{"/e/optical-telescopes/most-spacecraft/": {"t": "MOST (spacecraft)", "s": "Canada's first space telescope and smallest in orbit for nearly a decade."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/focus-optics/": {"t": "Focus (optics)", "s": "Point where light rays converge in optical systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/focus-optics.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-spectrum/": {"t": "Electromagnetic spectrum", "s": "The full range of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to gamma rays."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/magnification/": {"t": "Magnification", "s": "Magnification enlarges apparent size without changing physical size or perspective."}, "https://codexery.com/camera-image-sensors/e/camera-image-sensors/image-sensor/": {"t": "Image sensor", "s": "Sensor that converts light into electrical signals for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microscope-components/e/microscope-components/objective-optics/": {"t": "Objective (optics)", "s": "An objective gathers and focuses light to form a real image."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/monocular/": {"t": "Monocular", "s": "A compact refracting telescope using prisms for an erect image."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-biology-and-behavior/e/animal-biology-and-behavior/ornithology/": {"t": "Ornithology", "s": "Branch of zoology dedicated to the study of birds."}, "https://codexery.com/band-of-brothers/e/world/holland-netherlands/": {"t": "Netherlands", "s": "Holland: Market Garden and 'the Island'."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/eyepiece/": {"t": "Eyepiece", "s": "Eyepieces magnify the image formed by an objective lens or mirror."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/microscope-components/e/microscope-components/achromatic-lens/": {"t": "Achromatic lens", "s": "Lens corrected for chromatic and spherical aberration."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/spherical-aberration/": {"t": "Spherical aberration", "s": "Spherical aberration degrades image quality in spherical optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astrophotography/": {"t": "Astrophotography", "s": "Astrophotography records celestial objects using long exposures and specialized equipment."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/newtonian-telescope/": {"t": "Newtonian telescope", "s": "The earliest known functional reflecting telescope, invented by Isaac Newton."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/human-eye/": {"t": "Human eye", "s": "The human eye is a sensory organ in the visual system that reacts to visible light allowing eyesight."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/amateur-astronomy/": {"t": "Amateur astronomy", "s": "Amateur astronomers observe celestial objects for passion, education, and citizen science."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/scientific-american/": {"t": "Scientific American", "s": "Oldest continuously published U.S. magazine."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/space-race/": {"t": "Space Race", "s": "Cold War competition for spaceflight supremacy between the US and USSR."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/maksutov-telescope/": {"t": "Maksutov telescope", "s": "Catadioptric design using a meniscus corrector to correct aberrations."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/borosilicate-glass/": {"t": "Borosilicate glass", "s": "A type of glass with silica and boron trioxide, known for low thermal expansion and high resistance to thermal shock."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/foucault-knife-edge-test/": {"t": "Foucault knife-edge test", "s": "Simple optical test for measuring concave mirror shapes."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-light/": {"t": "Electric light", "s": "An electrical device producing light from electricity."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxies/e/galaxies/deep-sky-object/": {"t": "Deep-sky object", "s": "Faint celestial objects beyond stars and Solar System bodies."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/crayford-focuser/": {"t": "Crayford focuser", "s": "A friction-based focuser invented by John Wall for amateur telescopes."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/dobsonian-telescope/": {"t": "Dobsonian telescope", "s": "A large-aperture Newtonian reflector on a simple altazimuth mount."}, "https://codexery.com/extreme-points-of-earth/e/extreme-points-of-earth/dome-a/": {"t": "Dome A", "s": "Highest ice dome on the Antarctic Plateau, possibly Earth's coldest spot."}, "https://codexery.com/graphs-and-data-visualization/e/graphs-and-data-visualization/time-series/": {"t": "Time series", "s": "A sequence of data points ordered chronologically.", "i": "https://codexery.com/graphs-and-data-visualization/img/graphs-and-data-visualization/time-series.webp", "c": "HilberTraum · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/exoplanet/": {"t": "Exoplanet", "s": "An exoplanet, also called an extrasolar planet, is any planet that exists beyond our Solar System.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/exoplanet.webp", "c": "European Space Agency · CC BY-SA 3.0 igo"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-survey/": {"t": "Astronomical survey", "s": "A general map or image of the sky lacking a specific target."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/near-earth-asteroid/": {"t": "Near-Earth asteroid", "s": "Near-Earth asteroids are small bodies whose orbits bring them close to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/impact-event/": {"t": "Impact event", "s": "Collisions between astronomical objects that shape planets and life."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/south-african-astronomical-observatory/": {"t": "South African Astronomical Observatory", "s": "South Africa's national centre for optical and infrared astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/teide-observatory/": {"t": "Teide Observatory", "s": "International solar and night-time observatory on Tenerife, Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/history-of-earth/": {"t": "History of Earth", "s": "Earth's 4.54-billion-year journey from molten rock to diverse life."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/giant-impact-hypothesis/": {"t": "Giant-impact hypothesis", "s": "Leading hypothesis for the Moon's formation via a giant collision."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/origin-of-water-on-earth/": {"t": "Origin of water on Earth", "s": "Earth's water came from both internal hydrogen and outer Solar System delivery."}, "https://codexery.com/earth-impact-database/e/earth-impact-database/chicxulub-crater/": {"t": "Chicxulub crater", "s": "Buried impact crater linked to dinosaur extinction."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous-paleogene-extinction-event/": {"t": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "s": "Mass extinction that ended the age of non-avian dinosaurs.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous-paleogene-extinction-event.webp", "c": "Wilson44691 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/omniscient-readers-viewpoint/e/world/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "Kim Dokja's world, divided into scenario domes."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/asteroid-impact-avoidance/": {"t": "Asteroid impact avoidance", "s": "Methods to divert near-Earth objects from colliding with Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/asteroid/": {"t": "Asteroid", "s": "Rocky, metallic, or icy minor planets orbiting the Sun, mostly in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/optical-telescope/": {"t": "Optical telescope", "s": "An instrument that gathers visible light to magnify distant objects."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/small-telescope/": {"t": "Small telescope", "s": "Small telescopes dominate amateur astronomy and key research fields."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/gravitational-wave/": {"t": "Gravitational wave", "s": "Ripples in spacetime carrying energy at light speed."}, "https://codexery.com/nippon-columbia-artists/e/nippon-columbia-artists/field-of-view/": {"t": "Field of View", "s": "Japanese pop rock band formed in 1994."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/charge-coupled-device/": {"t": "Charge-coupled device", "s": "An integrated circuit that converts light into electric charge for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/focal-length/": {"t": "Focal length", "s": "Measure of how strongly an optical system bends light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/focal-length.webp", "c": "cmglee, chensiyuan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/time-domain-astronomy/": {"t": "Time-domain astronomy", "s": "Study of how astronomical objects change with time."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/magnitude-astronomy/": {"t": "Magnitude (astronomy)", "s": "Logarithmic scale measuring stellar brightness, with lower values for brighter objects."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/neutron-stars/": {"t": "Neutron stars", "s": "Gravitationally collapsed cores of massive stars, second only to black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/pandemics/e/pandemics/covid-19-pandemic/": {"t": "COVID-19 pandemic", "s": "Global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, beginning in late 2019."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/arizona/": {"t": "Arizona", "s": "Former Spanish colony, now a Southwestern U.S. state."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/pluto/": {"t": "Pluto", "s": "Dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, once the ninth planet."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/sagittarius/": {"t": "Sagittarius (constellation)", "s": "A zodiac constellation representing a centaur archer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/sagittarius.webp", "c": "John Flamsteed · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/dark-energy-spectroscopic-instrument/": {"t": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument", "s": "A spectrographic instrument probing dark energy and cosmic expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-hubble-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Hubble Space Telescope", "s": "A versatile space telescope observing ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/canary-islands/": {"t": "Canary Islands", "s": "The Fortunate Isles: a subtropical archipelago linking Africa, Europe, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/equatorial-mount/": {"t": "Equatorial mount", "s": "A mount that tracks celestial objects by aligning with Earth's rotation."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/celestial-pole/": {"t": "Celestial pole", "s": "Fixed points in the sky around which all stars appear to rotate."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/space-telescope/": {"t": "Space telescope", "s": "Telescopes in space avoiding atmospheric interference for astronomical observation."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-france/e/space-program-of-france/cnes/": {"t": "CNES", "s": "French national space agency, Europe's largest such organization."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-france/e/space-program-of-france/thales-alenia-space/": {"t": "Thales Alenia Space", "s": "European joint venture for satellites and space infrastructure."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/e/types-of-planet/terrestrial-planet/": {"t": "Terrestrial planet", "s": "Rocky planets with solid surfaces, including Earth and similar worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/asteroseismology/": {"t": "Asteroseismology", "s": "The study of stellar oscillations to probe the internal structure of stars."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/solar-like-oscillations/": {"t": "Solar-like oscillations", "s": "Stellar oscillations excited by turbulent convection, like the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/corot-7b/": {"t": "CoRoT-7b", "s": "First confirmed terrestrial exoplanet, with a 20-hour orbit.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/img/transiting-exoplanets/corot-7b.webp", "c": "Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-russia/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-russia/soyuz-2/": {"t": "Soyuz-2", "s": "Russian expendable medium-lift rocket with digital flight control."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-transit-method/": {"t": "The transit method", "s": "Detects exoplanets by measuring starlight dimming during transit."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-kepler-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Kepler space telescope", "s": "NASA telescope that discovered thousands of exoplanets."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/corot-1b/": {"t": "CoRoT-1b", "s": "First exoplanet discovered by the CoRoT mission."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/opacity/": {"t": "Opacity", "s": "Measure of impenetrability to radiation, especially visible light."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/serpens/": {"t": "Serpens", "s": "The only modern constellation split into two non-contiguous parts."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/monoceros/": {"t": "Monoceros", "s": "A faint equatorial constellation named for the unicorn."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/giant-star/": {"t": "Giant star", "s": "Giant stars are luminous, expanded post-main-sequence stars."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/photon/": {"t": "Photon", "s": "Quantum of light and force carrier for electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/luminosity/": {"t": "Luminosity", "s": "Absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/polar-orbit/": {"t": "Polar orbit", "s": "Satellite orbit passing near both poles each revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/polar-orbit.webp", "c": "NOAA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/paris-observatory/": {"t": "Paris Observatory", "s": "World's oldest active observatory, cornerstone of French astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-period/": {"t": "Orbital period", "s": "Time for one full orbit around a primary body."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/astrometric-binary/": {"t": "Astrometric binary", "s": "Some stars appear to circle an invisible point."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/canada-france-hawaii-telescope/": {"t": "Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope", "s": "3.58-meter optical/infrared telescope on Mauna Kea since 1979."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/star-system/": {"t": "Star system", "s": "Gravitationally bound groups of stars, from binaries to complex multiples."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/corot-9b/": {"t": "CoRoT-9b", "s": "First temperate giant exoplanet discovered by the transit method."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/helioseismology/": {"t": "Helioseismology", "s": "Study of the Sun's interior through its oscillations."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/visible-spectrum/": {"t": "Visible spectrum", "s": "The range of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/dragonfly-44/": {"t": "Dragonfly 44", "s": "Ultra diffuse galaxy with disputed dark matter content."}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/spiral-galaxies/milky-way/": {"t": "Milky Way", "s": "The barred spiral galaxy containing the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/dark-matter/": {"t": "Dark matter", "s": "Invisible matter inferred from gravitational effects on cosmic scales."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/tip-of-the-red-giant-branch/": {"t": "Tip of the red-giant branch", "s": "A standard candle using the brightest red-giant-branch stars."}, "https://codexery.com/space-debris/e/space-debris/space-debris/": {"t": "Space debris", "s": "Defunct human-made objects in Earth orbit posing collision risks."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/minor-planet/": {"t": "Minor planet", "s": "A Sun-orbiting body that is neither a planet nor a comet."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/prompt-telescopes/": {"t": "PROMPT Telescopes", "s": "Six robotic telescopes for rapid gamma-ray burst afterglow observations."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/superflare/": {"t": "Superflare", "s": "Extreme stellar flares with energies up to 10,000 times solar flares."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/proxima-centauri/": {"t": "Proxima Centauri", "s": "The closest star to the Sun, a faint red dwarf."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/mos-capacitor/": {"t": "MOS capacitor", "s": "Core structure enabling the MOSFET and modern integrated circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/european-space-agency-programmes/e/european-space-agency-programmes/space-safety-programme/": {"t": "Space Safety Programme", "s": "ESA programme monitoring and mitigating space hazards.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-space-agency-programmes/img/european-space-agency-programmes/space-safety-programme.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Space Safety Programme · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-astronomical-union/": {"t": "International Astronomical Union", "s": "Global authority for astronomical naming and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/sensory-systems/e/sensory-systems/compound-eye/": {"t": "Compound eye", "s": "Arthropod visual organ composed of numerous ommatidia."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astrograph/": {"t": "Astrograph", "s": "A telescope designed exclusively for astrophotography and sky surveys."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/asteroid-impact-prediction/": {"t": "Asteroid impact prediction", "s": "Predicting when and where asteroids will strike Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/neutron-stars/e/neutron-stars/kilonova/": {"t": "Kilonova", "s": "A transient from neutron star mergers, powered by r-process decay."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list/e/world-heritage-tentative-list/armagh-observatory/": {"t": "Armagh Observatory", "s": "A historic astronomical research institute with 224 years of unbroken weather records."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/gamma-ray-bursts/": {"t": "Gamma-ray bursts", "s": "Extremely energetic explosions in distant galaxies."}, "https://codexery.com/luck/e/luck/serendipity/": {"t": "Serendipity", "s": "Active luck where chance and human action meet."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/tidal-disruption-event/": {"t": "Tidal disruption event", "s": "A star torn apart by a supermassive black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/caldwell-objects/e/caldwell-objects/ngc-7331/": {"t": "NGC 7331", "s": "An unbarred spiral galaxy sometimes called the Milky Way's twin."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/nordic-optical-telescope/": {"t": "Nordic Optical Telescope", "s": "A 2.56-metre telescope in the Canary Islands, active since 1988."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/superluminous-supernova/": {"t": "Superluminous supernova", "s": "Stellar explosions exceeding standard supernova luminosity by tenfold or more."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/light-curve/": {"t": "Light curve", "s": "Graph of celestial light intensity over time."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/nature-journal/": {"t": "Nature (journal)", "s": "British weekly journal of peer-reviewed natural science research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/nature-journal.webp", "c": "ESO/M. 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"https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/limb-darkening/": {"t": "Limb darkening", "s": "Central stellar disk appears brighter than the limb."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/flare-star/": {"t": "Flare star", "s": "A variable star that undergoes unpredictable dramatic increases in brightness, powered by magnetic energy."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/geostationary-orbit/": {"t": "Geostationary orbit", "s": "A fixed point in the sky for global communications and observation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/geostationary-orbit.webp", "c": "NOAA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/infrared/": {"t": "Infrared", "s": "Invisible electromagnetic radiation between visible light and microwaves."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ursa-major/e/stars-of-ursa-major/mizar/": {"t": "Mizar", "s": "Quadruple star system forming a naked-eye double with Alcor."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/metrology/": {"t": "Metrology", "s": "The science of measurement, from ancient cubits to quantum standards."}, "https://codexery.com/isro/e/isro/sriharikota/": {"t": "Sriharikota", "s": "Barrier island housing India's Satish Dhawan Space Centre."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-united-states/e/space-program-of-the-united-states/united-states-space-surveillance-network/": {"t": "United States Space Surveillance Network", "s": "Detects, tracks, and catalogs artificial objects orbiting Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/cassegrain-reflector/": {"t": "Cassegrain reflector", "s": "Folded optical path with concave primary and convex secondary mirrors."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/comet/": {"t": "Comet", "s": "Icy wanderers that bloom when near the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/e/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/variable-star/": {"t": "Variable Star", "s": "A young musician flees romance aboard a starship colony mission."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/haleakal/": {"t": "Haleakalā", "s": "Active shield volcano forming over 75% of Maui."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/andromeda-galaxy/": {"t": "Andromeda Galaxy", "s": "Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/ubv-photometric-system/": {"t": "UBV photometric system", "s": "First standardized photometric system for stellar classification."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/wide-field-infrared-survey-explorer/": {"t": "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer", "s": "NASA infrared survey that mapped the entire sky."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/asteroid-belt/": {"t": "Asteroid belt", "s": "A torus-shaped region between Mars and Jupiter containing many asteroids."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/kuiper-belt/": {"t": "Kuiper belt", "s": "A circumstellar disc of icy bodies beyond Neptune."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/oumuamua/": {"t": "Oumuamua", "s": "The first confirmed interstellar object to pass through the Solar System."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/southern-astrophysical-research-telescope/": {"t": "Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope", "s": "Modern 4.1-meter telescope on Cerro Pachón, Chile, commissioned in 2003."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-doctor/": {"t": "Medical doctor", "s": "Health professional who practices medicine to promote and restore health."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/hale-telescope/": {"t": 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"English astrophysicist who confirmed general relativity and studied stellar interiors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arthur-eddington.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arthur Eddington · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/prism-optics/": {"t": "Prism (optics)", "s": "Transparent element that refracts, reflects, or polarizes light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/prism-optics.webp", "c": "Polarbear24 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/optical-telescopes/amateur-telescope-making/": {"t": "Amateur telescope making", "s": "Building telescopes as a hobby for enjoyment, economy, or research."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/cape-town/": {"t": "Cape Town", "s": "Legislative capital of South Africa, oldest city, and gateway to the Cape Floristic Region."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/sunspot-solar-observatory/": {"t": "Sunspot Solar Observatory", "s": "Solar observatory closed indefinitely after mercury leak in flagship telescope."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/daniel-k-inouye-solar-telescope/": {"t": "Daniel K. 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Calçada and Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/discoveries-by-michael-e-brown/e/discoveries-by-michael-e-brown/orcus-dwarf-planet/": {"t": "Orcus (dwarf planet)", "s": "A Kuiper belt dwarf planet and the second-largest plutino."}, "https://codexery.com/discoveries-by-michael-e-brown/e/discoveries-by-michael-e-brown/quaoar/": {"t": "Quaoar", "s": "Ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt with an unstable ring system."}, "https://codexery.com/microscope-components/e/microscope-components/apochromat/": {"t": "Apochromat", "s": "Lens correcting three colors for minimal chromatic aberration."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/brown-dwarf/": {"t": "Brown dwarf", "s": "Substellar objects fusing deuterium, bridging planets and stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/img/brown-dwarfs/brown-dwarf.webp", "c": "NASA/JPL-Caltech · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/trappist-1-system/": {"t": "TRAPPIST-1 system", "s": "A rocky exoplanet in the habitable zone, considered one of the best candidates for an Earth-like ocean world."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-habitable-zone/": {"t": "The habitable zone", "s": "The range of orbits around a star where liquid water could exist on a planetary surface."}, "https://codexery.com/moons-with-a-prograde-orbit/e/moons-with-a-prograde-orbit/galilean-moons/": {"t": "Galilean moons", "s": "Jupiter's four largest moons, discovered by Galileo in 1610."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/jupiter/": {"t": "Jupiter", "s": "Largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant with a Great Red Spot."}, "https://codexery.com/caldwell-objects/e/caldwell-objects/carina-nebula/": {"t": "Carina Nebula", "s": "A vast southern nebula, larger and brighter than Orion."}, "https://codexery.com/nebulae/e/nebulae/horsehead-nebula/": {"t": "Horsehead Nebula", "s": "A dark nebula shaped like a horse's head in Orion."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/messier-83/": {"t": "Messier 83", "s": "A bright barred spiral galaxy near Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/img/messier-objects/messier-83.webp", "c": "ESO · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-seeing/": {"t": "Astronomical seeing", "s": "Atmospheric turbulence blurs astronomical images, limiting telescope resolution."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/king-abdulaziz-university/": {"t": "King Abdulaziz University", "s": "One of the largest universities in Saudi Arabia, founded 1967."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/2m1510/": {"t": "2M1510", "s": "A triple brown dwarf system with an eclipsing binary and a planet candidate."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/super-earths/": {"t": "Super-Earths", "s": "Exoplanets more massive than Earth but lighter than ice giants."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/lp-890-9-b/": {"t": "LP 890-9 b", "s": "A terrestrial exoplanet discovered by TESS and confirmed by SPECULOOS."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/richard-b-dunn-solar-telescope/": {"t": "Richard B. 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"https://codexery.com/solar-telescopes/e/solar-telescopes/big-bear-solar-observatory/": {"t": "Big Bear Solar Observatory", "s": "University-based solar observatory in California with a 1.6 m unobstructed telescope."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/samuel-oschin-telescope/": {"t": "Samuel Oschin telescope", "s": "A 48-inch Schmidt camera at Palomar Observatory."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/anglo-australian-telescope/": {"t": "Anglo-Australian Telescope", "s": "A 3.9-metre equatorial telescope at Siding Spring Observatory."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/digitized-sky-survey/": {"t": "Digitized Sky Survey", "s": "Digitized photographic surveys of the night sky for astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-surveys/e/astronomical-surveys/6df-galaxy-survey/": {"t": "6dF Galaxy Survey", "s": "A southern-sky redshift survey covering nearly half the sky."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/sputnik-1/": {"t": "Sputnik 1", "s": "Sputnik 1, meaning \"Satellite-One\" in Russian, was the first artificial Earth satellite."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/southern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Southern Hemisphere", "s": "The Southern Hemisphere is Earth's southern half, mostly ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/named-comets/e/named-comets/comet-mcnaught/": {"t": "Comet McNaught", "s": "The brightest comet in over 40 years, visible in daylight.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/comet-mcnaught.webp", "c": "Don Heffernan · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/named-comets/e/named-comets/c-2009-r1-mcnaught/": {"t": "C/2009 R1 (McNaught)", "s": "Non-periodic comet discovered in 2009, brightened unexpectedly in 2010."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/e/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/charles-simonyi/": {"t": "Charles Simonyi", "s": "Software architect, businessman, and twice a private spaceflight participant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/img/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/charles-simonyi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charles Simonyi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/covid-19/": {"t": "COVID-19", "s": "COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/bill-gates/": {"t": "Bill Gates", "s": "Co-founder of Microsoft and philanthropist", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/bill-gates.webp", "c": "Bogdan Hoyaux / European Union · via Wikipedia: Bill Gates · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/lagoon-nebula/": {"t": "Lagoon Nebula", "s": "A giant emission nebula visible to the naked eye from mid-northern latitudes."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel/": {"t": "William Herschel", "s": "Discoverer of Uranus and infrared radiation", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel.webp", "c": "Lemuel Francis Abbott · via Wikipedia: William Herschel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/uranus/": {"t": "Uranus", "s": "The seventh planet, a tilted ice giant with extreme seasons."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's continents and major landmasses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "Sean Baker ( Marvin01 | talk ) · via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/radio-astronomy/": {"t": "Radio astronomy", "s": "Passive observation of celestial objects using radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/radio-astronomy.webp", "c": "Maksym Kozlenko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/jodrell-bank-observatory/": {"t": "Jodrell Bank Observatory", "s": "Radio astronomy pioneer and UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/royal-observatory-greenwich/": {"t": "Royal Observatory, Greenwich", "s": "Home of the Prime Meridian and Greenwich Mean Time."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/nasmyth-telescope/": {"t": "Nasmyth telescope", "s": "A Cassegrain variant with side-exit light for heavy instruments."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/altazimuth-mount/": {"t": "Altazimuth mount", "s": "A simple two-axis mount for rotating instruments about vertical and horizontal axes."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/bta-6/": {"t": "BTA-6", "s": "World's largest telescope from 1975 to 1990, pioneering altazimuth mount."}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/e/aircraft-components/boundary-layer/": {"t": "Boundary layer", "s": "Thin fluid layer near a surface where viscous forces dominate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/img/aircraft-components/boundary-layer.webp", "c": "Olivier Cleynen · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/turbulence/": {"t": "Turbulence", "s": "Chaotic fluid motion with vortices, mixing, and unresolved physics."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/galaxy-h-alpha-fabry-perot-system/": {"t": "Galaxy H-Alpha Fabry-Perot System", "s": "An optical Fabry-Perot interferometer mapping ionized hydrogen velocity fields."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/physical-cosmology/": {"t": "Physical cosmology", "s": "Study of the universe's origin, structure, and evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/ion/": {"t": "Ion", "s": "Atom or molecule with net electric charge from electron-proton imbalance."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/interstellar-medium/": {"t": "Interstellar medium", "s": "Matter and radiation between star systems in a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/e/american-state-capitals/madison-wisconsin/": {"t": "Madison, Wisconsin", "s": "Capital of Wisconsin, home to a major university and progressive politics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/img/american-state-capitals/madison-wisconsin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Madison, Wisconsin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/space-programme-of-india/e/space-programme-of-india/aryabhatta-research-institute-of-observational-sciences/": {"t": "Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences", "s": "Autonomous institute for astronomy and atmospheric science in Nainital."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/devasthal-observatory/": {"t": "Devasthal Observatory", "s": "High-altitude Indian observatory hosting multiple optical telescopes."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/narendra-modi/": {"t": "Narendra Modi", "s": "Indian Prime Minister who visited Saudi Arabia in 2016.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/narendra-modi.webp", "c": "Prime Minister's Office · via Wikipedia: Narendra Modi · GODL-India"}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/e/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/ballistic-missile/": {"t": "Ballistic 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"https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/archbishop-of-canterbury/": {"t": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "s": "Senior bishop and primate of the Church of England, spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tin/": {"t": "Tin", "s": "A soft, silvery-white post-transition metal with the largest number of stable isotopes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tin.webp", "c": "Farmers' Trading Company · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/orion-nebula/": {"t": "Orion Nebula", "s": "The closest massive star-forming region to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-canis-major/e/stars-of-canis-major/sirius/": {"t": "Sirius", "s": "The brightest star in Earth's night sky."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/windsor-castle/": {"t": "Windsor Castle", "s": "A royal residence embodying almost a millennium of architectural history."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "Roman Londinium and medieval England's largest town."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/karl-schwarzschild/": {"t": "Karl Schwarzschild", "s": "German physicist and astronomer who provided the first exact solution to Einstein's field equations"}, "https://codexery.com/monster/e/lore/east-germany/": {"t": "East Germany", "s": "The divided Germany behind Monster: the East that ran Kinderheim 511 and the West the Lieberts fled to."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-andromeda/e/stars-of-andromeda/hd-8673/": {"t": "HD 8673", "s": "An F-type star with a disputed substellar companion and a red dwarf companion."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-aries/e/stars-of-aries/30-arietis/": {"t": "30 Arietis", "s": "A five-star system with two binary pairs and a red dwarf."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/hd-13189/": {"t": "HD 13189", "s": "A K-type giant star with a massive substellar companion discovered in 2005."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope/": {"t": "Radio telescope", "s": "Detecting the invisible universe through radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope.webp", "c": "Photograph by Mike Peel ( www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/low-frequency-array/": {"t": "Low-Frequency Array", "s": "A European low-frequency radio interferometer with software-based beamforming."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/macfarlane-burnet/": {"t": "Macfarlane Burnet", "s": "Australian virologist who won the 1960 Nobel Prize for predicting acquired immune tolerance."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-australia/e/space-program-of-australia/csiro/": {"t": "CSIRO", "s": "Australia's national science agency, advancing research since 1916."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-japan/e/space-program-of-japan/mitsubishi-electric/": {"t": "Mitsubishi Electric", "s": "Japanese multinational electronics and electrical equipment manufacturer."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/neptune/": {"t": "Neptune", "s": "The only planet discovered through mathematical prediction, not direct observation."}, "https://codexery.com/moons-of-uranus-and-neptune/e/moons-of-neptune/triton-moon/": {"t": "Triton (moon)", "s": "Neptune's largest moon, captured from the Kuiper belt, with a retrograde orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/wasp-12b/": {"t": "WASP-12b", "s": "A hot Jupiter being consumed by its star."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/psyche-spacecraft/": {"t": "Psyche (spacecraft)", "s": "First mission to a metallic asteroid, using Hall-effect thrusters."}, "https://codexery.com/planetary-nebulae/e/planetary-nebulae/kjpn-8/": {"t": "KjPn 8", "s": "Largest known bipolar planetary nebula with episodic precessing jets."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/special-astrophysical-observatory-of-the-russian-academy-of-science/": {"t": "Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science", "s": "Russian observatory with the BTA-6 optical and RATAN-600 radio telescopes."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/karachay-cherkessia/": {"t": "Karachay-Cherkessia", "s": "A republic of Russia in the North Caucasus, home to diverse ethnic groups and Europe's highest peak."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/caucasus-mountains/": {"t": "Caucasus Mountains", "s": "Mountain range at the Asia-Europe border, home to Europe's highest peak."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/pulkovo-observatory/": {"t": "Pulkovo Observatory", "s": "Principal astronomical observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/national-astronomical-observatories-of-china/": {"t": "National Astronomical Observatories of China", "s": "Chinese Academy of Sciences astronomical research institute."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/dorpat-great-refractor/": {"t": "Dorpat Great Refractor", "s": "First modern achromatic great refractor with German equatorial mount."}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/e/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/ngc-185/": {"t": "NGC 185", "s": "A dwarf spheroidal satellite of Andromeda with a disputed Seyfert nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/ring-nebula/": {"t": "Ring Nebula", "s": "A planetary nebula in Lyra, discovered by Charles Messier in 1779."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-draco/e/stars-of-draco/cm-draconis/": {"t": "CM Draconis", "s": "Eclipsing binary red dwarfs used to test stellar models."}, "https://codexery.com/planetary-nebulae/e/planetary-nebulae/planetary-nebula/": {"t": "Planetary nebula", "s": "Expanding shells of ionized gas from dying intermediate-mass stars."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/speckle-imaging/": {"t": "Speckle imaging", "s": "High-resolution technique using short exposures to freeze atmospheric turbulence."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/diffraction-limited-system/": {"t": "Diffraction-limited system", "s": "The maximum resolution achievable by an ideal optical system due to diffraction."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/solar-orbiter/": {"t": "Solar Orbiter", "s": "ESA-NASA probe studying the Sun's poles and inner heliosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/active-region/": {"t": "Active region", "s": "Temporary solar features with strong magnetic fields, often producing flares."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/alpha-centauri-bb/": {"t": "Alpha Centauri Bb", "s": "A proposed exoplanet later disproven by statistical analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/alpha-centauri/": {"t": "Alpha Centauri", "s": "Nearest star system to the Sun, with three stars."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-libra/e/stars-of-libra/gliese-581e/": {"t": "Gliese 581e", "s": "Least massive exoplanet known around a normal star in 2009."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/cataclysmic-variable-star/": {"t": "Cataclysmic variable star", "s": "Binary stars that brighten dramatically via accretion-driven outbursts."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/white-dwarf/": {"t": "White dwarf", "s": "A compact star supported by electron degeneracy pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/main-sequence/": {"t": "Main sequence", "s": "Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/ar-scorpii/": {"t": "AR Scorpii", "s": "First white dwarf-pulsar binary discovered."}, "https://codexery.com/british-science-fiction-television-shows/e/british-science-fiction-television-shows/red-dwarf/": {"t": "Red Dwarf", "s": "A British sci-fi comedy about the last human in space."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/globular-cluster/": {"t": "Globular cluster", "s": "Spheroidal star clusters bound by gravity, found in galactic halos."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/47-tucanae/": {"t": "47 Tucanae", "s": "Second brightest globular cluster, with a dense core and millions of stars."}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/star-clusters/open-cluster/": {"t": "Open cluster", "s": "Open clusters are loose groups of young stars formed from the same cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/spiral-galaxies/spiral-galaxy/": {"t": "Spiral galaxy", "s": "Spiral galaxies feature rotating disks, arms, and often a central bar."}, "https://codexery.com/caldwell-objects/e/caldwell-objects/ngc-6744/": {"t": "NGC 6744", "s": "A large spiral galaxy resembling the Milky Way in the local universe."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/arecibo-telescope/": {"t": "Arecibo Telescope", "s": "World's largest single-aperture telescope for 53 years."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/e/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/mini-magellanic-cloud/": {"t": "Mini Magellanic Cloud", "s": "A smaller remnant of the Small Magellanic Cloud.", "i": "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/img/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/mini-magellanic-cloud.webp", "c": "ESA/NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI · Public domain"}, "/e/optical-telescopes/pan-starrs/": {"t": "Pan-STARRS", "s": "Surveying the sky for moving or variable objects continually."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/command-and-control/": {"t": "Command and control", "s": "A set of processes for mission accomplishment through authority and resources."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/mercator-telescope/": {"t": "Mercator Telescope", "s": "1.2 m telescope on La Palma for exoplanet research."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/leonhard-euler/": {"t": "Leonhard Euler", "s": "Swiss polymath who founded graph theory and topology, introduced key mathematical notation, and was the most prolific mathematician of the 18th century."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-eridanus/e/stars-of-eridanus/gliese-86/": {"t": "Gliese 86", "s": "A K-type star with a planet and a white dwarf companion."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/hot-jupiters/": {"t": "Hot Jupiters", "s": "Gas giants orbiting extremely close to their host stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/img/exoplanets/hot-jupiters.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hot Jupiter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/didier-queloz/": {"t": "Didier Queloz", "s": "Swiss astronomer who co-discovered the first exoplanet around a Sun-like star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/didier-queloz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Didier Queloz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/doppler-effect/": {"t": "Doppler effect", "s": "Frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/atacama-desert/": {"t": "Atacama Desert", "s": "One of the driest places on Earth, virtually devoid of life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/img/deserts-and-drylands/atacama-desert.webp", "c": "NASA · via Wikipedia: Atacama Desert · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/napoli/e/culture/naples/": {"t": "Naples", "s": "Ancient Greek colony and historic capital of southern Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/dark-energy/": {"t": "Dark energy", "s": "The mysterious force accelerating the universe's expansion"}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/mozi/": {"t": "Mozi", "s": "Founder of Mohism, a major Warring States school of thought."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/tibetan-plateau/": {"t": "Tibetan Plateau", "s": "Largest and highest plateau in the world, sometimes called the 'Roof of the World'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/tibetan-plateau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Plateau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/purple-mountain-observatory/": {"t": "Purple Mountain Observatory", "s": "Dual-use Chinese observatory for astronomy and space domain awareness."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nanjing/": {"t": "Nanjing", "s": "Southern Capital on the Yangtze"}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/electric-motor/": {"t": "Electric motor", "s": "Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy via magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cygnus/e/stars-of-cygnus/deneb/": {"t": "Deneb", "s": "Blue supergiant, brightest star in Cygnus."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/arcturus/": {"t": "Arcturus", "s": "Guardian of the Bear, fourth-brightest star in the night sky."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/double-star/": {"t": "Double star", "s": "A double star is a pair of stars that appear close together as viewed from Earth, either as a gravitationally bound binary or a chance optical alignment."}, "https://codexery.com/scottish-inventions/e/scottish-inventions/nicol-prism/": {"t": "Nicol prism", "s": "First polarizing prism, invented by William Nicol in 1828."}, "https://codexery.com/sensory-systems/e/sensory-systems/accommodation-vertebrate-eye/": {"t": "Accommodation (vertebrate eye)", "s": "The process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image as object distance varies."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parallax/": {"t": "Parallax", "s": "Parallax measures distance through apparent shift in viewpoint."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-of-ocular-muscles-binocular/e/disorders-of-ocular-muscles-binocular-movement-accommodation/strabismus/": {"t": "Strabismus", "s": "Eye misalignment disorder causing amblyopia or double vision."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-of-ocular-muscles-binocular/e/disorders-of-ocular-muscles-binocular-movement-accommodation/anisometropia/": {"t": "Anisometropia", "s": "Unequal refractive power between the two eyes."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-of-ocular-muscles-binocular/e/disorders-of-ocular-muscles-binocular-movement-accommodation/astigmatism/": {"t": "Astigmatism", "s": "A common refractive error from uneven corneal or lens curvature."}, "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/e/injuries-and-conditions/visual-impairment/": {"t": "Visual impairment", "s": "Visual impairment is partial or total inability of visual perception.", "i": "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/img/injuries-and-conditions/visual-impairment.webp", "c": "Simon Legner ( User:simon04 ) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-disturbances-and-blindness/e/visual-disturbances-and-blindness/amblyopia/": {"t": "Amblyopia", "s": "A developmental brain disorder causing reduced vision in one eye."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/cataract/": {"t": "Cataract", "s": "Clouding of the eye's lens, leading cause of blindness.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/img/aging-associated-diseases/cataract.webp", "c": "Rakesh Ahuja, MD · via Wikipedia: Cataract · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/military/": {"t": "Military", "s": "A heavily armed, highly organized force for warfare.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/military.webp", "c": "Solomon203 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/optical-telescopes/spotting-scope/": {"t": "Spotting scope", "s": "A compact portable telescope for high-magnification observation of distant objects."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/l-on-foucault/": {"t": "Léon Foucault", "s": "The physicist who proved Earth rotates with a pendulum"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/indiana/": {"t": "Indiana", "s": "Midwestern state known as the Hoosier State, admitted in 1816.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/indiana.webp", "c": "Riker, Dorothy Lois, 1904; Indiana. Governor · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/saturn/": {"t": "Saturn", "s": "Saturn is a gas giant with rings and the lowest density in the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/civil-engineering/": {"t": "Civil engineering", "s": "Professional discipline designing and maintaining the built environment."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/surveying/": {"t": "Surveying", "s": "Surveying determines positions for maps, boundaries, and construction."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/ohio/": {"t": "Ohio", "s": "Midwestern U.S. state, birthplace of seven presidents and aviation."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania/": {"t": "Pennsylvania", "s": "The Keystone State", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania.webp", "c": "Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)\npermission=\n\n\n\nInsignia\n\nThis image shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia. The  · via Wikipedia: Pennsylvania · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/illinois/": {"t": "Illinois", "s": "Land of Lincoln", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/illinois.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/halley-s-comet/": {"t": "Halley's Comet", "s": "First comet recognized as periodic, observed for over two millennia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/halley-s-comet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Halley's Comet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/pound-sterling/": {"t": "Pound sterling", "s": "The world's oldest currency in continuous use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/pound-sterling.webp", "c": "Colonial Bank of Australasia (note), Heritage Auctions (image) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/alvan-clark/": {"t": "Alvan Clark", "s": "American telescope maker who crafted the world's largest refractors."}, "https://codexery.com/named-comets/e/named-comets/c-1874-h1-coggia/": {"t": "C/1874 H1 (Coggia)", "s": "A bright non-periodic comet visible to the naked eye in 1874."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/capella/": {"t": "Capella", "s": "A quadruple star system and the sixth-brightest star in the night sky."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/science-education/": {"t": "Science education", "s": "Teaching and learning of science across K-12 and beyond."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/finderscope/": {"t": "Finderscope", "s": "A small auxiliary telescope for aiming a larger telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/prime-meridian/": {"t": "Prime meridian", "s": "The prime meridian is the line of 0° longitude, arbitrarily chosen for Earth as the IERS Reference Meridian."}, "https://codexery.com/named-comets/e/named-comets/comet-encke/": {"t": "Comet Encke", "s": "Shortest-period bright comet, named after its orbit calculator."}, "/e/optical-telescopes/sheepshanks-equatorial/": {"t": "Sheepshanks equatorial", "s": "A 6.7-inch refractor donated by Richard Sheepshanks, installed at Greenwich in 1838."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/warwickshire/": {"t": "Warwickshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England, known for its rural landscapes and historic towns."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/shooting-sports/": {"t": "Shooting sports", "s": "Precision, accuracy, and speed in the art of shooting."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/surveillance/": {"t": "Surveillance", "s": "Systematic observation for information gathering, influence, or control."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/catadioptric-system/": {"t": "Catadioptric system", "s": "Catadioptric systems combine lenses and mirrors for compact, corrected optics."}}