{"https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/kali/": {"t": "Kali", "s": "The dark goddess of time, death, and liberation"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/mumbai/": {"t": "Mumbai", "s": "Financial and entertainment capital of India, built on seven islands."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/gujarat/": {"t": "Gujarat", "s": "Land of the Gurjars, longest coastline, and the Asiatic lion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/gujarat.webp", "c": "Nileshbandhiya · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partition-of-india/": {"t": "Partition of India", "s": "The partition of India in 1947 divided British India into two independent dominions: the Union of India (today the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakist"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tamil-language/": {"t": "Tamil language", "s": "Tamil (தமிழ், Tamiḻ) is a Dravidian language native to the Tamil people, primarily spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherr"}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/durga/": {"t": "Durga", "s": "Invincible goddess of protection, strength, and the power of good over evil."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/madhya-pradesh/": {"t": "Madhya Pradesh", "s": "The central province of India, rich in history and minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/anambra-state/": {"t": "Anambra State", "s": "Light of the Nation", "i": "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/img/nigerian-states/anambra-state.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anambra State · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/kaduna/": {"t": "Kaduna", "s": "Former Northern Nigeria capital, major industrial and transport hub."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/yoruba-people/": {"t": "Yoruba people", "s": "West African ethnic group native to Nigeria, Benin, and Togo"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/enugu-city/": {"t": "Enugu (city)", "s": "Capital of Enugu State and former Biafran capital."}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/rivers-state/": {"t": "Rivers State", "s": "Niger Delta state formed in 1967, oil industry hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/img/nigerian-states/rivers-state.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rivers State · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/futurism/": {"t": "Futurism", "s": "Speed, technology, and the triumph of modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/emilia-romagna/": {"t": "Emilia-Romagna", "s": "Wealthy Italian region with ancient university and automotive heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/padua/": {"t": "Padua", "s": "Ancient city, home to a 1222 university and the world's oldest botanical garden."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/catania/": {"t": "Catania", "s": "Second-largest Sicilian city by population, at the base of Mount Etna."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantin-br-ncu-i/": {"t": "Constantin Brâncuși", "s": "Romanian sculptor and pioneer of modernism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/constantin-br-ncu-i.webp", "c": "Edward Steichen · via Wikipedia: Constantin Brâncuși · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/pointillism/": {"t": "Pointillism", "s": "A painting technique using small dots of color."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French American artist, chess player, and inventor; key figure in avant-garde and conceptual art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/marcel-duchamp.webp", "c": "Man Ray · via Wikipedia: Marcel Duchamp · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/ilya-repin/": {"t": "Ilya Repin", "s": "Ukrainian-born Russian painter, renowned 19th-century artist"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nikolai-rimsky-korsakov/": {"t": "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", "s": "Russian composer who shaped the nationalist style and trained generations."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/john-singer-sargent/": {"t": "John Singer Sargent", "s": "American expatriate portrait painter of Belle Époque and Edwardian luxury."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/frans-hals/": {"t": "Frans Hals", "s": "Dutch Golden Age portraitist of Haarlem", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/frans-hals.webp", "c": "After Frans Hals · via Wikipedia: Frans Hals · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/diego-vel-zquez/": {"t": "Diego Velázquez", "s": "Spanish Baroque painter of the court of Philip IV.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/diego-vel-zquez.webp", "c": "Diego Velázquez · via Wikipedia: Diego Velázquez · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/feodor-chaliapin/": {"t": "Feodor Chaliapin", "s": "The Russian bass who brought naturalistic acting to opera."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/elizabeth-of-russia/": {"t": "Elizabeth of Russia", "s": "Empress of Russia who led the Enlightenment and opposed Prussia"}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/cardiac-arrest/": {"t": "Cardiac arrest", "s": "Cardiac arrest is the sudden loss of heart function."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/minor-planet/": {"t": "Minor planet", "s": "A Sun-orbiting body that is neither a planet nor a comet."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky/": {"t": "Maxim Gorky", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer, journalist, and socialist advocate."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/realism-arts/": {"t": "Realism (arts)", "s": "Truthful representation in art, from the mundane to the sublime."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/dervish/": {"t": "Dervish", "s": "Muslim ascetic seeking God through poverty and ecstatic practice."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/buddhist-temple/": {"t": "Buddhist temple", "s": "Places of worship in Buddhism, from viharas to pagodas, designed to inspire peace."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/sikkim/": {"t": "Sikkim", "s": "The hidden valley of rice in the Eastern Himalaya"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/chinese-folk-religion/": {"t": "Chinese folk religion", "s": "A syncretic tradition of spirit and ancestor veneration."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/recreational-drug-use/": {"t": "Recreational drug use", "s": "Use of psychoactive drugs for pleasure or pastime."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion/": {"t": "Boxer Rebellion", "s": "An anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China (1899–1901) by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, defeated by the Eigh", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Boxer Rebellion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/myth/": {"t": "Myth", "s": "A sacred narrative central to a society's values and worldview."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-nevsky/": {"t": "Alexander Nevsky", "s": "Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir, saint, and military leader."}, "https://codexery.com/heroes-in-mythology-and-legend/e/heroes-in-mythology-and-legend/ivan-tsarevich/": {"t": "Ivan Tsarevich", "s": "Hero of Russian folklore, often a prince and protagonist."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-folklore/e/ukrainian-folklore/bogatyr/": {"t": "Bogatyr", "s": "Stock character in medieval East Slavic legends, akin to a knight-errant."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/budenovka/": {"t": "Budenovka", "s": "Iconic Red Army hat of the Russian Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-birds/e/legendary-birds/gamayun/": {"t": "Gamayun", "s": "Prophetic bird of Russian folklore, symbol of wisdom."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/installation-art/": {"t": "Installation art", "s": "Three-dimensional, often site-specific art transforming spatial perception."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/laurie-anderson/": {"t": "Laurie Anderson", "s": "American avant-garde artist known for multimedia and electronic music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/laurie-anderson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Laurie Anderson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/tracey-emin/": {"t": "Tracey Emin", "s": "English artist known for autobiographical and confessional artwork.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/modern-and-contemporary-artists/tracey-emin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tracey Emin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states-and-territories/e/u-s-states-and-territories/wisconsin/": {"t": "Wisconsin", "s": "Upper Midwest state known for dairy, brewing, and swing-state politics."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/dolomite-rock/": {"t": "Dolomite (rock)", "s": "A sedimentary carbonate rock rich in the mineral dolomite."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/san-jose-california/": {"t": "San Jose, California", "s": "Capital of Silicon Valley", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/san-jose-california.webp", "c": "Don DeBold from San Jose, CA, USA · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/shen-zhou/": {"t": "Shen Zhou", "s": "Ming painter who revived Yuan styles and was a central early master of the Wu School.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/shen-zhou.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Shen Zhou · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/suzhou/": {"t": "Suzhou", "s": "Ancient cradle of Wu culture, modern industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/imperial-examination/": {"t": "Imperial examination", "s": "The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China, selecting bureaucrats by merit from the Sui dynasty until its abolition in 19", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/imperial-examination.webp", "c": "Francisco Anzola · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Song dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/tang-yin/": {"t": "Tang Yin", "s": "Tang Yin (1470–1524), also known by his courtesy names Bohu and Ziwei, was a Chinese painter, calligrapher, and poet active during the Ming dynasty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/tang-yin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Emperor Taizong of Tang · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/filipino-language/": {"t": "Filipino language", "s": "The national language of the Philippines, based on Tagalog."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/vogue-magazine/": {"t": "Vogue (magazine)", "s": "A monthly fashion magazine covering style, culture, and runway."}, "https://codexery.com/filipino-cuisine/e/filipino-cuisine/calamansi/": {"t": "Calamansi", "s": "The sour citrus heart of Filipino cuisine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/filipino-cuisine/img/filipino-cuisine/calamansi.webp", "c": "kevin · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photography/": {"t": "Photography", "s": "Drawing with light: capturing images through chemical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/abstract-expressionism/": {"t": "Abstract expressionism", "s": "The first specifically American movement to achieve international influence, putting New York City at the center of the Western art world."}, "https://codexery.com/photographers/e/photographers/robert-frank/": {"t": "Robert Frank", "s": "Swiss American photographer whose 'The Americans' reshaped documentary photography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/photographers/img/photographers/robert-frank.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Frank · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/henri-cartier-bresson/": {"t": "Henri Cartier-Bresson", "s": "Master of the decisive moment", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/henri-cartier-bresson.webp", "c": "Corbelle EYG · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andy-warhol/": {"t": "Andy Warhol", "s": "The most important artist of the second half of the 20th century"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/george-frideric-handel/": {"t": "George Frideric Handel", "s": "German-British Baroque composer known for operas, oratorios, and anthems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/george-frideric-handel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Frideric Handel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/gilbert-and-sullivan/": {"t": "Gilbert and Sullivan", "s": "Victorian theatrical duo of librettist and composer."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood/": {"t": "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood", "s": "English reform movement rejecting Raphael's influence for medieval detail.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements/img/art-movements/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/orientalism/": {"t": "Orientalism", "s": "Western depictions of the Eastern world in art, literature, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/joshua-reynolds/": {"t": "Joshua Reynolds", "s": "The leading portrait artist of the 18th-century and arguably one of the greatest artists in the history of art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/joshua-reynolds.webp", "c": "Joshua Reynolds · via Wikipedia: Joshua Reynolds · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/portraitists-and-storytellers/e/portraitists-and-storytellers/john-everett-millais/": {"t": "John Everett Millais", "s": "English painter and illustrator, co-founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/medieval-art/": {"t": "Medieval art", "s": "Medieval art spans over 1,000 years of European and Mediterranean creativity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral/": {"t": "St. Paul's Cathedral", "s": "Wren's domed English Baroque cathedral on Ludgate Hill, seat of the Bishop of London.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Paul's Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holy-land/": {"t": "Holy Land", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii/": {"t": "Edward VII", "s": "King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 1901 to 1910.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii.webp", "c": "Author (artist) unknown (work was published in 1888) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/river-thames/": {"t": "River Thames", "s": "Longest river entirely in England, flowing through London."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/watercolor-painting/": {"t": "Watercolor painting", "s": "A painting method using pigments suspended in a water-based solution."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/lithography/": {"t": "Lithography", "s": "Lithography is a printing technique that relies on the natural repulsion between oil and water."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/harper-s-magazine/": {"t": "Harper's Magazine", "s": "The oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/george-b-mcclellan/": {"t": "George B. McClellan", "s": "Union general and 24th governor of New Jersey"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jean-fran-ois-millet/": {"t": "Jean-François Millet", "s": "French painter and founder of the Barbizon school, noted for realistic depictions of peasant farmers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jean-fran-ois-millet.webp", "c": "Nadar / Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Jean-François Millet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/douard-manet/": {"t": "Édouard Manet", "s": "French modernist painter and pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/douard-manet.webp", "c": "Nadar / Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Édouard Manet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/gustave-courbet/": {"t": "Gustave Courbet", "s": "French painter who led the Realism movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/gustave-courbet.webp", "c": "Gustave Courbet · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henry-james/": {"t": "Henry James", "s": "American-British author, key transitional figure between literary realism and modernism"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe/": {"t": "Robinson Crusoe", "s": "Fictional castaway who inspired the Robinsonade genre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robinson Crusoe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-xuanzong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang", "s": "Tang emperor whose 44-year reign saw golden age and catastrophic decline."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/sichuan.webp", "c": "Md Shaifuzzaman Ayon · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/ouyang-xun/": {"t": "Ouyang Xun", "s": "Tang dynasty calligrapher and scholar, one of the Four Great Calligraphers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/ouyang-xun.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Su Shi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-gaozong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Gaozong of Tang", "s": "Third Tang emperor who ceded rule to Empress Wu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-gaozong-of-tang.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/taishang-huang/": {"t": "Taishang Huang", "s": "The retired emperor institution in Chinese history"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-literary-voices/e/asian-literary-voices/su-shi/": {"t": "Su Shi", "s": "Song dynasty literatus, exiled official, and prolific artist."}, "/e/painters-and-visual-artists/zhao-mengfu/": {"t": "Zhao Mengfu", "s": "Yuan dynasty calligrapher, painter, and scholar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/painters-and-visual-artists/zhao-mengfu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Zhao Mengfu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/ottawa/": {"t": "Ottawa", "s": "Canada's capital at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/life-magazine/": {"t": "Life (magazine)", "s": "To see life; to see the world; to eyewitness great events", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/life-magazine.webp", "c": "Life Magazine · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/aleppo/": {"t": "Aleppo", "s": "Ancient Syrian city, historic Silk Road hub, site of major conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-economist/": {"t": "The Economist", "s": "A severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/beirut/": {"t": "Beirut", "s": "Capital and largest city of Lebanon, ancient port and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/prime-minister/": {"t": "Prime minister", "s": "Head of government leading the cabinet in parliamentary systems."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-hemingway/": {"t": "Ernest Hemingway", "s": "American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist known for his economical style and adventurous life."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/the-old-man-and-the-sea/": {"t": "The Old Man and the Sea", "s": "An aging fisherman's epic battle with a giant marlin."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-bernard-shaw/": {"t": "George Bernard Shaw", "s": "Irish playwright and critic who reshaped modern drama."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "s": "34th president of the United States and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/e/performers-and-entertainers/audrey-hepburn/": {"t": "Audrey Hepburn", "s": "British actress and humanitarian, ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend from the Classical Hollywood cinema.", "i": "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/img/performers-and-entertainers/audrey-hepburn.webp", "c": "FakirNL · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/elizabeth-taylor/": {"t": "Elizabeth Taylor", "s": "One of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema, Taylor became the world's highest-paid movie star in the 1960s."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiaxing/": {"t": "Jiaxing", "s": "Prefecture-level city in northern Zhejiang, China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jiaxing.webp", "c": "DF7C5100 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/primary-school/": {"t": "Primary school", "s": "Primary school provides fundamental skills in reading, writing, and mathematics."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution/": {"t": "Cultural Revolution", "s": "A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution.webp", "c": "闫恩铭／Enming Yan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-literary-voices/e/asian-literary-voices/sanmao-writer/": {"t": "Sanmao (writer)", "s": "Taiwanese writer and translator known for autobiographical works and The Stories of the Sahara."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-huizong-of-song/": {"t": "Emperor Huizong of Song", "s": "Eighth Song emperor, artist, and captive of the Jurchens.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-huizong-of-song.webp", "c": "Emperor Huizong of Song / After Zhang Xuan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizu-of-song/": {"t": "Emperor Taizu of Song", "s": "Founding emperor of the Song dynasty who reunified most of China."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}}