{"https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude/": {"t": "Latitude", "s": "Latitude specifies north-south position on Earth or celestial bodies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude.webp", "c": "source: Pearson Scott Foresman, donated to the Wikimedia Foundation\nsvg conversion: Gregors\nColor: Jahobr · via Wikipedia: Latitude · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/curonian-spit/": {"t": "Curonian Spit", "s": "A thin, curved sand-dune spit shared by Lithuania and Russia, home to Europe's highest drifting dunes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/img/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/curonian-spit.webp", "c": "Syrio · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/pine/": {"t": "Pine", "s": "Pines are evergreen conifers with needles in bundles and woody cones."}, "https://codexery.com/conifers/e/conifers/picea/": {"t": "Picea", "s": "A genus of conifers vital for timber, paper, and cultural uses."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/oak/": {"t": "Oak", "s": "Hardwood trees and shrubs of the genus Quercus, keystone species across the Northern Hemisphere."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-hanseatic-league/": {"t": "The Hanseatic League", "s": "A medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and towns."}, "/e/other-european-regions/livonia/": {"t": "Livonia", "s": "Historical region shaped by crusades, German rule, and Baltic conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/vikings/e/characters/oeselians/": {"t": "Oeselians", "s": "Maritime raiders of Saaremaa who resisted Christian conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/livonian-war/": {"t": "Livonian War", "s": "Conflict over control of Old Livonia involving Russia and a shifting coalition."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/vassal/": {"t": "Vassal", "s": "A subordinate bound by mutual obligation to a lord."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/tobago/": {"t": "Tobago", "s": "An island of resilient beauty and rich heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/trinidad/": {"t": "Trinidad", "s": "Southernmost Caribbean island, rich in biodiversity and oil."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/northern-crusades/": {"t": "Northern Crusades", "s": "Military campaigns to Christianize the pagan peoples of the Baltic shores."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/oder/": {"t": "Oder", "s": "Central European river forming part of the Oder–Neisse line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/oder.webp", "c": "H Runge · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/drainage-basin/": {"t": "Drainage basin", "s": "A land area where surface water converges to a single outlet."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/piast-dynasty/": {"t": "Piast dynasty", "s": "First historical ruling dynasty of Poland, from c."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp/": {"t": "Auschwitz concentration camp", "s": "Site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ynnarski · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/czech-language/": {"t": "Czech language", "s": "A West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, official in the Czech Republic, with a rich morphology and a raised alveolar trill."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/polish-language/": {"t": "Polish language", "s": "A West Slavic language with a rich literary tradition and over 39.7 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/ukrainian-language/": {"t": "Ukrainian language", "s": "East Slavic language of Ukraine, with deep historical roots."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/east-european-plain/": {"t": "East European Plain", "s": "Vast interior plain spanning much of Eastern Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/east-european-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East European Plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldavia/": {"t": "Moldavia", "s": "Historical principality that united with Wallachia to form Romania."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages/": {"t": "Slavic languages", "s": "The Slavic languages are a major branch of the Indo-European family, spoken by over 315 million people across Eastern and Central Europe and beyond.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/img/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages.webp", "c": "CrazyPhunk · via Wikipedia: Slavic languages · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-mycenaeans/": {"t": "The Mycenaeans", "s": "First advanced Greek civilization of the Bronze Age."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/iron-age/": {"t": "Iron Age", "s": "Final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/iron-age.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iron Age · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/miletus/": {"t": "Miletus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the coast of Anatolia, cradle of philosophy and maritime power."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/delian-league/": {"t": "Delian League", "s": "Anti-Persian alliance that became the Athenian Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/first-bulgarian-empire/": {"t": "First Bulgarian Empire", "s": "Medieval Balkan power that rivaled Byzantium and shaped Slavic culture."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/russo-ukrainian-war/": {"t": "Russo-Ukrainian war", "s": "The Russo-Ukrainian war is an ongoing conflict that began in February 2014."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/donetsk-oblast/": {"t": "Donetsk Oblast", "s": "Industrial heartland of Ukraine, heavily affected by war."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/luhansk-oblast/": {"t": "Luhansk Oblast", "s": "Easternmost Ukrainian oblast, site of prolonged conflict since 2014."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/volgograd/": {"t": "Volgograd", "s": "City on the Volga, hero of Stalingrad."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/steppe/": {"t": "Steppe", "s": "Grassland ecoregion with semi-arid climate and extreme temperatures."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous/": {"t": "Cretaceous", "s": "The longest geological period, marked by warm climates, dinosaurs, and the rise of flowering plants, ending with a mass extinction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/highway/": {"t": "Highway", "s": "A public way for travel, from footpaths to motorways."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/tram/": {"t": "Tram", "s": "Urban rail transit on public streets, also known as streetcars or trolleys.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/tram.webp", "c": "Amélie Tsaag Valren · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/proto-indo-europeans/": {"t": "Proto-Indo-Europeans", "s": "Postulated prehistoric speakers of the ancestor of the Indo-European language family.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/proto-indo-europeans.webp", "c": "Kindattu2004 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/other-european-regions/macedonia-greece/": {"t": "Macedonia (Greece)", "s": "Largest Greek region, ancient kingdom of Alexander the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/ionian-sea/": {"t": "Ionian Sea", "s": "Deepest point in the Mediterranean, seismically active sea."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-greece/e/national-parks-of-greece/vikos-ao-s-national-park/": {"t": "Vikos–Aoös National Park", "s": "A Greek national park with deep gorges and rich biodiversity, not a UNESCO Geopark."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-greece/e/national-parks-of-greece/pindus-national-park/": {"t": "Pindus National Park", "s": "A mountainous Greek refuge for brown bears and rare biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-greece/img/national-parks-of-greece/pindus-national-park.webp", "c": "Calistemon · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/canids-and-hyaenids/e/canids-and-hyaenids/wolf/": {"t": "Grey wolf", "s": "Largest wild canid, apex predator of Eurasia and North America."}, "https://codexery.com/cheese/e/cheese/feta/": {"t": "Feta", "s": "Greek brined white cheese with protected origin status."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/gross-domestic-product/": {"t": "Gross domestic product", "s": "Monetary measure of total market value of final goods and services."}, "/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/north-brabant/": {"t": "North Brabant", "s": "A province of Catholic heritage, economic strength, and Brabant traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/wallonia/": {"t": "Wallonia", "s": "A region of Belgium with a rich industrial history and a diversified modern economy."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-dover/": {"t": "Strait of Dover", "s": "Busiest seaway linking the Atlantic to the North Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/estuary/": {"t": "Estuary", "s": "Transitional coastal ecosystems where freshwater meets saltwater."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/bruges/": {"t": "Bruges", "s": "Capital of West Flanders, historic canal city and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/northern-italy/": {"t": "Northern Italy", "s": "Northern Italy: economic core and cultural heart of the country."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/yiddish/": {"t": "Yiddish", "s": "A West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews, with roots in the Holy Roman Empire and a fusion of High German, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic ele"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/germanic-languages/": {"t": "Germanic languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-European including English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian languages."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/vulgar-latin/": {"t": "Vulgar Latin", "s": "Non-formal Latin registers that evolved into Romance languages."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/leuven/": {"t": "Leuven", "s": "Capital of Flemish Brabant, oldest university city in the Low Countries."}, "/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/wadden-sea/": {"t": "Wadden Sea", "s": "Intertidal zone with rich bird life and UNESCO World Heritage status."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/friesland/": {"t": "Friesland", "s": "Northern Dutch province, home of the Frisian people."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/north-holland/": {"t": "North Holland", "s": "A province of the Netherlands in the northwest, home to Amsterdam and Schiphol Airport."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/migration-period/": {"t": "Migration Period", "s": "Era of large-scale migrations reshaping post-Roman Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/migration-period.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Migration Period · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/manorialism/": {"t": "Manorialism", "s": "Medieval land tenure system centred on manor and serf labour."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charlemagne/": {"t": "Charlemagne", "s": "Father of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/late-middle-ages/": {"t": "Late Middle Ages", "s": "Crisis and transformation in 14th–15th century Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/northern-europe/": {"t": "Northern Europe", "s": "A diverse region of northern Europe defined by geography, climate, and multiple classification systems."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/gagauz-people/": {"t": "Gagauz people", "s": "Oghuz Turkic group, mostly Orthodox, native to Moldova and Ukraine."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/referendum/": {"t": "Referendum", "s": "A direct vote by the electorate on a proposal or law."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/transnistria/": {"t": "Transnistria", "s": "A breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitutional-court/": {"t": "Constitutional court", "s": "High court ruling on constitutionality of laws."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/suffrage/": {"t": "Suffrage", "s": "The right to vote in public, political elections and referendums."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/police/": {"t": "Police", "s": "State-empowered body enforcing law and protecting public order."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/leather/": {"t": "Leather", "s": "A durable material made from tanned animal hides."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/lviv/": {"t": "Lviv", "s": "Historic city centre listed as UNESCO World Heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partitions-of-poland/": {"t": "Partitions of Poland", "s": "Three partitions ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's existence."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/lviv-oblast/": {"t": "Lviv Oblast", "s": "Oblast in western Ukraine, historical crossroads of central Europe."}, 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"i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/neva.webp", "c": "Deror_avi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/vyborg/": {"t": "Vyborg", "s": "Medieval fortress town on the Karelian Isthmus with a contested history."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/nyenschantz/": {"t": "Nyenschantz", "s": "Swedish fortress that became the site of Saint Petersburg."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/dublin/": {"t": "Dublin", "s": "Capital of Ireland, city of the black pool and the hurdled ford."}, 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19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/archduke-charles-duke-of-teschen/": {"t": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "s": "Austrian field marshal and reformer who handed Napoleon his first major defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/mount-olympus/": {"t": "Mount Olympus", "s": "Home of the Greek gods and Greece's highest peak.", "i": "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/img/greek-myths/mount-olympus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mount Olympus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Greek War of Independence", "s": "From 1821 to 1829, Greek revolutionaries fought a successful war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, known as the Greek War of Independence, the Greek ", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence.webp", "c": "George E. Koronaios · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/pella/": {"t": "Pella", "s": "Ancient capital of Macedon, birthplace of Alexander the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/argos-peloponnese/": {"t": "Argos, Peloponnese", "s": "One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/peloponnesian-war/": {"t": "Peloponnesian War", "s": "A Greek war for hegemony between Athens and Sparta.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/peloponnesian-war.webp", "c": "G. & J. Cary, John Murray · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/babylon/": {"t": "Babylon", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, heart of Babylonia and home of wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/overseas-france/": {"t": "Overseas France", "s": "Thirteen non-European territories under French sovereignty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other/img/other/overseas-france.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Overseas France · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/mayotte/": {"t": "Mayotte", "s": "A French overseas department in the Mozambique Channel, known for its volcanic islands, coral reef lagoon, and status as an outermost region of the European Uni", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/mayotte.webp", "c": "Franck Bouttemy · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-olympic-ice-hockey-2/e/international-and-olympic-ice-hockey/saint-pierre-and-miquelon-men-s-national-ice-hockey-team/": {"t": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon men's national ice hockey team", "s": "Ice hockey team of the French Atlantic archipelago."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/northern-england/": {"t": "Northern England", "s": "The North of England: a land of historic counties, industrial heritage, and debated borders."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/derbyshire/": {"t": "Derbyshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the East Midlands of England, home to the Peak District and the furthest point from the sea in the UK."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/leicestershire/": {"t": "Leicestershire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the East Midlands of England, known for its rolling hills, historic fox-hunting traditions, and the city of Leicester."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/lincolnshire/": {"t": "Lincolnshire", "s": "A rural English county with a quiet history and varied landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/nottinghamshire/": {"t": "Nottinghamshire", "s": "Ceremonial county in the East Midlands of England, home to Sherwood Forest and the legend of Robin Hood."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/staffordshire/": {"t": "Staffordshire", "s": "The historic county of the Staffordshire Hoard and the Potteries"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/warwickshire/": {"t": "Warwickshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England, known for its rural landscapes and historic towns."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/worcestershire/": {"t": "Worcestershire", "s": "Historic county in the West Midlands of England."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/culinary-icons/e/culinary-icons/josiah-wedgwood/": {"t": "Josiah Wedgwood", "s": "English potter, entrepreneur, abolitionist, and marketing pioneer."}, "https://codexery.com/norman-castles/e/norman-castles/tamworth-castle/": {"t": "Tamworth Castle", "s": "Norman castle on a Mercian royal site, well-preserved motte-and-bailey."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/dorset/": {"t": "Dorset", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England with a varied landscape and a coastline largely part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/wiltshire/": {"t": "Wiltshire", "s": "Chalk downlands, ancient stone circles, and the land of the Moonrakers."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/gloucestershire/": {"t": "Gloucestershire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England, bisected by the River Severn and home to the Cotswolds, Forest of Dean, and Wye Valley."}, "https://codexery.com/cheese/e/cheese/cheddar-cheese/": {"t": "Cheddar cheese", "s": "Hard, sharp-tasting cheese from Somerset, England.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cheese/img/cheese/cheddar-cheese.webp", "c": "J.P.Lon · via Wikipedia: Cheddar cheese · CC BY-SA 3.0"}}