer, and spiritual reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/fasting/": {"t": "Fasting", "s": "Fasting: from metabolic state to religious ritual and political protest."}, "https://codexery.com/cricket-legends/e/cricket-legends/younis-khan/": {"t": "Younis Khan", "s": "Pakistani cricketer, only Test centurion in all 11 host nations."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cricket-legends/e/cricket-legends/shakib-al-hasan/": {"t": "Shakib Al Hasan", "s": "Bangladeshi international cricketer, former MP, and all-time highest T20 World Cup wicket taker."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-originating-in-australia/e/sports-originating-in-australia/indoor-cricket/": {"t": "Indoor cricket", "s": "A fast-paced cricket variant played in netted arenas."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/barbados/": {"t": "Barbados", "s": "The southernmost island of the Caribbean, a former British colony turned republic."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/structural-engineering/": {"t": "Structural engineering", "s": "Designing the skeleton of the built environment."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/e/inventors-of-everyday-objects/fazlur-rahman-khan/": {"t": "Fazlur Rahman Khan", "s": "Pioneer of tubular designs for high-rise buildings."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/illinois/": {"t": "Illinois", "s": "Land of Lincoln", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/illinois.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/home-and-furniture/e/home-and-furniture/apartment/": {"t": "Apartment", "s": "Self-contained housing unit within a larger building."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/world-trade-center-1973-2001/": {"t": "World Trade Center (1973–2001)", "s": "Icon of New York City, destroyed on 9/11", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/world-trade-center-1973-2001.webp", "c": "Eric Ascalon ******************** · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/willis-tower/": {"t": "Willis Tower", "s": "A 110-story Chicago icon, once the world's tallest building.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/willis-tower.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Willis Tower · see source"}}