{"https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/sheet-metal/": {"t": "Sheet metal", "s": "Metal formed into thin, flat pieces by industrial processes."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/land-mine/": {"t": "Land mine", "s": "Concealed explosive weapon that endangers civilians long after conflict ends."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-inventions/e/italian-inventions/arduino/": {"t": "Arduino", "s": "Italian open-source platform for building interactive electronic devices."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/compiler/": {"t": "Compiler", "s": "Software that translates high-level code into low-level machine code."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/c-programming-language/": {"t": "C (programming language)", "s": "The foundational systems programming language that powers operating systems, embedded systems, and more."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/printed-circuit-board/": {"t": "Printed circuit board", "s": "Laminated board connecting electronic components via etched copper traces."}, "https://codexery.com/finnish-inventions/e/finnish-inventions/linux/": {"t": "Linux", "s": "Free and open-source Unix-like operating system family."}, "https://codexery.com/python/e/python/python-programming-language/": {"t": "Python (programming language)", "s": "High-level, general-purpose language emphasizing readability and simplicity."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/light-emitting-diode/": {"t": "Light-emitting diode", "s": "Semiconductor device converting electricity into light via electroluminescence."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/usb-mass-storage-device-class/": {"t": "USB mass storage device class", "s": "Protocol making USB devices accessible as external hard drives."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/assembly-language/": {"t": "Assembly language", "s": "Low-level language with strong correspondence to machine code."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/e/pc-hardware/field-programmable-gate-array/": {"t": "Field-programmable gate array", "s": "Configurable integrated circuit reprogrammable after manufacturing."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitric-acid/": {"t": "Nitric acid", "s": "A highly corrosive mineral acid used in nitration and as a strong oxidizing agent."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/hydroelectricity/": {"t": "Hydroelectricity", "s": "Electricity generated from hydropower, a key low-carbon energy source."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnet/": {"t": "Electromagnet", "s": "Electromagnet produces magnetic field via electric current."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/lorentz-force/": {"t": "Lorentz force", "s": "Force on a charged particle by electric and magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/fractional-distillation/": {"t": "Fractional distillation", "s": "Separates liquid mixtures by boiling point using vaporization and condensation."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/haber-process/": {"t": "Haber process", "s": "The main industrial procedure for ammonia production, converting atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen using an iron catalyst.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/haber-process.webp", "c": "Johannes Schneider · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/fiberglass/": {"t": "Fiberglass", "s": "A versatile composite material of glass fiber and plastic matrix."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/electric-motor/": {"t": "Electric motor", "s": "Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy via magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/fiat/": {"t": "Fiat", "s": "FIAT Automobiles S.p.A., the Italian carmaker commonly called FIAT, became a subsidiary of Stellantis in 2021 after its parent, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, merge", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/fiat.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fiat · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ocean-s-eleven/e/lore/matt-damon/": {"t": "Matt Damon", "s": "Academy Award-winning actor, screenwriter, and producer."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/ombudsman/": {"t": "Ombudsman", "s": "A government official who investigates complaints and recommends remedies."}, "https://codexery.com/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/e/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/anders-behring-breivik/": {"t": "Anders Behring Breivik", "s": "Norwegian mass murderer and domestic terrorist behind the 2011 Norway attacks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/img/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/anders-behring-breivik.webp", "c": "Wolfmann · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-criminal-court/": {"t": "International Criminal Court", "s": "Permanent international court for genocide, war crimes, and aggression."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/machine-gun/": {"t": "Machine gun", "s": "A fully automatic firearm for sustained direct fire support.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/machine-gun.webp", "c": "Nafis Fuad Ayon · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/electrical-capacitor/": {"t": "Electrical capacitor", "s": "Passive component storing electrical energy via separated conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/inductance/": {"t": "Inductance", "s": "Inductance opposes changes in electric current via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/copper/": {"t": "Copper", "s": "A highly conductive metal essential to civilization and life."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/mos-capacitor/": {"t": "MOS capacitor", "s": "Core structure enabling the MOSFET and modern integrated circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/vacuum-permeability/": {"t": "Vacuum permeability", "s": "Physical constant quantifying magnetic field strength induced by electric current in vacuum."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/metre/": {"t": "Metre", "s": "Base SI unit of length, defined by light in vacuum."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/joule/": {"t": "Joule", "s": "English physicist whose work led to the SI unit of energy."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polystyrene/": {"t": "Polystyrene", "s": "A widely used, non-biodegradable thermoplastic polymer."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/skylab/": {"t": "Skylab", "s": "America's first space station, built from a repurposed Saturn V stage."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleic-acid/": {"t": "Nucleic acid", "s": "The biomolecules that encode genetic information in all cells and viruses."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell/": {"t": "White blood cell", "s": "Nucleated immune cells that defend against infection and disease.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: White blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/stem-cell/": {"t": "Stem cell", "s": "Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cell types."}, "https://codexery.com/anatomical-pathology/e/anatomical-pathology/circulating-tumor-cell/": {"t": "Circulating tumor cell", "s": "Cancer cells in circulation that can seed metastases."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/gunpowder/": {"t": "Gunpowder", "s": "Earliest chemical explosive, used as propellant and blasting agent."}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/breechloader/": {"t": "Breechloader", "s": "A firearm loaded from the rear of the barrel."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/antarctic/": {"t": "Antarctic", "s": "Polar region surrounding the South Pole, governed by international treaty."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/bolt-action/": {"t": "Bolt action", "s": "Manual firearm action operated by a turn-bolt handle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/img/bolt-action-rifles/bolt-action.webp", "c": "MagHoxpox · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/norwegian-inventions/krag-j-rgensen/": {"t": "Krag–Jørgensen", "s": "Norwegian-designed bolt-action rifle with side-loading magazine."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/mauser/": {"t": "Mauser", "s": "German arms manufacturer known for influential bolt-action rifle designs."}, "/e/norwegian-inventions/kammerlader/": {"t": "Kammerlader", "s": "First Norwegian breech-loading rifle, adopted 1842.", "i": "https://codexery.com/norwegian-inventions/img/norwegian-inventions/kammerlader.webp", "c": "Wolfmann · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/boat/": {"t": "Boat", "s": "A watercraft smaller than a ship, used for transport and recreation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/img/transportation-engineering/boat.webp", "c": "Dimitrios Tzortzis · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scottish-inventions/e/scottish-inventions/ferguson-rifle/": {"t": "Ferguson rifle", "s": "Early breech-loading rifle used by the British Army."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/partial-pressure/": {"t": "Partial pressure", "s": "Partial pressure governs gas behavior in mixtures and solutions."}, "/e/norwegian-inventions/jarmann-m1884/": {"t": "Jarmann M1884", "s": "A Norwegian bolt-action repeater firing 10.15 mm black powder cartridges from an 8-round tubular magazine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/norwegian-inventions/img/norwegian-inventions/jarmann-m1884.webp", "c": "Armémuseum (The Swedish Army Museum) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/cooking-techniques/poaching/": {"t": "Poaching", "s": "Illegal hunting, capturing, or harvesting of wild animals and plants."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-republic/": {"t": "South African Republic", "s": "Independent Boer republic annexed after the Second Boer War."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/collecting/": {"t": "Collecting", "s": "Collecting is a hobby with ancient roots and modern global reach."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/m1903-springfield/": {"t": "M1903 Springfield", "s": "Standard U.S. service rifle adopted in 1903, used through Vietnam."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/lee-enfield/": {"t": "Lee–Enfield", "s": "The fastest military bolt-action rifle of its day."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/mauser-model-1893/": {"t": "Mauser Model 1893", "s": "The Mauser Model 1893 introduced the flush staggered-box magazine."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion/": {"t": "Boxer Rebellion", "s": "An anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China (1899–1901) by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, defeated by the Eigh", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Boxer Rebellion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/philippine-american-war/": {"t": "Philippine–American War", "s": "Conflict over U.S. annexation of the Philippines after the Spanish–American War."}, "https://codexery.com/us-parks/e/us-national-parks/yellowstone/": {"t": "Yellowstone", "s": "First national park in the world, established in 1872.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-parks/img/us-national-parks/yellowstone.webp", "c": "Frank Schulenburg · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-inventions/e/japanese-inventions/anime/": {"t": "Anime", "s": "Japanese animation medium with global cultural impact."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tempo/": {"t": "Tempo", "s": "Tempo is the speed or pace of a musical composition."}, "https://codexery.com/record-labels-based-in-sydney/e/record-labels-based-in-sydney/nlv-records/": {"t": "NLV Records", "s": "Record label founded by Nina Las Vegas in 2015."}, "https://codexery.com/because-music-artists/e/because-music-artists/lido-musician/": {"t": "Lido (musician)", "s": "Norwegian producer and singer known for work with Halsey and Chance the Rapper."}, "https://codexery.com/house-of-cards/e/behind-the-scenes/netflix/": {"t": "Netflix", "s": "The streaming service that ordered and released House of Cards."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-about-werewolves/e/television-series-about-werewolves/wednesday-tv-series/": {"t": "Wednesday (TV series)", "s": "A teen solves murders at a school for outcasts."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/warner-music-group/": {"t": "Warner Music Group", "s": "One of the Big Three recording companies, third-largest in global music."}, "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/e/acids-and-bases/phosphoric-acid/": {"t": "Phosphoric acid", "s": "A major industrial acid used primarily in fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation-and-gps/e/satellite-navigation-and-gps/global-positioning-system/": {"t": "Global Positioning System", "s": "A satellite navigation system providing global positioning and timing."}, "https://codexery.com/new-zealand-inventions/e/new-zealand-inventions/electric-fence/": {"t": "Electric fence", "s": "A barrier that uses electric shocks to deter crossing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/new-zealand-inventions/img/new-zealand-inventions/electric-fence.webp", "c": "Hans Braxmeier · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/solar-power/": {"t": "Solar power", "s": "Conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaics or concentrated solar power."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-amazon-mgm-studios/e/television-series-by-amazon-mgm-studios/clarkson-s-farm/": {"t": "Clarkson's Farm", "s": "A documentary series about Jeremy Clarkson running a Cotswolds farm."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telephone/": {"t": "Telephone", "s": "A device for distant voice communication via electronic signals."}, "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/e/companies-and-conglomerates/ebay/": {"t": "EBay", "s": "American e-commerce company enabling online auctions and fixed-price sales."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/algol/": {"t": "Algol", "s": "A bright multiple star and prototype of Algol variables."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/kristen-nygaard/": {"t": "Kristen Nygaard", "s": "Co-inventor of object-oriented programming and Simula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/kristen-nygaard.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kristen Nygaard · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/subset/": {"t": "Subset", "s": "A set whose elements all belong to another set."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/object-oriented-programming/": {"t": "Object-oriented programming", "s": "A programming paradigm based on interacting objects."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/programming-language/": {"t": "Programming language", "s": "Engineered languages for expressing computer programs."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/algorithm/": {"t": "Algorithm", "s": "A finite sequence of logical instructions for solving problems."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/computer-graphics/": {"t": "Computer graphics", "s": "Computer graphics generates and manipulates images using computers."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-scientists-and-programmers/e/computer-scientists-and-programmers/bjarne-stroustrup/": {"t": "Bjarne Stroustrup", "s": "Danish computer scientist who created the C++ programming language."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing/e/pioneers-of-computing/james-gosling/": {"t": "James Gosling", "s": "Canadian computer scientist who created the Java programming language."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-programming/": {"t": "Computer programming", "s": "The composition of instructions for computers to follow."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-file/": {"t": "Computer file", "s": "A named collection of data managed as a unit."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-program/": {"t": "Computer program", "s": "A sequence of instructions executed by a computer."}, "https://codexery.com/films-about-consciousness-transfer/e/films-about-consciousness-transfer/source-code/": {"t": "Source Code", "s": "A soldier enters an eight-minute simulation to find a bomber."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/islet/": {"t": "Islet", "s": "A small island, often uninhabitable, with legal and geographic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/firearm-manufacturers/e/firearm-manufacturers/krupp/": {"t": "Krupp", "s": "Europe's largest company and Germany's chief arms maker in two world wars."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/aftenposten/": {"t": "Aftenposten", "s": "Norway's newspaper of record since 1860"}, "/e/norwegian-inventions/kneeling-chair/": {"t": "Kneeling chair", "s": "A chair that lowers the thighs to reduce back strain."}, "https://codexery.com/edible-nuts-and-seeds/e/edible-nuts-and-seeds/beech/": {"t": "Beech", "s": "Deciduous tree yielding edible nuts and versatile timber."}}