{"https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/giorgione/": {"t": "Giorgione", "s": "Venetian painter known for poetic, mysterious works."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/giovanni-bellini/": {"t": "Giovanni Bellini", "s": "Venetian painter who revolutionised colour and influenced Giorgione and Titian."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/gentile-da-fabriano/": {"t": "Gentile da Fabriano", "s": "Italian painter of the International Gothic style, noted for naturalistic detail."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/titian/": {"t": "Titian", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, founder of the Venetian school, known for his masterful use of colour.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/titian.webp", "c": "Titian · via Wikipedia: Titian · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic architecture", "s": "Medieval architectural style defined by the pointed arch and verticality."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/lombardy/": {"t": "Lombardy", "s": "The most populous region of Italy, second-most populous in the EU, and a global centre for business, fashion, and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-saints-popes/e/catholic-saints-and-popes/mark-the-evangelist/": {"t": "Mark the Evangelist", "s": "Traditional author of the Gospel of Mark and founder of the Church of Alexandria.", "i": "https://codexery.com/catholic-saints-popes/img/catholic-saints-and-popes/mark-the-evangelist.webp", "c": "Judgefloro · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-mark-s-basilica/": {"t": "St Mark's Basilica", "s": "Venetian state sanctuary and cathedral holding relics of Saint Mark.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-mark-s-basilica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Mark's Basilica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/architects/jacopo-sansovino/": {"t": "Jacopo Sansovino", "s": "Florentine sculptor and architect of the Italian Renaissance, master of Venetian Renaissance architecture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architects/img/architects/jacopo-sansovino.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jacopo Sansovino · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-malik-ibn-marwan/": {"t": "Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan", "s": "Fifth Umayyad caliph who reunified the Caliphate and introduced key administrative reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/temple-mount/": {"t": "Temple Mount", "s": "A contested holy site central to Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/temple-mount.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Temple Mount · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/islamic-architecture/": {"t": "Islamic architecture", "s": "Architectural styles of buildings associated with Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/isra-and-mi-raj/": {"t": "Isra' and Mi'raj", "s": "The night journey and ascension of Muhammad, a pivotal event in Islamic tradition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/img/islamic-mythology/isra-and-mi-raj.webp", "c": "Ahmad252 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and-mytholog/e/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and-mythology/binding-of-isaac/": {"t": "Binding of Isaac", "s": "God commands Abraham to sacrifice Isaac; a ram is substituted."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/western-wall/": {"t": "Western Wall", "s": "Renaissance Revival flatiron building, former steamship and cocoa exchange headquarters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/western-wall.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1 Wall Street Court · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/column/": {"t": "Column", "s": "The structural and decorative backbone of architecture through the ages."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/marble/": {"t": "Marble", "s": "Metamorphic rock prized for sculpture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/byzantine-art/": {"t": "Byzantine art", "s": "Art of the Byzantine Empire and its cultural inheritors."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mamluk-sultanate/": {"t": "Mamluk Sultanate", "s": "A slave-soldier dynasty that ruled Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-nasir-muhammad/": {"t": "Al-Nasir Muhammad", "s": "The nine-year-old sultan who ruled Egypt three times", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-nasir-muhammad.webp", "c": "Ashashyou · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-ma-mun/": {"t": "Al-Ma'mun", "s": "Seventh Abbasid caliph who fostered the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/fatimid-caliphate/": {"t": "Fatimid Caliphate", "s": "Isma'ili Shi'a caliphate spanning North Africa and West Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/saladin/": {"t": "Saladin", "s": "Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and sultan of Egypt and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-architecture/": {"t": "Renaissance architecture", "s": "Revival of classical Greek and Roman architectural principles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-architecture.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-peter-s-basilica/": {"t": "St. Peter's Basilica", "s": "The Vatican's Renaissance basilica over the traditional tomb of Saint Peter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-peter-s-basilica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St. Peter's Basilica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/picardy/": {"t": "Picardy", "s": "Historical territory in northern France, never a duchy or principality."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-ii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry II of France", "s": "King of France who died from a jousting wound."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-bourbon/": {"t": "House of Bourbon", "s": "European dynasty ruling France, Spain, and other kingdoms since the 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-vii/": {"t": "Ferdinand VII", "s": "King whose reign deepened Spain's liberal-absolutist divide."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/isabella-ii/": {"t": "Isabella II", "s": "First queen regnant of unified Spain, deposed in 1868."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-vi/": {"t": "Ferdinand VI", "s": "King of Spain who avoided war and enacted moderate reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/alc-zar-of-seville/": {"t": "Alcázar of Seville", "s": "A royal palace blending Mudéjar, Gothic, and Renaissance styles, with origins in a 10th-century Umayyad citadel."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/jainism/": {"t": "Jainism", "s": "Indian religion centered on nonviolence and spiritual liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-india/e/world-heritage-sites-in-india/kailasa-temple-ellora/": {"t": "Kailasa Temple, Ellora", "s": "Largest rock-cut Hindu temple at Ellora, carved from a single rock."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/mumbai/": {"t": "Mumbai", "s": "Financial and entertainment capital of India, built on seven islands."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-india/e/world-heritage-sites-in-india/ajanta-caves/": {"t": "Ajanta Caves", "s": "Rock-cut Buddhist caves with ancient murals and sculptures."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/maharashtra/": {"t": "Maharashtra", "s": "Land of the Deccan Plateau and India's financial heart", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/maharashtra.webp", "c": "Own work based on user:Chumwa · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/daityas/e/daityas/ilvala-and-vatapi/": {"t": "Ilvala and Vatapi", "s": "Asura brothers whose murderous scheme was foiled by the sage Agastya."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/agastya/": {"t": "Agastya", "s": "Revered Indian sage, father of Siddha medicine, and Tamil grammar pioneer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/img/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/agastya.webp", "c": "Jonathan Cardy · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous/": {"t": "Cretaceous", "s": "The longest geological period, marked by warm climates, dinosaurs, and the rise of flowering plants, ending with a mass extinction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/bodhisattva/": {"t": "Bodhisattva", "s": "A being who delays nirvana to help others awaken."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/e/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/mahayana/": {"t": "Mahayana", "s": "Largest Buddhist branch emphasizing the bodhisattva path to buddhahood.", "i": "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/img/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/mahayana.webp", "c": "VargaA · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/vajrayana/": {"t": "Vajrayana", "s": "A Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition emphasizing esoteric practices for rapid enlightenment."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tantra/": {"t": "Tantra", "s": "Esoteric yogic tradition with complex cosmologies and ritual practices."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tara-buddhism/": {"t": "Tara (Buddhism)", "s": "Female Buddha and saviouress in Vajrayana and Mahayana Buddhism."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/avalokite-vara/": {"t": "Avalokiteśvara", "s": "The Bodhisattva of Great Compassion, known across Buddhist traditions as the Lord Who Looks Down."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/shaktism/": {"t": "Shaktism", "s": "A Hindu tradition revering the divine feminine as ultimate reality."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/durga/": {"t": "Durga", "s": "Invincible goddess of protection, strength, and the power of good over evil."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/brahman/": {"t": "Brahman", "s": "Ultimate reality and source of all existence in Hindu thought."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/vayu/": {"t": "Vayu", "s": "Hindu god of winds, divine messenger, and life breath."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/surya/": {"t": "Surya", "s": "Hindu solar deity and one of five major Smarta deities."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/shaivism/": {"t": "Shaivism", "s": "A major Hindu tradition revering Shiva as the supreme being."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/vaishnavism/": {"t": "Vaishnavism", "s": "One of the major Hindu denominations, centered on Vishnu as supreme."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ghana/": {"t": "Ghana", "s": "First Sub-Saharan African colony to achieve sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-guinea/": {"t": "Gulf of Guinea", "s": "Northeastern tropical Atlantic gulf with Null Island and major rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/werner-herzog/": {"t": "Werner Herzog", "s": "Pioneer of New German Cinema, filmmaker of impossible dreams.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/img/film-and-theater-icons/werner-herzog.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Klaus Kinski · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/prince-henry-the-navigator/": {"t": "Prince Henry the Navigator", "s": "Portuguese prince and patron of early exploration"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/christopher-columbus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/textile-production/e/textile-production/textile/": {"t": "Textile", "s": "Fibre-based materials from clothing to geotextiles."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/masonry/": {"t": "Masonry", "s": "One of the oldest building crafts, using stone, brick, and mortar."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/justinian-i/": {"t": "Justinian I", "s": "Roman emperor who codified Roman law and reconquered lost territories."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/romanesque-architecture/": {"t": "Romanesque architecture", "s": "First pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman architecture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/romanesque-architecture.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-fall-of-constantinople/": {"t": "The Fall of Constantinople", "s": "The fall of Constantinople in 1453 marked the end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the early modern period."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/evliya-elebi/": {"t": "Evliya Çelebi", "s": "Ottoman explorer who wrote the ten-volume Seyahatnâme."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/e/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/bhumibol-adulyadej/": {"t": "Bhumibol Adulyadej", "s": "Longest-reigning Thai monarch and third-longest reigning sovereign in verified history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/img/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/bhumibol-adulyadej.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bhumibol Adulyadej · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/taksin/": {"t": "Taksin", "s": "Thai Chinese general who liberated Siam and founded Thonburi.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/taksin.webp", "c": "Tmd · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/vajiravudh/": {"t": "Vajiravudh", "s": "The nationalist king who modernized Siam"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-mythology/e/buddhist-mythology/mount-meru/": {"t": "Mount Meru", "s": "Sacred five-peaked mountain at the center of cosmic universes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/buddhist-mythology/img/buddhist-mythology/mount-meru.webp", "c": "Anonymous Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-birds/e/legendary-birds/garuda/": {"t": "Garuda", "s": "Divine bird-mount of Vishnu and king of birds."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/cardinal-direction/": {"t": "Cardinal direction", "s": "Four main compass points used for navigation and orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-mythology/e/hindu-mythology/hindu-mythology/": {"t": "Hindu mythology", "s": "Myths from Hindu texts, foundational to society and theology."}, "https://codexery.com/home-and-furniture/e/home-and-furniture/bedroom/": {"t": "Bedroom", "s": "A room primarily used for sleeping within a residence."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/cremation/": {"t": "Cremation", "s": "A method of final disposition through burning, with ancient roots and modern practice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/cremation.webp", "c": "TobyEditor · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Renaissance Revival architecture", "s": "A 19th-century revival stitching Italian, French, and Flemish Renaissance forms into one working language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-revival-architecture.webp", "c": "Bmzuckerman · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/babylon/": {"t": "Babylon", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, heart of Babylonia and home of wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/nebuchadnezzar-ii/": {"t": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "s": "The Great Builder and Conqueror of Babylon"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/medes/": {"t": "Medes", "s": "Iron Age Iranian people of Media, known from foreign sources and archaeology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/josephus/": {"t": "Josephus", "s": "Roman–Jewish historian and military leader, author of The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus/": {"t": "Diodorus Siculus", "s": "Greek historian who compiled the vast universal history Bibliotheca Historica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bibliotheca Historica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/sennacherib/": {"t": "Sennacherib", "s": "King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 705 BC until his assassination in 681 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/nineveh/": {"t": "Nineveh", "s": "Nineveh was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia, part of the Near East, and now lies within the modern Iraqi city of Mosul on the Tigris River’s eastern bank."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mosul/": {"t": "Mosul", "s": "Major northern Iraqi city on the Tigris, near ancient Nineveh."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from 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"https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/horse-racing/": {"t": "Horse racing", "s": "Ancient equestrian competition over set distances, with global gambling significance."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantine-the-great/": {"t": "Constantine the Great", "s": "First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/heracles/": {"t": "Heracles", "s": "The greatest of Greek heroes, champion of the Olympian order, and a bridge between mortal and divine."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/hagia-sophia/": {"t": "Hagia Sophia", "s": "Justinian's great domed church in Istanbul: cathedral, mosque, museum and mosque again.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/hagia-sophia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hagia Sophia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mehmed-ii/": {"t": "Mehmed II", "s": "The Conqueror of Constantinople"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/sacrificial-tripod/": {"t": "Sacrificial tripod", "s": "Three-legged stand used in ancient rituals and offerings."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-plataea/": {"t": "Battle of Plataea", "s": "Final land battle ending the second Persian invasion of Greece."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/greco-persian-wars/": {"t": "Greco-Persian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/luxor/": {"t": "Luxor", "s": "The world's greatest open-air museum"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/parliament/": {"t": "Parliament", "s": "A legislature representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing government."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic Revival architecture", "s": "A movement reviving medieval Gothic architecture in the 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/palace-of-westminster/": {"t": "Palace of Westminster", "s": "Meeting place of the UK Parliament, a symbol of British government."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/stephen-i-of-hungary/": {"t": "Stephen I of Hungary", "s": "First king of Hungary, unifier and saint."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/john-hunyadi/": {"t": "John Hunyadi", "s": "Leading Hungarian military and political figure, regent of Hungary, and defender against the Ottomans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/john-hunyadi.webp", "c": "János Thuróczy · via Wikipedia: John Hunyadi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/e/persian-and-central-asian-poets/attila-j-zsef/": {"t": "Attila József", "s": "Hungarian poet, hailed posthumously as a proletarian poet."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/hiroshima-prefecture/": {"t": "Hiroshima Prefecture", "s": "Prefecture in Chūgoku region, known for atomic bombing and UNESCO sites.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/hiroshima-prefecture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hiroshima Prefecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Song dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/shinto/": {"t": "Shinto", "s": "Japan's indigenous religion centered on kami worship."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-swordfighters/e/mythological-swordfighters/susanoo-no-mikoto/": {"t": "Susanoo-no-Mikoto", "s": "A wild, heroic kami of storms, sea, and agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/heian-period/": {"t": "Heian period", "s": "A period of peace, cultural flowering, and Fujiwara dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/jeffersonian-democracy/": {"t": "Jeffersonian democracy", "s": "Agrarian republicanism opposing elitism and centralized power."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/neoclassical-architecture/": {"t": "Neoclassical architecture", "s": "A return to pure classical forms adapted to modern purposes."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/pantheon-rome/": {"t": "Pantheon, Rome", "s": "Ancient Roman temple, now a Catholic church, with the largest unreinforced concrete dome."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/university-of-virginia/": {"t": "University of Virginia", "s": "Founded by Thomas Jefferson, home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franklin-d-roosevelt/": {"t": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "s": "32nd US president who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/lincoln-memorial/": {"t": "Lincoln Memorial", "s": "Neoclassical temple honoring Abraham Lincoln on the National Mall."}, "https://codexery.com/architects-and-designers/e/architects-and-designers/pierre-charles-l-enfant/": {"t": "Pierre Charles L'Enfant", "s": "French-American engineer who designed Washington, D.C.'s baroque plan."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/washington-monument/": {"t": "Washington Monument", "s": "Obelisk on the National Mall honoring George Washington.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/washington-monument.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Washington Monument · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/conifers-allies/e/conifers-and-allies/pinus-strobus/": {"t": "Pinus strobus", "s": "Eastern white pine is the tallest tree in eastern North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/conifers-allies/img/conifers-and-allies/pinus-strobus.webp", "c": "OlyScientist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/vermont/": {"t": "Vermont", "s": "Second-least populated U.S. state, known for progressivism and maple syrup."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin/": {"t": "Benjamin Franklin", "s": "Founding Father, scientist, inventor, and diplomat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Benjamin Franklin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/frieze/": {"t": "Frieze", "s": "Central entablature section, often decorated with bas-reliefs."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/james-madison/": {"t": "James Madison", "s": "Scholar of peasant resistance and state power", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/james-madison.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James C. Scott · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-washington/": {"t": "George Washington", "s": "First president of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/stained-glass/": {"t": "Stained glass", "s": "Coloured glass used in windows and decorative art."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/henry-viii/": {"t": "Henry VIII", "s": "King of England (1509–1547) and Ireland (1542–1547), known for his six marriages and the English Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/oliver-cromwell/": {"t": "Oliver Cromwell", "s": "Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens/": {"t": "Peter Paul Rubens", "s": "Flemish Baroque painter who created the first large-scale Baroque altarpiece in Flanders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens.webp", "c": "Peter Paul Rubens · via Wikipedia: Peter Paul Rubens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/leuven/": {"t": "Leuven", "s": "Capital of Flemish Brabant, oldest university city in the Low Countries."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/armenian-apostolic-church/": {"t": "Armenian Apostolic Church", "s": "Ancient autocephalous church of Armenia, first state Christian church."}, "https://codexery.com/spatial-analysis-gis/e/spatial-analysis-and-gis/region/": {"t": "Region", "s": "Spatial divisions of Earth's surface with definable characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/urartu/": {"t": "Urartu", "s": "Iron Age kingdom centered on the Armenian highlands, rival of Assyria.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/urartu.webp", "c": "Esayi-Muse · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/basilica/": {"t": "Basilica", "s": "Ancient Roman public building, later adapted for Christian worship."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aztec Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/calouste-gulbenkian/": {"t": "Calouste Gulbenkian", "s": "Armenian-British oil magnate and philanthropist known as 'Mr. Five Per Cent'", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/calouste-gulbenkian.webp", "c": "Unknown, part of the Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian whose rights are in the public domain as specified by their conditions of use: \"All the content is free to use · via Wikipedia: Calouste Gulbenkian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/national-geographic/": {"t": "National Geographic", "s": "A monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners, based in Washington, DC, covering geography, popular science, world history, culture, and current ", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/national-geographic.webp", "c": "Benjamín Núñez González · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/frank-lloyd-wright/": {"t": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "s": "The greatest American architect of all time"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/reinforced-concrete/": {"t": "Reinforced concrete", "s": "Composite material compensating concrete's low tensile strength with reinforcement."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone/": {"t": "Sandstone", "s": "Clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized silicate grains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone.webp", "c": "Douglas W. Jones · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alberto-giacometti/": {"t": "Alberto Giacometti", "s": "Swiss sculptor of existential forms"}, "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/e/american-state-capitals/madison-wisconsin/": {"t": "Madison, Wisconsin", "s": "Capital of Wisconsin, home to a major university and progressive politics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/img/american-state-capitals/madison-wisconsin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Madison, Wisconsin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/settling/": {"t": "Settling", "s": "Particulates settle under gravity or centrifugal force."}, "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/e/companies-and-conglomerates/dupont/": {"t": "DuPont", "s": "A chemical company that developed many synthetic materials.", "i": "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/img/companies-and-conglomerates/dupont.webp", "c": "Michael Rivera · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/monticello/": {"t": "Monticello", "s": "Thomas Jefferson's plantation home and UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/prestressed-concrete/": {"t": "Prestressed concrete", "s": "Concrete strengthened by internal compression from tensioned tendons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/img/manufacturing-and-materials/prestressed-concrete.webp", "c": "Scaglione, Nick · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/rammed-earth/": {"t": "Rammed earth", "s": "Ancient building technique revived for sustainable construction."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/vernacular-architecture/": {"t": "Vernacular architecture", "s": "Building by local tradition, not professional architects."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/xiamen/": {"t": "Xiamen", "s": "A historic port city and special economic zone on the Taiwan Strait."}, "/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/jefferson-memorial/": {"t": "Jefferson Memorial", "s": "A neoclassical tribute to the author of the Declaration of Independence, anchoring the National Mall alongside the White House.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/jefferson-memorial.webp", "c": "Brian Hamfeldt · via Wikipedia: Jefferson Memorial · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/western-hemisphere/": {"t": "Western Hemisphere", "s": "U.S. Department of Defense school for Latin American security personnel, formerly the School of the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/bond-finance/": {"t": "Bond (finance)", "s": "A debt security obligating the issuer to pay principal and interest."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/eminent-domain/": {"t": "Eminent domain", "s": "Compulsory acquisition of private property for public use with compensation."}, "https://codexery.com/architects-and-designers/e/architects-and-designers/richard-neutra/": {"t": "Richard Neutra", "s": "Richard Joseph Neutra (8 April 1892 – 16 April 1970) was an Austrian-American architect who spent most of his career in Southern California and became a leading"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "s": "34th president of the United States and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-pyramid-of-giza/": {"t": "The Great Pyramid of Giza", "s": "The oldest and only largely intact Wonder of the Ancient World, the Great Pyramid of Giza stands as the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu, built c. 2600 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-pyramid-of-giza.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/the-great-sphinx/": {"t": "The Great Sphinx", "s": "The oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt, the Great Sphinx of Giza remains an enduring mystery of ancient craftsmanship."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/old-kingdom-of-egypt/": {"t": "Old Kingdom of Egypt", "s": "The Age of the Pyramids: Egypt's first golden age of pyramid-building and centralized rule."}, 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"https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/human-shield/": {"t": "Human shield", "s": "Non-combatants used to shield military targets from attack."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/associated-press/": {"t": "Associated Press", "s": "A not-for-profit news cooperative founded in 1846.", "i": "https://codexery.com/news-media/img/news-media/associated-press.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Associated Press · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-york-state/": {"t": "New York (state)", "s": "The Empire State: A global node of creativity, entrepreneurship, and natural wonder."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and 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"https://codexery.com/construction-materials/img/construction-and-materials/cement.webp", "c": "Nnnjens · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/iraq-war/": {"t": "Iraq War", "s": "The 2003 to 2011 conflict that opened with a US-led invasion and removed Saddam Hussein from power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/iraq-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iraq War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tunis/": {"t": "Tunis", "s": "Capital of Tunisia, 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postmodern designs and use of unconventional forms and materials, including titanium and stainless steel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/frank-gehry.webp", "c": "City of Toronto / Jose San Juan · via Wikipedia: Frank Gehry · Attribution"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/modernist-and-contemporary-pioneers/richard-serra/": {"t": "Richard Serra", "s": "Large-scale sculptor of site-specific steel works"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/cubism/": {"t": "Cubism", "s": "Avant-garde movement that revolutionized visual art through multiple perspectives."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/mark-rothko/": {"t": "Mark Rothko", "s": "Artist of the fourteen paintings in the Rothko Chapel, Houston.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/mark-rothko.webp", "c": "Consuelo Kanaga · via Wikipedia: Mark Rothko · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/jenny-holzer/": {"t": "Jenny Holzer", "s": "American neo-conceptual artist known for text in public spaces."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/yves-klein/": {"t": "Yves Klein", "s": "French artist and leading member of Nouveau réalisme, pioneer of performance art."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/jeff-koons/": {"t": "Jeff Koons", "s": "American artist known for popular culture sculptures and record auction prices.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/modern-and-contemporary-artists/jeff-koons.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jeff Koons · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-folk-traditions/e/world-and-folk-traditions/a-r-rahman/": {"t": "A. R. Rahman", "s": "Indian composer known for Tamil and Hindi film scores."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-wall-street-journal/": {"t": "The Wall Street Journal", "s": "American business newspaper, newspaper of record, center-right editorial page."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/hangul/": {"t": "Hangul", "s": "The Korean alphabet, created by King Sejong the Great.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/hangul.webp", "c": "Wikigurvb2 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/imjin-war/": {"t": "Imjin 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the Rock", "s": "World's oldest surviving Islamic architectural monument."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-india/e/world-heritage-sites-in-india/fatehpur-sikri/": {"t": "Fatehpur Sikri", "s": "Mughal capital founded by Akbar, now a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/hiroshima/": {"t": "Hiroshima", "s": "First city targeted by a nuclear weapon in history."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki/": {"t": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "s": "First and only nuclear attacks in war, ending World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki.webp", "c": "Government Printing Office · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan/": {"t": "Surrender of Japan", "s": "Japan's surrender ended World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan.webp", "c": "Harry Beanham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/dakar/": {"t": "Dakar", "s": "Capital of Senegal, westernmost point of mainland Africa"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nantes/": {"t": "Nantes", "s": "City of the Dukes of Brittany on the Loire"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/nelson-mandela/": {"t": "Nelson Mandela", "s": "South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and first black president."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/amman/": {"t": "Amman", "s": "Jordan's capital and largest city, ancient and modern center."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures/e/sculptures/relief/": {"t": "Relief", "s": "Sculptural method where forms remain attached to a solid background."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/lapis-lazuli/": {"t": "Lapis lazuli", "s": "A deep-blue metamorphic rock prized since antiquity for its intense color and use in ultramarine pigment."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox/": {"t": "Equinox", "s": "Twice-yearly moment when day and night are nearly equal worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox.webp", "c": "江戸村のとくぞう · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/cuneiform/": {"t": "Cuneiform", "s": "One of the oldest known writing systems, used for over three millennia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/cuneiform.webp", "c": "Mason, William Albert, 1855-1923 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/persepolis/": {"t": "Persepolis", "s": "Persepolis served as the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, which lasted from around 550 to 330 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/fars-province/": {"t": "Fars province", "s": "Ancient Persian homeland, cradle of Achaemenid and Sasanian empires.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/fars-province.webp", "c": "Bryn Pinzgauer · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/legislature/": {"t": "Legislature", "s": "A deliberative assembly with authority to make law."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/e/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/ayub-khan/": {"t": "Ayub Khan", "s": "Pakistan's longest-serving president and architect of the 'Decade of Development.'", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/img/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/ayub-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ayub Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alvar-aalto/": {"t": "Alvar Aalto", "s": "Finnish architect and designer known for humanizing modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/le-corbusier/": {"t": "Le Corbusier", "s": "French-Swiss pioneer of modern architecture and urban planning."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/bangladesh-liberation-war/": {"t": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "s": "The armed conflict that led to the independence of Bangladesh."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/masjid-al-haram/": {"t": "Masjid al-Haram", "s": "The holiest mosque in Islam, site of the Kaaba."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/abraham-in-islam/": {"t": "Abraham in Islam", "s": "Prophet and patriarch in Islam, exemplar of faith and builder of the Kaaba.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/img/islamic-mythology/abraham-in-islam.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hajj/": {"t": "Hajj", "s": "Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a required religious duty."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/ramadan/": {"t": "Ramadan", "s": "Islamic month of fasting, prayer, and spiritual reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/pilgrimage/": {"t": "Pilgrimage", "s": "A journey to a holy place for spiritual transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/druze/": {"t": "Druze", "s": "Esoteric monotheistic group originating from Ismā‘īli Shiʿa Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/al-ahsa-oasis/": {"t": "Al-Ahsa Oasis", "s": "The world's largest oasis, a lush haven in the Arabian desert."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/religion-in-pre-islamic-arabia/": {"t": "Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia", "s": "Polytheistic and monotheistic traditions coexisted in pre-Islamic Arabia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/img/islamic-mythology/religion-in-pre-islamic-arabia.webp", "c": "Burton, Isabel, Lady, 1831-1896 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "World's largest peninsula, formed by a divergent tectonic boundary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/tawhid/": {"t": "Tawhid", "s": "Islam's core principle of absolute divine oneness."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/umayyad-mosque/": {"t": "Umayyad Mosque", "s": "One of the largest and oldest mosques in the world, blending millennia of religious history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/umayyad-mosque.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba · see source"}, "/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/giza-pyramid-complex/": {"t": "Giza pyramid complex", "s": "Ancient Egyptian pyramid complex built during the Fourth Dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-kingdom-of-egypt/": {"t": "Middle Kingdom of Egypt", "s": "Period of reunification and stability after the First Intermediate Period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-kingdom-of-egypt.webp", "c": "Gert7 · via Wikipedia: Middle Kingdom of Egypt · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "s": "The Greek-ruled Egyptian kingdom of the Ptolemies, from Ptolemy I in 305 BC to Cleopatra VII in 30 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ptolemaic Kingdom · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/amun/": {"t": "Amun", "s": "The hidden king of the gods, Amun rose from Theban patron to national creator deity."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/luxor-temple/": {"t": "Luxor Temple", "s": "Ancient Egyptian temple dedicated to the rejuvenation of kingship."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/hatshepsut/": {"t": "Hatshepsut", "s": "Second confirmed female pharaoh who ruled during a period of prosperity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/hatshepsut.webp", "c": "Holger Uwe Schmitt · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/akhenaten/": {"t": "Akhenaten", "s": "Ancient Egyptian pharaoh who introduced the worship of the Aten.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/akhenaten.webp", "c": "The wub · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/lever/": {"t": "Lever", "s": "A rigid beam pivoted to amplify force."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-sea-peoples/": {"t": "The Sea Peoples", "s": "The Sea Peoples were a confederation of tribes that attacked Egypt and other areas around the eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age, roughly 1200 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-pharaohs/e/ancient-egyptian-pharaohs/nectanebo-i/": {"t": "Nectanebo I", "s": "Founder of Egypt's last native dynasty, a builder and defender."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/nubia/": {"t": "Nubia", "s": "Ancient African region along the Nile, home to the Kerma culture and Kingdom of Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/madhya-pradesh/": {"t": "Madhya Pradesh", "s": "The central province of India, rich in history and minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/edible-fruits-vegetables/e/edible-fruits-and-vegetables/date-palm/": {"t": "Date palm", "s": "A cultivated palm bearing sweet dates, emblematic of oasis agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/new-delhi/": {"t": "New Delhi", "s": "The capital city of India, seat of government, and a planned city within the National Capital Territory of Delhi."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/agra/": {"t": "Agra", "s": "Mughal capital and home of the Taj Mahal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/agra.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/varanasi/": {"t": "Varanasi", "s": "The luminous city on the Ganges, ancient seat of learning and liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bhopal/": {"t": "Bhopal", "s": "Bhopal serves as the capital of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative center for both its district and division.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bhopal.webp", "c": "Suyash Dwivedi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/rajasthan/": {"t": "Rajasthan", "s": "Land of Kings"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-silk-road-and-beyond/e/explorers-of-the-silk-road-and-beyond/xuanzang/": {"t": "Xuanzang", "s": "7th-century Chinese monk who journeyed to India and translated Buddhist scriptures."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mahmud-of-ghazni/": {"t": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "s": "Undefeated Sultan who built a vast empire from Iran to India."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ibn-battuta/": {"t": "Ibn Battuta", "s": "The greatest traveller of the pre-modern world, whose journeys spanned Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ibn-battuta.webp", "c": "Léon Benett · via Wikipedia: Ibn Battuta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/dharma/": {"t": "Dharma", "s": "Central concept in Indian-origin religions with multiple meanings."}}