{"/e/optics-and-photonics/intensity-physics/": {"t": "Intensity (physics)", "s": "Power transferred per unit area perpendicular to energy propagation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/intensity-physics.webp", "c": "Doraemonplus · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/luminance/": {"t": "Luminance", "s": "Photometric measure of luminous intensity per unit area in a given direction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/luminance.webp", "c": "Myself · Public domain"}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/luminous-flux/": {"t": "Luminous flux", "s": "Measure of perceived light power weighted by human eye sensitivity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/luminous-flux.webp", "c": "Figuper · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/luminous-intensity/": {"t": "Luminous intensity", "s": "Measure of perceived power per unit solid angle."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/photometry-optics/": {"t": "Photometry (optics)", "s": "Branch of optics measuring light as perceived by the human eye."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/lux/": {"t": "Lux", "s": "SI unit of illuminance, one lumen per square metre."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/lumen-unit/": {"t": "Lumen (unit)", "s": "SI unit of luminous flux, measuring perceived visible light."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photography/": {"t": "Photography", "s": "Drawing with light: capturing images through chemical or electronic means."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/wave/": {"t": "Wave", "s": "A propagating disturbance that transfers energy through space and time."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/kilogram/": {"t": "Kilogram", "s": "The kilogram (sometimes spelled kilogramme) is the SI base unit of mass, equivalent to 1,000 grams."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/electron-microscope/": {"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-field/": {"t": "Electric field", "s": "Electric fields arise from charges and exert forces on other charges."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/plane-wave/": {"t": "Plane wave", "s": "A wave model with constant value on perpendicular planes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/plane-wave.webp", "c": "Dave3457 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/vacuum-permittivity/": {"t": "Vacuum permittivity", "s": "Baseline constant for electric field formation in vacuum."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/charge-coupled-device/": {"t": "Charge-coupled device", "s": "An integrated circuit that converts light into electric charge for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiometry/": {"t": "Radiometry", "s": "Techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation power distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/solid-angle/": {"t": "Solid angle", "s": "A measure of the field of view an object covers from a point."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radiation-intensity/": {"t": "Radiation intensity", "s": "Radiant intensity is power per unit solid angle."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiance/": {"t": "Radiance", "s": "Radiance measures radiant flux per solid angle per projected area."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/heat-transfer/": {"t": "Heat transfer", "s": "Discipline of thermal engineering concerning exchange of thermal energy."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/phase-waves/": {"t": "Phase (waves)", "s": "Angle-like quantity representing the fraction of a cycle covered."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/opal/": {"t": "Opal", "s": "A hydrated amorphous silica mineraloid prized for its play-of-color.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/opal.webp", "c": "Lambtron · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-the-argonautica/e/characters-in-the-argonautica/iris-mythology/": {"t": "Iris (mythology)", "s": "Rainbow goddess and messenger of the Olympians."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/prism-optics/": {"t": "Prism (optics)", "s": "Transparent element that refracts, reflects, or polarizes light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/prism-optics.webp", "c": "Polarbear24 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke/": {"t": "Robert Hooke", "s": "English polymath and pioneer of microscopy", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Hooke · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/microscopes/e/microscopes/micrographia/": {"t": "Micrographia", "s": "First scientific best-seller, introducing microscopy to the public."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/photonic-crystal/": {"t": "Photonic crystal", "s": "Periodic nanostructures that control light propagation via photonic band gaps."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/pearl/": {"t": "Pearl", "s": "A hard, lustrous gem formed by mollusks."}, "https://codexery.com/insects-and-their-relatives/e/insects-and-their-relatives/stag-beetle/": {"t": "Stag beetle", "s": "Stag beetles: the antlered wrestlers of the insect world."}, "https://codexery.com/bird-families/e/bird-families/alcedinidae/": {"t": "Alcedinidae", "s": "Brightly coloured birds with cosmopolitan distribution and diverse diets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bird-families/img/bird-families/alcedinidae.webp", "c": "Sharpe, Richard Bowdler · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-birds/e/miscellaneous-birds/hummingbird/": {"t": "Hummingbird", "s": "Smallest birds, rapid wing beats, nectar feeders of the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/duck/": {"t": "Duck", "s": "Ducks are waterfowl found worldwide except Antarctica, with diverse feeding and breeding behaviors."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/melanin/": {"t": "Melanin", "s": "Family of biomolecules providing pigments and photoprotection in organisms."}, "https://codexery.com/fishkeeping/e/fishkeeping/neon-tetra/": {"t": "Neon tetra", "s": "One of the most widely kept tropical fish in the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fishkeeping/img/fishkeeping/neon-tetra.webp", "c": "Holger Krisp · via Wikipedia: Neon tetra · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustin-jean-fresnel/": {"t": "Augustin-Jean Fresnel", "s": "French civil engineer and physicist who pioneered the wave theory of light and invented the Fresnel lens."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/polarization-waves/": {"t": "Polarization (waves)", "s": "Property of transverse waves specifying oscillation orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/plane-of-polarization/": {"t": "Plane of polarization", "s": "A historically ambiguous term for the orientation of polarized electromagnetic waves."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electromagnetic-wave-equation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic wave equation", "s": "Equation describing electromagnetic wave propagation through space or media."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/amplitude/": {"t": "Amplitude", "s": "Amplitude measures wave magnitude across multiple definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/unit-of-measurement/": {"t": "Unit of measurement", "s": "Standardized quantities enabling consistent measurement across time and place."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-organization-for-standardization/": {"t": "International Organization for Standardization", "s": "Independent developer of global technical and nontechnical standards."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/centimetre-gram-second-system-of-units/": {"t": "Centimetre–gram–second system of units", "s": "Metric system variant using centimetre, gram, and second."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/human-eye/": {"t": "Human eye", "s": "The human eye is a sensory organ in the visual system that reacts to visible light allowing eyesight."}, "https://codexery.com/sensory-systems/e/sensory-systems/pupil/": {"t": "Pupil", "s": "The pupil is the eye's aperture, controlled by the iris to regulate light entry."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/invariant-physics/": {"t": "Invariant (physics)", "s": "An observable unchanged under a transformation."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/illuminance/": {"t": "Illuminance", "s": "Measure of incident light per unit area weighted for human vision.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/illuminance.webp", "c": "دالبا · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/surface-brightness/": {"t": "Surface brightness", "s": "Surface brightness measures extended object visibility per angular area."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiant-flux/": {"t": "Radiant flux", "s": "Radiant flux measures the rate of radiant energy flow."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-light/": {"t": "Electric light", "s": "An electrical device producing light from electricity."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/photometer/": {"t": "Photometer", "s": "Instrument for measuring light quantities like luminous flux.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/photometer.webp", "c": "NASA Johnson Space Center · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/visible-spectrum/": {"t": "Visible spectrum", "s": "The range of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/optical-power/": {"t": "Optical power", "s": "Measure of a lens's ability to converge or diverge light."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/focal-length/": {"t": "Focal length", "s": "Measure of how strongly an optical system bends light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/focal-length.webp", "c": "cmglee, chensiyuan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photographic-film/": {"t": "Photographic film", "s": "Light-sensitive medium for capturing photographic images."}, "https://codexery.com/camera-image-sensors/e/camera-image-sensors/image-sensor/": {"t": "Image sensor", "s": "Sensor that converts light into electrical signals for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-disability/e/history-of-disability/myopia/": {"t": "Myopia", "s": "A common refractive error causing blurred distance vision."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/optical-telescope/": {"t": "Optical telescope", "s": "Instrument that gathers visible light to magnify distant objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/optical-telescope.webp", "c": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from Greenbelt, MD, USA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/diffraction-limited-system/": {"t": "Diffraction-limited system", "s": "The maximum resolution achievable by an ideal optical system due to diffraction."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/optical-microscope/": {"t": "Optical microscope", "s": "Uses visible light and lenses to magnify small objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/optical-microscope.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/textile-production/e/textile-production/textile/": {"t": "Textile", "s": "Fibre-based materials from clothing to geotextiles."}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/cotton/": {"t": "Cotton", "s": "Natural fiber from Gossypium plants, widely used in textiles."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/computer-graphics/": {"t": "Computer graphics", "s": "Computer graphics generates and manipulates images using computers."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/nonlinear-optics/": {"t": "Nonlinear optics", "s": "Branch of optics studying intensity-dependent optical properties of matter."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/opacity/": {"t": "Opacity", "s": "Measure of impenetrability to radiation, especially visible light."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/television/": {"t": "Television", "s": "A telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/southampton-water/": {"t": "Southampton Water", "s": "Tidal estuary and 1908 Olympic sailing venue in southern England."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-program/": {"t": "Computer program", "s": "A sequence of instructions executed by a computer."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/banknote/": {"t": "Banknote", "s": "A banknote is a type of paper money issued by a bank."}, "https://codexery.com/swiss-inventions/e/swiss-inventions/scanning-tunneling-microscope/": {"t": "Scanning tunneling microscope", "s": "Atomic-scale imaging using quantum tunneling of electrons."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-structure/": {"t": "Crystal structure", "s": "Ordered arrangement of particles in crystalline materials.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-structure.webp", "c": "Biochemlife · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/e/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/scanning-transmission-electron-microscopy/": {"t": "Scanning transmission electron microscopy", "s": "Electron microscope that scans a focused beam across a specimen."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/reflection-physics/": {"t": "Reflection (physics)", "s": "Wavefront returns into the original medium upon striking an interface."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/sphere/": {"t": "Sphere", "s": "A sphere is a set of points equidistant from a center in 3D space."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/lincolnshire/": {"t": "Lincolnshire", "s": "A rural English county with a quiet history and varied landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/opticks/": {"t": "Opticks", "s": "Newton's experimental study of light, color, and diffraction."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/contour-line/": {"t": "Contour line", "s": "Lines joining points of equal value on maps and graphs.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/contour-line.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/superposition-principle/": {"t": "Superposition principle", "s": "Net response equals sum of individual responses in linear systems."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/coulomb-s-law/": {"t": "Coulomb's law", "s": "Law describing electrostatic force between charged particles."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/hooke-s-law/": {"t": "Hooke's law", "s": "Hooke's law describes linear elasticity in springs and materials."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/maxwell-s-equations/": {"t": "Maxwell's equations", "s": "Foundation of classical electromagnetism and optics."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/quantum-electrodynamics/": {"t": "Quantum electrodynamics", "s": "Relativistic quantum field theory of light and matter interaction."}, "https://codexery.com/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-cent/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/maria-goeppert-mayer/": {"t": "Maria Goeppert Mayer", "s": "Second woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-cent/img/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/maria-goeppert-mayer.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maria Goeppert Mayer · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-cent/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/nicolaas-bloembergen/": {"t": "Nicolaas Bloembergen", "s": "Dutch–American physicist who made key contributions to nonlinear optics and laser spectroscopy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-dipole-moment/": {"t": "Electric dipole moment", "s": "Measure of charge separation in a system.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-dipole-moment.webp", "c": "Original: Xzapro4 ( talk · contribs ) Derivative work: Matt ( talk · contribs ) · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-susceptibility/": {"t": "Electric susceptibility", "s": "Dimensionless constant measuring dielectric polarization response.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-susceptibility.webp", "c": "Original: Phillipsphysics ( talk · contribs ) Vector: Leonel Sohns ( talk · cont · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiative-transfer/": {"t": "Radiative transfer", "s": "Energy transfer via electromagnetic radiation through absorption, emission, scattering."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refraction/": {"t": "Refraction", "s": "Refraction redirects waves when they change speed between media."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy/": {"t": "Absorption spectroscopy", "s": "Technique measuring radiation absorption to identify and quantify substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy.webp", "c": "MarsInSVG · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)", "s": "Matter takes up photon energy, transforming it into internal energy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation.webp", "c": "Own work · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/scattering/": {"t": "Scattering", "s": "Physical processes where radiation or particles deflect from straight paths."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/radiography/": {"t": "Radiography", "s": "Imaging the unseen with X-rays and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/gastrointestinal-tract/": {"t": "Gastrointestinal tract", "s": "The digestive passageway from mouth to anus."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-tests/e/medical-tests/ct-scan/": {"t": "CT scan", "s": "Cross-sectional X-ray imaging for detailed internal views."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/radiology/": {"t": "Radiology", "s": "Medical specialty using imaging to diagnose and guide treatment."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/spherical-aberration/": {"t": "Spherical aberration", "s": "Spherical aberration degrades image quality in spherical optical systems."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/ray-optics/": {"t": "Ray (optics)", "s": "Geometrical model of light propagation used in optical analysis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/ray-optics.webp", "c": "C.Sarabalis · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-friedrich-gauss/": {"t": "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "s": "German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/azimuth/": {"t": "Azimuth", "s": "Horizontal angle from north used in navigation and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/turbulence/": {"t": "Turbulence", "s": "Chaotic fluid motion with vortices, mixing, and unresolved physics."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/three-dimensional-space/": {"t": "Three-dimensional space", "s": "Three coordinates define a point in space."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/luneburg-lens/": {"t": "Luneburg lens", "s": "Spherically symmetric gradient-index lens with perfect focusing properties."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/leonhard-euler/": {"t": "Leonhard Euler", "s": "Swiss polymath who founded graph theory and topology, introduced key mathematical notation, and was the most prolific mathematician of the 18th century."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic 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"Physical optics", "s": "Branch of optics studying wave phenomena beyond ray approximation."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/eye/": {"t": "Eye", "s": "Sensory organ that detects light and enables vision."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/angle/": {"t": "Angle", "s": "A geometric figure formed by two lines meeting at a point."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/in-phase-and-quadrature-components/": {"t": "In-phase and quadrature components", "s": "Two orthogonal sinusoids that represent amplitude and phase modulation."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude/": {"t": "Longitude", "s": "The east-west coordinate that, with latitude, pinpoints any location on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude.webp", "c": "Original:  Pearson Scott Forman Vector:  Gregors · via Wikipedia: Longitude · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, 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incandescence."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/photonics/": {"t": "Photonics", "s": "Branch of optics applying light in photon form across technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/x-ray-crystallography/": {"t": "X-ray crystallography", "s": "Determines atomic structure via X-ray diffraction from crystals."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/photon/": {"t": "Photon", "s": "Quantum of light and force carrier for electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/optics/": {"t": "Optics", "s": "Branch of physics studying light and electromagnetic radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/optics.webp", "c": "OpticalSystem · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/spontaneous-emission/": {"t": "Spontaneous emission", "s": "Spontaneous emission is the random decay of an excited quantum system emitting a photon."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/brillouin-zone/": {"t": "Brillouin zone", "s": "A primitive cell in reciprocal space for periodic media.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/brillouin-zone.webp", "c": "Inductiveload · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystallographic-restriction-theorem/": {"t": "Crystallographic restriction theorem", "s": "Limits rotational symmetry orders in discrete lattices."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/cubic-crystal-system/": {"t": "Cubic crystal system", "s": "A crystal system with a cubic unit cell, common in minerals and metals."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/metamaterial/": {"t": "Metamaterial", "s": "Engineered materials with properties from structure, not composition."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-processing/": {"t": "Signal processing", "s": "Subfield of electrical engineering for analyzing and modifying signals."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/photoelectric-effect/": {"t": "Photoelectric effect", "s": "Emission of electrons from materials caused by electromagnetic radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telecommunications/": {"t": "Telecommunications", "s": "Transmission of information over distance by electrical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/metrology/": {"t": "Metrology", "s": "The science of measurement, from ancient cubits to quantum standards."}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventions/e/hungarian-inventions/holography/": {"t": "Holography", "s": "Technique for recording and reconstructing light fields."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/displacement-geometry/": {"t": "Displacement (geometry)", "s": "Vector representing shortest distance and direction of motion."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/phase-velocity/": {"t": "Phase velocity", "s": "Speed of a wave's constant-phase surface."}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/snell-s-law/": {"t": "Snell's law", "s": "Law describing refraction of light between two isotropic media.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/snell-s-law.webp", "c": "U.S. Navy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/homogeneity-physics/": {"t": "Homogeneity (physics)", "s": "Uniformity of properties at every point in a system."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/resonance/": {"t": "Resonance", "s": "Resonance amplifies vibrations when frequency matches a system's natural frequency."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dipole/": {"t": "Dipole", "s": "Electromagnetic phenomenon with electric and magnetic forms."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/gas/": {"t": "Gas", "s": "A compressible fluid state of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci.webp", "c": "Attributed to Francesco Melzi · via Wikipedia: Leonardo da Vinci · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/mie-scattering/": {"t": "Mie scattering", "s": "Scattering of light by particles comparable to the wavelength."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/variance/": {"t": "Variance", "s": "Variance measures how far numbers spread from their average."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/j-m-w-turner/": {"t": "J. 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Turner", "s": "English Romantic painter who elevated landscape painting."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanoes/e/volcanoes/mount-tambora/": {"t": "Mount Tambora", "s": "Site of the largest recorded volcanic eruption in history."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/amorphous-solid/": {"t": "Amorphous solid", "s": "A solid lacking long-range crystalline order."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/transmission-line/": {"t": "Transmission line", "s": "A structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves with minimal reflections and losses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/transmission-line.webp", "c": "Thebezaliel · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/characteristic-impedance/": {"t": "Characteristic impedance", "s": "Ratio of voltage to current for a travelling wave on a line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/characteristic-impedance.webp", "c": "SVG Drawing: wdwd · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/impedance-of-free-space/": {"t": "Impedance of free space", "s": "Physical constant relating electric and magnetic fields in free space."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/standing-wave-ratio/": {"t": "Standing wave ratio", "s": "SWR measures impedance matching via standing wave amplitude ratio."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-network/": {"t": "Electrical network", "s": "Interconnection of electrical components forming circuits or networks."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pierre-de-fermat/": {"t": "Pierre de Fermat", "s": "Mathematician and magistrate who pioneered analytic geometry, probability, and number theory."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomers/e/ancient-greek-astronomers/ptolemy/": {"t": "Ptolemy", "s": "Greco-Roman scholar who authored the Almagest and Geography."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "/e/optics-and-photonics/optical-aberration/": {"t": "Optical aberration", "s": "Deviation from ideal image formation in optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ibn-al-haytham/": {"t": "Ibn al-Haytham", "s": "Father of modern optics and pioneer of the scientific method"}, "https://codexery.com/creators-of-writing-systems/e/creators-of-writing-systems/thomas-harriot/": {"t": "Thomas Harriot", "s": "English astronomer, mathematician, and ethnographer of the Roanoke expedition."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René Descartes", "s": "Father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/apollonius-of-perga/": {"t": "Apollonius of Perga", "s": "Ancient Greek geometer who defined conic sections."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/christiaan-huygens/": {"t": "Christiaan Huygens", "s": "Dutch polymath who advanced optics, mechanics, and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-induction/": {"t": "Electromagnetic induction", "s": "Production of emf across a conductor in a changing magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/focus-optics/": {"t": "Focus (optics)", "s": "Point where light rays converge in optical systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/focus-optics.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/basis-linear-algebra/": {"t": "Basis (linear algebra)", "s": "A basis is a linearly independent spanning set of a vector space."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/random-variable/": {"t": "Random variable", "s": "A measurable function from sample space to measurable space."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/polarizer/": {"t": "Polarizer", "s": "An optical filter that transmits light of a specific polarization and blocks others.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/polarizer.webp", "c": "Reinraum · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/pauli-matrices/": {"t": "Pauli matrices", "s": "Three 2×2 matrices fundamental to quantum spin."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/pressure/": {"t": "Pressure", "s": "Pressure is force per unit area, a scalar quantity."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-field/": {"t": "Electromagnetic field", "s": "A physical field combining electric and magnetic influences."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/paul-dirac/": {"t": "Paul Dirac", "s": "Founder of quantum mechanics and formulator of the Dirac equation"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/daniel-bernoulli/": {"t": "Daniel Bernoulli", "s": "Swiss mathematician and physicist known for Bernoulli's principle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/img/scientists-and-mathematicians/daniel-bernoulli.webp", "c": "UnknownEdited by Bammesk · via Wikipedia: Daniel Bernoulli · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/stress-mechanics/": {"t": "Stress (mechanics)", "s": "Physical quantity describing internal forces during material deformation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/mechanical-equilibrium/": {"t": "Mechanical equilibrium", "s": "State where net force on each part is zero."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/sound/": {"t": "Sound", "s": "Mechanical wave propagating through an elastic medium."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/surface-wave/": {"t": "Surface wave", "s": "Electromagnetic or mechanical wave guided along an interface between two media."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/gamma-ray/": {"t": "Gamma ray", "s": "Penetrating electromagnetic radiation from nuclear decay and cosmic events."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/gravitational-wave/": {"t": "Gravitational wave", "s": "Ripples in spacetime carrying energy at light speed."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/envelope-waves/": {"t": "Envelope (waves)", "s": "Smooth curve outlining the extremes of an oscillating signal."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/astrometric-binary/": {"t": "Astrometric binary", "s": "Some stars appear to circle an invisible point."}}