{"https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/natural-history-pliny/": {"t": "Natural History (Pliny)", "s": "The ancient encyclopedia that shaped natural history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/xenophon/": {"t": "Xenophon", "s": "Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian of the Ten Thousand"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/basilicata/": {"t": "Basilicata", "s": "Southern Italian region with ancient Greek and Norman heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rape-victims/e/mythological-rape-victims/alcmene/": {"t": "Alcmene", "s": "Mother of Heracles, wife of Amphitryon, daughter of Electryon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mythological-rape-victims/img/mythological-rape-victims/alcmene.webp", "c": "FocalPoint · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-mythological-heroes/e/greek-mythological-heroes/menelaus/": {"t": "Menelaus", "s": "Spartan king whose wife Helen's abduction caused the Trojan War."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/pan-god/": {"t": "Pan (god)", "s": "Rustic god of the wild, shepherds, and rustic music."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/e/mythological-kidnapped-people/helen-of-troy/": {"t": "Helen of Troy", "s": "Her face launched a thousand ships toward Troy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/img/mythological-kidnapped-people/helen-of-troy.webp", "c": "Antonio Canova · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/siena/": {"t": "Siena", "s": "Medieval Tuscan city with a historic centre and the Palio."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/giorgio-vasari/": {"t": "Giorgio Vasari", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, architect, and biographer who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/giorgio-vasari.webp", "c": "Giorgio Vasari · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/petrarch/": {"t": "Petrarch", "s": "Italian scholar and poet, father of Renaissance humanism"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/san-gimignano/": {"t": "San Gimignano", "s": "Medieval hill town with iconic tower houses."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/illuminated-manuscript/": {"t": "Illuminated manuscript", "s": "Decorated texts from late antiquity to the Renaissance"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/uffizi/": {"t": "Uffizi", "s": "One of the first modern museums, housing Medici art collections."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/world-heritage-sites-in-france/avignon/": {"t": "Avignon", "s": "City of the Popes on the Rhône."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/mannerism/": {"t": "Mannerism", "s": "A European style exaggerating High Renaissance ideals into artificial elegance."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/grotesque/": {"t": "Grotesque", "s": "A term for distorted forms evoking bizarreness and pity."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/still-life/": {"t": "Still life", "s": "A genre of art depicting inanimate objects, emerging in the late 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/ferdinand-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who centralized Habsburg rule and resisted Ottoman advances."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/mind/": {"t": "Mind", "s": "The totality of mental phenomena, conscious and unconscious."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci.webp", "c": "Attributed to Francesco Melzi · via Wikipedia: Leonardo da Vinci · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/ambras-castle/": {"t": "Ambras Castle", "s": "Renaissance castle housing one of the world's oldest museums."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/cremona/": {"t": "Cremona", "s": "City in Lombardy known for its luthiers and medieval history."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/brescia/": {"t": "Brescia", "s": "Ancient Roman city and industrial hub in Lombardy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-new-religious-movements/e/founders-of-new-religious-movements/joseph-smith/": {"t": "Joseph Smith", "s": "Founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/warwick-castle/": {"t": "Warwick Castle", "s": "Medieval castle turned country house, now operated by Merlin Entertainments."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi/": {"t": "Antonio Vivaldi", "s": "Baroque composer, violinist, and impresario of Venice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Antonio Vivaldi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/rites-of-passage/e/rites-of-passage/grand-tour/": {"t": "Grand Tour", "s": "An educational journey through Europe for young elite men."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/rococo/": {"t": "Rococo", "s": "The ornate, asymmetrical style that emerged in 1730s France as a reaction to the Louis XIV style."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/modena/": {"t": "Modena", "s": "City in Emilia-Romagna known for luxury cars and balsamic vinegar."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/mantua/": {"t": "Mantua", "s": "City of the Gonzaga court, birthplace of Virgil, and UNESCO site."}, "/e/old-masters/andrea-mantegna/": {"t": "Andrea Mantegna", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter known for perspective and sculptural style."}, "https://codexery.com/new-religious-movement-deities/e/new-religious-movement-deities/diana-mythology/": {"t": "Diana (mythology)", "s": "Roman goddess of the hunt, moon, and wilderness."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/treviso/": {"t": "Treviso", "s": "City in Veneto, Italy, capital of Treviso province."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ovid/": {"t": "Ovid", "s": "Roman poet exiled for a poem and a mistake."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/parmigianino/": {"t": "Parmigianino", "s": "Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker known for elongated forms."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/reformation/": {"t": "Reformation", "s": "A 16th-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and birthed Protestantism."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/e/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/martin-luther/": {"t": "Martin Luther", "s": "German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/matthias-gr-newald/": {"t": "Matthias Grünewald", "s": "German Renaissance painter of religious works, known for the Isenheim Altarpiece and his expressive, anti-classical style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/matthias-gr-newald.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albrecht-d-rer/": {"t": "Albrecht Dürer", "s": "German Renaissance painter, printmaker, and theorist of Nuremberg."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/maximilian-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor from 1564; his rule was shaped by the confessionalisation process after the 1555 Peace of Augsburg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/maximilian-i-holy-roman-emperor.webp", "c": "Albrecht Dürer · via Wikipedia: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/titian/": {"t": "Titian", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, founder of the Venetian school, known for his masterful use of colour.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/titian.webp", "c": "Titian · via Wikipedia: Titian · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/hans-holbein-the-younger/": {"t": "Hans Holbein the Younger", "s": "German painter and printmaker, King's Painter to Henry VIII", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/hans-holbein-the-younger.webp", "c": "Hans Holbein the Younger · via Wikipedia: Hans Holbein the Younger · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens/": {"t": "Peter Paul Rubens", "s": "Flemish artist and diplomat, the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens.webp", "c": "Peter Paul Rubens · via Wikipedia: Peter Paul Rubens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/genoa/": {"t": "Genoa", "s": "Capital of Liguria and historic maritime republic on the Gulf of Genoa."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/diego-vel-zquez/": {"t": "Diego Velázquez", "s": "Spanish Baroque painter of the court of Philip IV.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/diego-vel-zquez.webp", "c": "Diego Velázquez · via Wikipedia: Diego Velázquez · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral/": {"t": "St. Paul's Cathedral", "s": "Wren's domed English Baroque cathedral on Ludgate Hill, seat of the Bishop of London.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Paul's Cathedral · see source"}, "/e/old-masters/zeuxis-painter/": {"t": "Zeuxis (painter)", "s": "Late 5th-century BCE Greek painter famed for realistic illusion."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/covid-19/": {"t": "COVID-19", "s": "COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/paolo-veronese/": {"t": "Paolo Veronese", "s": "Venetian Renaissance painter of vast banquet scenes, ceilings and glowing colour.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/paolo-veronese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Paolo Veronese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/hair-diseases/e/hair-diseases/antonietta-gonsalvus/": {"t": "Antonietta Gonsalvus", "s": "French woman with hypertrichosis, part of a famous hairy family."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-clement-viii/": {"t": "Pope Clement VIII", "s": "Pope who reconciled Henry IV and approved coffee."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-gregory-xiii/": {"t": "Pope Gregory XIII", "s": "The pope who gave us the calendar"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/sofonisba-anguissola/": {"t": "Sofonisba Anguissola", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter who broke barriers for women artists"}, "https://codexery.com/textiles-in-folklore/e/textiles-in-folklore/minerva/": {"t": "Minerva", "s": "Roman goddess of wisdom, war, crafts, and the Capitoline Triad."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rapists/e/mythological-rapists/mars-mythology/": {"t": "Mars (mythology)", "s": "Roman god of war and father of Romulus and Remus."}, "https://codexery.com/aphrodite/e/aphrodite/venus-mythology/": {"t": "Venus (mythology)", "s": "Roman goddess of love, beauty, desire, and ancestral mother of Rome."}, "/e/old-masters/artemisia-gentileschi/": {"t": "Artemisia Gentileschi", "s": "Italian Baroque painter and first woman in Florence's Accademia delle Arti del Disegno."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/caravaggio/": {"t": "Caravaggio", "s": "Italian painter whose tenebrism shaped Baroque art."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/realism-arts/": {"t": "Realism (arts)", "s": "Truthful representation in art, from the mundane to the sublime."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "s": "The grand duchy experienced periods of economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, followed by a long economic decline.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany.webp", "c": "Euryrel · via Wikipedia: Grand Duchy of Tuscany · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/michelangelo/": {"t": "Michelangelo", "s": "Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/michelangelo.webp", "c": "Attributed to Daniele da Volterra · via Wikipedia: Michelangelo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-urban-viii/": {"t": "Pope Urban VIII", "s": "Pope who expanded papal territory, opposed Copernicanism, and left a legacy of debt."}, "/e/old-masters/jusepe-de-ribera/": {"t": "Jusepe de Ribera", "s": "Spanish Baroque painter known for stark realism and martyrdom scenes."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/el-escorial/": {"t": "El Escorial", "s": "The largest Renaissance building in the world, a royal monastery and palace built by Philip II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/el-escorial.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: El Escorial · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-legendary-creatures/e/greek-legendary-creatures/satyr/": {"t": "Satyr", "s": "Male nature spirits with horse-like features, known for ribaldry and wine."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/kingdom-of-candia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Candia", "s": "Venetian overseas territory on Crete from 1205 to 1669."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/crete/": {"t": "Crete", "s": "Largest Greek island, centre of Minoan civilization."}, "/e/old-masters/tintoretto/": {"t": "Tintoretto", "s": "Venetian Renaissance painter known for speed, boldness, and dramatic Mannerist style."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/toledo-spain/": {"t": "Toledo, Spain", "s": "Historic city on the Tagus, former Visigothic capital and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/famous-paintings/e/famous-paintings/view-of-toledo/": {"t": "View of Toledo", "s": "One of two surviving landscapes by El Greco, held in New York."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/expressionism/": {"t": "Expressionism", "s": "A modernist movement emphasizing subjective emotional experience over physical reality."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/cubism/": {"t": "Cubism", "s": "Avant-garde movement that revolutionized visual art through multiple perspectives."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/rainer-maria-rilke/": {"t": "Rainer Maria Rilke", "s": "Austrian poet known for Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/byzantine-art/": {"t": "Byzantine art", "s": "Art of the Byzantine Empire and its cultural inheritors."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/comic-strip/": {"t": "Comic strip", "s": "Sequential panels combining words and pictures for humor or narrative."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/city-of-london/": {"t": "City of London", "s": "Historic core and financial district of London."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-i-of-great-britain/": {"t": "George I of Great Britain", "s": "First Hanoverian king of Great Britain and Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/hamlet/e/hamlet/willy-nilly-idiom/": {"t": "Willy-nilly (idiom)", "s": "An idiom meaning haphazardly or whether one wants to or not."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/sirens/e/sirens/strolling-actresses-dressing-in-a-barn/": {"t": "Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn", "s": "Hogarth's satirical view of actresses before a disbanded troupe's final play."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pope/": {"t": "Alexander Pope", "s": "English poet, translator, and satirist of the Enlightenment era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/alexander-pope.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Pope · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mausoleum-at-halicarnassus/e/mausoleum-at-halicarnassus/sir-john-soane-s-museum/": {"t": "Sir John Soane's Museum", "s": "House museum of neo-classical architect John Soane in London."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/old-master-print/": {"t": "Old master print", "s": "Fine art prints by Old Masters, produced from the 15th century to about 1830."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/padua/": {"t": "Padua", "s": "Ancient city, home to a 1222 university and the world's oldest botanical garden."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/veneto/": {"t": "Veneto", "s": "Region in north-east Italy, former heart of the Republic of Venice."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paolo-uccello/": {"t": "Paolo Uccello", "s": "Renaissance pioneer of perspective", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paolo-uccello.webp", "c": "Florentine School, Unknown Master, Italian (active late 15th century) ; généralement attribuée à Paolo Uccello · via Wikipedia: Paolo Uccello · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/filippo-lippi/": {"t": "Filippo Lippi", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter and Carmelite priest."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/donatello/": {"t": "Donatello", "s": "Renaissance sculptor of the bronze David, first freestanding nude since antiquity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/donatello.webp", "c": "Francesco Bini · via Wikipedia: Donatello · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/giovanni-bellini/": {"t": "Giovanni Bellini", "s": "Venetian painter who revolutionised colour and influenced Giorgione and Titian."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/gentile-bellini/": {"t": "Gentile Bellini", "s": "Venetian painter and founder of the Orientalist tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-in-art/e/birds-in-art/camera-degli-sposi/": {"t": "Camera degli Sposi", "s": "Frescoed room by Mantegna in the Ducal Palace, Mantua."}, "/e/old-masters/rogier-van-der-weyden/": {"t": "Rogier van der Weyden", "s": "Early Netherlandish painter known for religious triptychs and portraits."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/bruges/": {"t": "Bruges", "s": "Capital of West Flanders, historic canal city and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-burgundy/": {"t": "Duchy of Burgundy", "s": "A medieval duchy of the Kingdom of France, ruled by dukes from 918, later a core of the Burgundian State."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-the-baptist/": {"t": "John the Baptist", "s": "First-century preacher and baptizer revered as a prophet in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/raphael/": {"t": "Raphael", "s": "High Renaissance painter and architect, known for clarity and harmony."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/benedictines/": {"t": "Benedictines", "s": "Oldest Latin Church order, following the Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/la-rioja/": {"t": "La Rioja", "s": "Spain's least populated autonomous community, famed for its Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja wine."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/old-masters/piero-della-francesca/": {"t": "Piero della Francesca", "s": "Italian painter, mathematician and geometer of the Early Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/umbria/": {"t": "Umbria", "s": "Central Italian region, landlocked, named for the ancient Umbri."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/domenico-ghirlandaio/": {"t": "Domenico Ghirlandaio", "s": "Florentine painter of fresco cycles with contemporary portraits."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/stained-glass/": {"t": "Stained glass", "s": "Coloured glass used in windows and decorative art."}, "/e/old-masters/luca-signorelli/": {"t": "Luca Signorelli", "s": "Renaissance painter famed for his frescoes of the Last Judgment."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/assumption-of-mary/": {"t": "Assumption of Mary", "s": "Catholic dogma of Mary's bodily assumption into heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/aquarium-and-aquatic-plants/e/aquarium-and-aquatic-plants/cyperus-papyrus/": {"t": "Cyperus papyrus", "s": "Ancient source of papyrus paper and iconic aquatic sedge."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/zodiac/": {"t": "Zodiac", "s": "A celestial coordinate system dividing the ecliptic into 12 signs."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/cardinal-virtues/": {"t": "Cardinal virtues", "s": "Four classical virtues: prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/cato-the-elder/": {"t": "Cato the Elder", "s": "Roman soldier, senator, historian, and censor known for conservatism."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-julius-ii/": {"t": "Pope Julius II", "s": "The Warrior Pope who led armies and commissioned masterpieces."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/fra-angelico/": {"t": "Fra Angelico", "s": "Dominican friar and painter of the early Florentine Renaissance", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/fra-angelico.webp", "c": "Luca Signorelli · via Wikipedia: Fra Angelico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/luca-della-robbia/": {"t": "Luca della Robbia", "s": "Italian Renaissance sculptor who invented tin-glazed terracotta statuary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/luca-della-robbia.webp", "c": "Yair Haklai · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/filippo-brunelleschi/": {"t": "Filippo Brunelleschi", "s": "Founding father of Renaissance architecture and designer of the Florence Cathedral dome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/filippo-brunelleschi.webp", "c": "scan uploaded by Sailko, cropped by MenkinAlRire · via Wikipedia: Filippo Brunelleschi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/masaccio/": {"t": "Masaccio", "s": "Florentine painter who pioneered the Early Renaissance with naturalism and perspective."}, "https://codexery.com/water-castles/e/water-castles/castello-estense/": {"t": "Castello Estense", "s": "Moated medieval castle built after a 1385 revolt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/water-castles/img/water-castles/castello-estense.webp", "c": "Photograph by Mike Peel ( www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/allegory/": {"t": "Allegory", "s": "A narrative device using symbolism for moral or political meaning."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-battista-alberti/": {"t": "Leon Battista Alberti", "s": "Renaissance polymath who shaped art, architecture, and cryptography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/leon-battista-alberti.webp", "c": "Leon Battista Alberti · via Wikipedia: Leon Battista Alberti · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/solid-geometry/": {"t": "Solid geometry", "s": "Geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space and solid figures."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/bartolom-esteban-murillo/": {"t": "Bartolomé Esteban Murillo", "s": "Spanish Baroque painter of religious works and everyday life", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/bartolom-esteban-murillo.webp", "c": "Bartolomé Esteban Murillo · via Wikipedia: Bartolomé Esteban Murillo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/history-painting/": {"t": "History painting", "s": "A narrative painting genre, traditionally the highest form of Western art."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "/e/old-masters/antonio-da-correggio/": {"t": "Antonio da Correggio", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter of the Parma school, master of illusionistic perspective."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/salamanca/": {"t": "Salamanca", "s": "Historic university city and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/nicolas-poussin/": {"t": "Nicolas Poussin", "s": "Leading painter of the classical French Baroque style", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/nicolas-poussin.webp", "c": "Nicolas Poussin · via Wikipedia: Nicolas Poussin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/landscape-painting/": {"t": "Landscape painting", "s": "Depiction of natural scenery as a coherent composition."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/rembrandt/": {"t": "Rembrandt", "s": "Dutch Golden Age master of light, shadow, and human emotion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/rembrandt.webp", "c": "Rembrandt · via Wikipedia: Rembrandt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/pointillism/": {"t": "Pointillism", "s": "A painting technique using small dots of color."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/johannes-vermeer/": {"t": "Johannes Vermeer", "s": "The Sphinx of Delft: Master of Light and Domestic Interiors"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/thomas-gainsborough/": {"t": "Thomas Gainsborough", "s": "English portrait and landscape painter, founding member of the Royal Academy", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/thomas-gainsborough.webp", "c": "Thomas Gainsborough · via Wikipedia: Thomas Gainsborough · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/j-m-w-turner/": {"t": "J. M. W. Turner", "s": "English Romantic painter who elevated landscape painting."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/john-constable/": {"t": "John Constable", "s": "English landscape painter of the Romantic tradition"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/vincent-van-gogh/": {"t": "Vincent van Gogh", "s": "The tortured genius who changed art forever.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/vincent-van-gogh.webp", "c": "Vincent van Gogh · via Wikipedia: Vincent van Gogh · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claude-monet/": {"t": "Claude Monet", "s": "French painter and founder of Impressionism, precursor to modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/piet-mondrian/": {"t": "Piet Mondrian", "s": "Pioneer of abstract art and co-founder of De Stijl.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/piet-mondrian.webp", "c": "AnonymousUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Piet Mondrian · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/lorenzo-de-medici/": {"t": "Lorenzo de' Medici", "s": "Italian statesman and foremost patron of Renaissance culture."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/mount-olympus/": {"t": "Mount Olympus", "s": "Home of the Greek gods and Greece's highest peak.", "i": "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/img/greek-myths/mount-olympus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mount Olympus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/benedict-of-nursia/": {"t": "Benedict of Nursia", "s": "Italian monk who authored the influential Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-mythology/e/christian-mythology/antichrist/": {"t": "Antichrist", "s": "Prophesied opponent of Christ, appearing before the Second Coming."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/last-judgment/": {"t": "Last Judgment", "s": "Final divine judgment of all humanity in Abrahamic faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dante-alighieri/": {"t": "Dante Alighieri", "s": "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/marche/": {"t": "Marche", "s": "Central Italian region with a hilly landscape and Renaissance heritage."}, "/e/old-masters/pietro-perugino/": {"t": "Pietro Perugino", "s": "Umbrian painter whose work prefigured the High Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-genesis/": {"t": "Book of Genesis", "s": "First book of the Hebrew Bible, recounting creation and Israel's origins."}, "https://codexery.com/constantine-the-great/e/constantine-the-great/helena-mother-of-constantine-i/": {"t": "Helena, mother of Constantine I", "s": "Mother of Constantine I and discoverer of the True Cross."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/victoria-and-albert-museum/": {"t": "Victoria and Albert Museum", "s": "World's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/doge-s-palace/": {"t": "Doge's Palace", "s": "Venetian Gothic palace, former residence of the Doge, now a museum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/doge-s-palace.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Molo (Genoa) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/senate/": {"t": "Senate", "s": "A deliberative assembly, often the upper house of a bicameral legislature."}, "/e/old-masters/el-greco/": {"t": "El Greco", "s": "Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, known for tortuously elongated figures and fantastic pigmentation."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/the-last-supper-leonardo/": {"t": "The Last Supper (Leonardo)", "s": "Leonardo da Vinci's mural of the Last Supper, painted in tempera on gesso, pitch, and mastic, housed in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/commedia-dell-arte/": {"t": "Commedia dell'arte", "s": "The masked theatre of improvisation and stock characters that captivated Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/franco-dutch-war/": {"t": "Franco-Dutch War", "s": "A European conflict from 1672 to 1678 between France and the Dutch Republic, marked by the Rampjaar and the Peace of Nijmegen."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/fran-ois-boucher/": {"t": "François Boucher", "s": "French Rococo painter, draughtsman and etcher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/fran-ois-boucher.webp", "c": "Gustaf Lundberg · via Wikipedia: François Boucher · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/collectors-of-fairy-tales/e/collectors-of-fairy-tales/anne-claude-de-caylus/": {"t": "Anne Claude de Caylus", "s": "French antiquarian, proto-archaeologist, man of letters and etcher."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jan-van-eyck/": {"t": "Jan van Eyck", "s": "Early Netherlandish painter and innovator of oil painting techniques.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jan-van-eyck.webp", "c": "Jan van Eyck · via Wikipedia: Jan van Eyck · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/robert-campin/": {"t": "Robert Campin", "s": "Early Netherlandish painter, often identified with the Master of Flémalle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/robert-campin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Campin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/tournai/": {"t": "Tournai", "s": "One of Belgium's oldest cities, first Frankish capital."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xi/": {"t": "Louis XI", "s": "The Prudent King who spun webs of diplomacy"}, "https://codexery.com/joseph-of-arimathea/e/joseph-of-arimathea/the-descent-from-the-cross-van-der-weyden/": {"t": "The Descent from the Cross (van der Weyden)", "s": "A pivotal Early Netherlandish depiction of Christ's deposition."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/leuven/": {"t": "Leuven", "s": "Capital of Flemish Brabant, oldest university city in the Low Countries."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/burgos/": {"t": "Burgos", "s": "Historic city and former Francoist headquarters in northern Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/lives-of-the-most-excellent-painters-sculptors-and-architects/": {"t": "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects", "s": "First important book on art history, by Giorgio Vasari."}}