{"/e/painting-and-visual-arts/history-painting/": {"t": "History painting", "s": "A narrative painting genre, traditionally the highest form of Western art."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "hellenistic-period", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/pompeii/": {"t": "Pompeii", "s": "A Roman city frozen in time by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/part-1/illuminated-manuscript/": {"t": "illuminated-manuscript", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/part-1/low-countries/": {"t": "low-countries", "s": ""}, "/e/painting-and-visual-arts/mannerism/": {"t": "Mannerism", "s": "A European style exaggerating High Renaissance ideals into artificial elegance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/pieter-bruegel-the-elder/": {"t": "Pieter Bruegel the Elder", "s": "Pioneer of landscapes and peasant scenes in Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/pieter-bruegel-the-elder.webp", "c": "Pieter Brueghel the Elder · via Wikipedia: Pieter Bruegel the Elder · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/johannes-vermeer/": {"t": "Johannes Vermeer", "s": "The Sphinx of Delft: Master of Light and Domestic Interiors"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/part-1/romanticism/": {"t": "romanticism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/part-1/antoine-watteau/": {"t": "antoine-watteau", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jean-sim-on-chardin/": {"t": "Jean Siméon Chardin", "s": "Master of still life and genre painting in 18th-century France", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jean-sim-on-chardin.webp", "c": "Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin · via Wikipedia: Jean Siméon Chardin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/part-1/william-hogarth/": {"t": "william-hogarth", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/bartolom-esteban-murillo/": {"t": "Bartolomé Esteban Murillo", "s": "Spanish Baroque painter of religious works and everyday life", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/bartolom-esteban-murillo.webp", "c": "Bartolomé Esteban Murillo · via Wikipedia: Bartolomé Esteban Murillo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/part-1/realism-arts/": {"t": "realism-arts", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/gustave-courbet/": {"t": "Gustave Courbet", "s": "French painter who led the Realism movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/gustave-courbet.webp", "c": "Gustave Courbet · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/part-1/william-holman-hunt/": {"t": "william-holman-hunt", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/portraitists-and-storytellers/e/part-1/john-everett-millais/": {"t": "john-everett-millais", "s": ""}, "/e/painting-and-visual-arts/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/norman-rockwell/": {"t": "Norman Rockwell", "s": "American painter and illustrator known for his Saturday Evening Post covers and depictions of American life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/norman-rockwell.webp", "c": "en:Underwood & Underwood · via Wikipedia: Norman Rockwell · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/part-1/ukiyo-e/": {"t": "Ukiyo-e", "s": "Japanese woodblock prints of the floating world."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/hokusai/": {"t": "Hokusai", "s": "Japanese ukiyo-e master of the Edo period, creator of The Great Wave off Kanagawa."}, "https://codexery.com/masters-of-the-macabre-and-fantasy/e/part-1/sharaku/": {"t": "sharaku", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/hiroshige/": {"t": "Hiroshige", "s": "Last great master of ukiyo-e, famed for his poetic landscapes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/hiroshige.webp", "c": "Utagawa Hiroshige · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/part-1/judith-leyster/": {"t": "judith-leyster", "s": ""}, "/e/painting-and-visual-arts/land-art/": {"t": "Land art", "s": "Art movement using natural materials in remote sites, rejecting commercialization."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/part-1/the-nazca-lines/": {"t": "the-nazca-lines", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/part-1/great-basin-desert/": {"t": "great-basin-desert", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation-and-gps/e/part-1/strava/": {"t": "strava", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/part-1/glassblowing/": {"t": "glassblowing", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/middle-ages/": {"t": "middle-ages", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/part-1/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "gothic-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/stained-glass/": {"t": "Stained glass", "s": "Coloured glass used in windows and decorative art."}, "https://codexery.com/architects-and-designers/e/part-1/louis-comfort-tiffany/": {"t": "louis-comfort-tiffany", "s": ""}, "/e/painting-and-visual-arts/medieval-art/": {"t": "Medieval art", "s": "Medieval art spans over 1,000 years of European and Mediterranean creativity."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/part-1/northern-europe/": {"t": "northern-europe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/part-1/southern-europe/": {"t": "southern-europe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/part-1/mary-mother-of-jesus/": {"t": "mary-mother-of-jesus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/part-1/le-de-france/": {"t": "le-de-france", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/suger/": {"t": "Suger", "s": "Abbot, regent, and architect of the first Gothic building.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/suger.webp", "c": "Uploaded by Hedning to Swedish Wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Suger · Public domain"}, "/e/painting-and-visual-arts/migration-period-art/": {"t": "Migration Period art", "s": "Art of Germanic peoples during the Migration period, c."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/fra-angelico/": {"t": "Fra Angelico", "s": "Dominican friar and painter of the early Florentine Renaissance", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/fra-angelico.webp", "c": "Luca Signorelli · via Wikipedia: Fra Angelico · Public domain"}, "/e/painting-and-visual-arts/madonna-art/": {"t": "Madonna (art)", "s": "Religious depiction of the Virgin Mary in Christian art."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/part-1/the-sack-of-rome-410-ad/": {"t": "the-sack-of-rome-410-ad", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/raphael/": {"t": "Raphael", "s": "High Renaissance painter and architect, known for clarity and harmony."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/part-1/pope-leo-x/": {"t": "pope-leo-x", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/giorgio-vasari/": {"t": "Giorgio Vasari", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, architect, and biographer who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/giorgio-vasari.webp", "c": "Giorgio Vasari · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/radiohead/e/places/oxford/": {"t": "Oxford", "s": "The ancient stone streets where a generation's sound was quietly forged."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/part-1/charles-iv-of-france/": {"t": "charles-iv-of-france", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/part-1/robert-campin/": {"t": "robert-campin", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jan-van-eyck/": {"t": "Jan van Eyck", "s": "Early Netherlandish painter and innovator of oil painting techniques.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jan-van-eyck.webp", "c": "Jan van Eyck · via Wikipedia: Jan van Eyck · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/part-1/watercolor-painting/": {"t": "Watercolor painting", "s": "A painting method using pigments suspended in a water-based solution."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/part-1/cardboard/": {"t": "cardboard", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/henri-matisse/": {"t": "Henri Matisse", "s": "French visual artist known for colour and draughtsmanship, a leading Fauve and modern art figure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/henri-matisse.webp", "c": "Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/part-1/parchment/": {"t": "parchment", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rome/e/places/domus-aurea/": {"t": "Domus Aurea", "s": "A golden monument to excess rising from the ashes of the Republic's legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/rome/e/events/the-great-fire-of-rome/": {"t": "The Great Fire of Rome", "s": "Flames that consumed the city and forged a new Imperial era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rome/img/events/the-great-fire-of-rome.webp", "c": "Hubert Robert · via Wikipedia: Great Fire of Rome · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/as-roma/e/stadiums/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "An eternal city where ancient history pulses with the yellow-red heartbeat of its football club."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/vitruvius/": {"t": "Vitruvius", "s": "Roman architect and engineer, author of De architectura"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/michelangelo/": {"t": "Michelangelo", "s": "Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/michelangelo.webp", "c": "Attributed to Daniele da Volterra · via Wikipedia: Michelangelo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/part-1/uffizi/": {"t": "Uffizi", "s": "One of the first modern museums, housing Medici art collections."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/part-1/vesuvius/": {"t": "vesuvius", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/victorian-architecture/": {"t": "victorian-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/part-1/baroque/": {"t": "baroque", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/part-1/renaissance-revival-architecture/": {"t": "renaissance-revival-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/part-1/cast-iron/": {"t": "cast-iron", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "ptolemaic-kingdom", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/part-1/battle-of-actium/": {"t": "battle-of-actium", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/part-1/laoco-n-and-his-sons/": {"t": "laoco-n-and-his-sons", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/part-1/venus-de-milo/": {"t": "Venus de Milo", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/ancient-greek-art/": {"t": "ancient-greek-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/aegean-sea/": {"t": "aegean-sea", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/part-1/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "seleucid-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/part-1/historiography/": {"t": "historiography", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/part-1/theatre-of-ancient-greece/": {"t": "theatre-of-ancient-greece", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/apollo/": {"t": "apollo", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/part-1/miletus/": {"t": "miletus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/ephesus/": {"t": "Ephesus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the Ionian coast, home to the Temple of Artemis and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/roman-empire/": {"t": "roman-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/petra/": {"t": "Petra", "s": "The Rose City of the Nabataeans"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-pharaohs/e/part-1/ptolemy-iii-euergetes/": {"t": "ptolemy-iii-euergetes", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural-beings-identified-with-chri/e/part-1/serapis/": {"t": "Serapis", "s": "Graeco-Egyptian syncretic god, popularized by Ptolemy I to unify his kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-pharaohs/e/part-1/ptolemy-ii-philadelphus/": {"t": "ptolemy-ii-philadelphus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/dionysus/": {"t": "dionysus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-legendary-creatures/e/part-1/satyr/": {"t": "satyr", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-legendary-creatures/e/part-1/maenad/": {"t": "maenad", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/part-1/sleeping-hermaphroditus/": {"t": "sleeping-hermaphroditus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/part-1/anatolia/": {"t": "anatolia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/part-1/gotthold-ephraim-lessing/": {"t": "Gotthold Ephraim Lessing", "s": "German Enlightenment philosopher, dramatist, and first dramaturg."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/aphrodite/": {"t": "aphrodite", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/persephone/": {"t": "persephone", "s": ""}, "/e/painting-and-visual-arts/landscape-painting/": {"t": "Landscape painting", "s": "Depiction of natural scenery as a coherent composition."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/part-1/roman-mythology/": {"t": "roman-mythology", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/still-life/": {"t": "Still life", "s": "A genre of art depicting inanimate objects, emerging in the late 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/part-1/myth/": {"t": "myth", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-battista-alberti/": {"t": "Leon Battista Alberti", "s": "Renaissance polymath who shaped art, architecture, and cryptography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/leon-battista-alberti.webp", "c": "Leon Battista Alberti · via Wikipedia: Leon Battista Alberti · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/academic-art/": {"t": "academic-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/part-1/miniature-illuminated-manuscript/": {"t": "miniature-illuminated-manuscript", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paolo-uccello/": {"t": "Paolo Uccello", "s": "Renaissance pioneer of perspective", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paolo-uccello.webp", "c": "Florentine School, Unknown Master, Italian (active late 15th century) ; généralement attribuée à Paolo Uccello · via Wikipedia: Paolo Uccello · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/lives-of-the-most-excellent-painters-sculptors-and-architects/": {"t": "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects", "s": "First important book on art history, by Giorgio Vasari."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/diego-vel-zquez/": {"t": "Diego Velázquez", "s": "Spanish Baroque painter of the court of Philip IV.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/diego-vel-zquez.webp", "c": "Diego Velázquez · via Wikipedia: Diego Velázquez · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/part-1/french-revolution/": {"t": "french-revolution", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-goya/": {"t": "Francisco Goya", "s": "Spanish romantic painter and printmaker, last of the Old Masters and first of the moderns."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/avant-garde/": {"t": "avant-garde", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/douard-manet/": {"t": "Édouard Manet", "s": "French modernist painter and pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/douard-manet.webp", "c": "Nadar / Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Édouard Manet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/symbolism-movement/": {"t": "Symbolism (movement)", "s": "Late 19th-century movement seeking absolute truths through symbols."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/part-1/modernism/": {"t": "modernism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/joshua-reynolds/": {"t": "Joshua Reynolds", "s": "The leading portrait artist of the 18th-century and arguably one of the greatest artists in the history of art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/joshua-reynolds.webp", "c": "Joshua Reynolds · via Wikipedia: Joshua Reynolds · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/titian/": {"t": "Titian", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, founder of the Venetian school, known for his masterful use of colour.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/titian.webp", "c": "Titian · via Wikipedia: Titian · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/daft-punk/e/places/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "A neon-drenched metropolis where human creativity sparks the fire of robotic evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claude-monet/": {"t": "Claude Monet", "s": "French painter and founder of Impressionism, precursor to modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-paintings/e/part-1/impression-sunrise/": {"t": "impression-sunrise", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/part-1/winslow-homer/": {"t": "winslow-homer", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/st-phane-mallarm/": {"t": "st-phane-mallarm", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/pierre-auguste-renoir/": {"t": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir", "s": "Leading French Impressionist known for vibrant light and feminine beauty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/pierre-auguste-renoir.webp", "c": "UnknownUnknown  Musée d'Orsay, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Patrice Schmidt · via Wikipedia: Pierre-Auguste Renoir · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/john-constable/": {"t": "John Constable", "s": "English landscape painter of the Romantic tradition"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/camille-pissarro/": {"t": "Camille Pissarro", "s": "Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-c-zanne/": {"t": "Paul Cézanne", "s": "French Post-Impressionist painter who bridged Impressionism and Cubism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paul-c-zanne.webp", "c": "Unknown; Cézanne was born in 1839 and died in 1906 · via Wikipedia: Paul Cézanne · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/berthe-morisot/": {"t": "Berthe Morisot", "s": "French Impressionist painter and printmaker", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/berthe-morisot.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Berthe Morisot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/edgar-degas/": {"t": "Edgar Degas", "s": "French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings, especially of dancers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/edgar-degas.webp", "c": "Edgar Degas · via Wikipedia: Edgar Degas · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "franco-prussian-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/mary-cassatt/": {"t": "Mary Cassatt", "s": "American painter and printmaker who befriended Degas and exhibited with the Impressionists.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/mary-cassatt.webp", "c": "Durand-Ruel · via Wikipedia: Mary Cassatt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-gauguin/": {"t": "Paul Gauguin", "s": "French Post-Impressionist known for vivid color and 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