{"https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-ii-of-england/": {"t": "James II of England", "s": "Last Catholic monarch deposed in the Glorious Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/oliver-cromwell/": {"t": "Oliver Cromwell", "s": "Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/northern-ireland/": {"t": "Northern Ireland", "s": "The main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland, part of the BBC national regions."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/land-reclamation/": {"t": "Land reclamation", "s": "Creating new land from water bodies for human use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/land-reclamation.webp", "c": "Fabian Horst · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/normans/": {"t": "Normans", "s": "From Norse raiders to rulers of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-king-of-england/": {"t": "John, King of England", "s": "King of England who sealed Magna Carta and lost the Angevin Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/room/": {"t": "Room", "s": "An enclosed space within a structure, entered via a door."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/ruins/": {"t": "Ruins", "s": "Remains of architecture fallen into partial or total disrepair.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/ruins.webp", "c": "Chris Adams · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/fortified-tower/": {"t": "Fortified tower", "s": "Defensive tower used in castles and fortifications."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/battlement/": {"t": "Battlement", "s": "A parapet with gaps for defense and a symbol of status.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/img/castle-architecture/battlement.webp", "c": "Werner Richner · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/norman-castles/castello-normanno-patern/": {"t": "Castello Normanno (Paternò)", "s": "A Norman castle in Sicily, with construction beginning in the late 11th or early 12th century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/volcanic-mountains/e/volcanic-mountains/mount-etna/": {"t": "Mount Etna", "s": "Active stratovolcano on Sicily's east coast, among Europe's tallest."}, "/e/norman-castles/castello-normanno-aci-castello/": {"t": "Castello Normanno (Aci Castello)", "s": "Medieval castle on a rocky Sicilian seafront."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/calabria/": {"t": "Calabria", "s": "Southern Italian region, ancient heart of Magna Graecia."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/irish-language/": {"t": "Irish language", "s": "Irish is a Celtic language native to Ireland, with a rich literary history and official status in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, and the European Un"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/republic-of-ireland/": {"t": "Republic of Ireland", "s": "The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe, occupying 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/curtain-wall-fortification/": {"t": "Curtain wall (fortification)", "s": "Defensive wall between fortified towers or bastions."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/the-tower-of-london/": {"t": "The Tower of London", "s": "A historic citadel and castle on the north bank of the River Thames, founded in 1066."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/essex/": {"t": "Essex", "s": "Ceremonial county in South East England with ancient woodland and long coastline."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/norman-conquest/": {"t": "Norman Conquest", "s": "11th-century invasion that made William the Conqueror king of England."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/upper-normandy/": {"t": "Upper Normandy", "s": "Former administrative region of northern France, merged into Normandy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/bailey-castle/": {"t": "Bailey (castle)", "s": "A bailey is a leveled courtyard enclosed by a curtain wall, central to castle layout and defense.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/img/castle-architecture/bailey-castle.webp", "c": "Colin Park · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/gentleman/": {"t": "Gentleman", "s": "From chivalry to Confucianism: the enduring ideal of the gentleman.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/gentleman.webp", "c": "Superbass · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/brewing-processes/e/brewing-processes/malting/": {"t": "Malting", "s": "Steeping, germinating, and drying grain to produce malt for brewing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brewing-processes/img/brewing-processes/malting.webp", "c": "Chicken4War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/dublin/": {"t": "Dublin", "s": "Capital of Ireland, city of the black pool and the hurdled ford."}, "https://codexery.com/films-about-magic/e/films-about-magic/ella-enchanted-film/": {"t": "Ella Enchanted (film)", "s": "A satirical feminist reworking of the Cinderella story."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-working-title/e/television-series-by-working-title-television/the-tudors/": {"t": "The Tudors", "s": "A drama of power, passion, and Tudor intrigue."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/motte-and-bailey-castle/": {"t": "Motte-and-bailey castle", "s": "A medieval fortification of mound and courtyard, built with unskilled labour."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/michael-collins-irish-leader/": {"t": "Michael Collins (Irish leader)", "s": "Irish revolutionary, soldier, and politician in the independence struggle."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/irish-civil-war/": {"t": "Irish Civil War", "s": "Conflict over the Anglo-Irish Treaty divided Irish society."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/irish-rebellion-of-1798/": {"t": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "s": "A popular insurrection against British Crown in Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/easter-rising/": {"t": "Easter Rising", "s": "Armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week 1916."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/amon-de-valera/": {"t": "Éamon de Valera", "s": "Éamon de Valera (14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was an Irish political figure who served as president of Ireland from 1959 to 1973, and earlier held three se"}, "/e/norman-castles/trim-castle/": {"t": "Trim Castle", "s": "Largest Cambro-Norman castle in Ireland, built by the de Lacy family."}, "https://codexery.com/designers-and-craftsmen/e/designers-and-craftsmen/william-morris/": {"t": "William Morris", "s": "English textile designer, poet, and socialist activist"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/arts-and-crafts-movement/": {"t": "Arts and Crafts movement", "s": "Reform of design and society through handcraft and traditional skills."}, "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/e/natural-disasters/great-famine-ireland/": {"t": "Great Famine (Ireland)", "s": "The Great Famine in Ireland, often called the Great Hunger (an Gorta Mór in Irish), the Famine, or the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of widespread starvatio", "i": "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/img/natural-disasters/great-famine-ireland.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Great Famine (Ireland) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/swiss-folklore/e/swiss-folklore/samichlaus/": {"t": "Samichlaus", "s": "Early Christian bishop whose gift-giving legend inspired Santa Claus."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/mock-castles-in-england/e/mock-castles-in-england/devizes-castle/": {"t": "Devizes Castle", "s": "Victorian castle on the site of a Norman motte and bailey."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/concentric-castle/": {"t": "Concentric castle", "s": "A castle with two or more concentric curtain walls for layered defense."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/john-of-gaunt/": {"t": "John of Gaunt", "s": "English prince, military leader and statesman; founder of the House of Lancaster.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/john-of-gaunt.webp", "c": "Said variously to be attributed to Lucas Cornelisz de Kock (1495–1552) (who however died 41 years before the painting is said (by Oliver Harris, 2010) to have b · via Wikipedia: John of Gaunt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/norse-mythology-in-popular-culture/e/norse-mythology-in-popular-culture/robin-of-sherwood/": {"t": "Robin of Sherwood", "s": "A gritty, mythic take on the Robin Hood legend."}, "/e/norman-castles/king-john-s-castle-limerick/": {"t": "King John's Castle (Limerick)", "s": "13th-century castle on King's Island, Limerick, Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/enclosure-castle/": {"t": "Enclosure castle", "s": "A fortified residence defended by walls and towers."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/jacobitism/": {"t": "Jacobitism", "s": "A political movement seeking restoration of the exiled House of Stuart after the Glorious Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/embrasure/": {"t": "Embrasure", "s": "Opening in fortifications for firing weapons while remaining under cover."}, "/e/norman-castles/king-john-s-castle-carlingford/": {"t": "King John's Castle (Carlingford)", "s": "A Norman enclosure castle linked to King John and Irish conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/munster/": {"t": "Munster", "s": "The largest province of Ireland, rich in history, mythology, and sporting tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/cornwall/": {"t": "Cornwall", "s": "A Celtic nation and ceremonial county in South West England."}, "/e/norman-castles/wallingford-castle/": {"t": "Wallingford Castle", "s": "A powerful royal castle, never taken in siege during the Anarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/edward-vi/": {"t": "Edward VI", "s": "King of England and Ireland, first Protestant monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/henry-viii/": {"t": "Henry VIII", "s": "King of England (1509–1547) and Ireland (1542–1547), known for his six marriages and the English Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lead/": {"t": "Lead", "s": "Heavy metal with stable isotopes and historical industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-ii-of-great-britain/": {"t": "George II of Great Britain", "s": "King of Great Britain and Ireland; last monarch to lead in battle."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-iv/": {"t": "George IV", "s": "Extravagant king and regent whose reign was tarnished by scandal."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/maria-ii-of-portugal/": {"t": "Maria II of Portugal", "s": "Queen of Portugal, deposed and restored amid civil war.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/img/monarchs-and-nobility/maria-ii-of-portugal.webp", "c": "John Simpson · via Wikipedia: Maria II of Portugal · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii/": {"t": "Edward VII", "s": "King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 1901 to 1910.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii.webp", "c": "Author (artist) unknown (work was published in 1888) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/earthworks-engineering/": {"t": "Earthworks (engineering)", "s": "Engineering works processing soil or unformed rock for construction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/earthworks-engineering.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wealthy-misfortunes/e/wealthy-misfortunes/hugh-despenser-the-younger/": {"t": "Hugh Despenser the Younger", "s": "Royal favourite and chamberlain to Edward II, executed for treason."}, "/e/norman-castles/coity-castle/": {"t": "Coity Castle", "s": "Norman castle in Glamorgan, built by a legendary knight of the Twelve."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/oxfordshire/": {"t": "Oxfordshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, home to the University of Oxford and the Cotswolds."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-anarchy/": {"t": "The Anarchy", "s": "A civil war over the English throne between Matilda and Stephen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-anarchy.webp", "c": "Vedder, Elihu, 1836-1923, artist · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/saxons/": {"t": "Saxons", "s": "Germanic people of early medieval Old Saxony, conquered by Charlemagne."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/river-thames/": {"t": "River Thames", "s": "Longest river entirely in England, flowing through London."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/ringwork/": {"t": "Ringwork", "s": "Circular earthwork fortification without a motte."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/stained-glass/": {"t": "Stained glass", "s": "Coloured glass used in windows and decorative art."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/derbyshire/": {"t": "Derbyshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the East Midlands of England, home to the Peak District and the furthest point from the sea in the UK."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/iron-age/": {"t": "Iron Age", "s": "Final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/iron-age.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iron Age · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/confluence/": {"t": "Confluence", "s": "Where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/staffordshire/": {"t": "Staffordshire", "s": "The historic county of the Staffordshire Hoard and the Potteries"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/warwickshire/": {"t": "Warwickshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England, known for its rural landscapes and historic towns."}, "https://codexery.com/vikings/e/characters/viking-expansion/": {"t": "Viking expansion", "s": "Vikings sailed, raided, traded, and settled across three continents.", "i": "https://codexery.com/vikings/img/characters/viking-expansion.webp", "c": "Abbey of Saint-Aubin · via Wikipedia: Viking expansion · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/j-m-w-turner/": {"t": "J. M. W. Turner", "s": "English Romantic painter who elevated landscape painting."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/walter-scott/": {"t": "Walter Scott", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and historian; creator of the Waverley novels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/walter-scott.webp", "c": "Thomas Lawrence · via Wikipedia: Walter Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/castra/": {"t": "Castra", "s": "Roman military camps and forts that shaped empire and city foundations."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/georgian-architecture/": {"t": "Georgian architecture", "s": "Georgian architecture refers to the building styles common across most English-speaking countries from 1714 to 1830."}, "/e/norman-castles/launceston-castle/": {"t": "Launceston Castle", "s": "Medieval castle, administrative hub, prison, and tourist attraction."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-drake/": {"t": "Francis Drake", "s": "English explorer and privateer who completed the second circumnavigation of the world."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/piracy/": {"t": "Piracy", "s": "Maritime robbery and criminal violence by ship-borne attackers."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington/": {"t": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington", "s": "British field marshal and prime minister who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/lee-marvin/": {"t": "Lee Marvin", "s": "Hard-boiled hero, decorated Marine, and Oscar-winning actor."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/berkshire/": {"t": "Berkshire", "s": "The Royal County of Berkshire"}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/windsor-castle/": {"t": "Windsor Castle", "s": "A royal residence embodying almost a millennium of architectural history."}, "/e/norman-castles/oxford-castle/": {"t": "Oxford Castle", "s": "Medieval castle and prison in Oxford, England."}, "https://codexery.com/vikings/e/characters/housecarl/": {"t": "Housecarl", "s": "Non-servile household bodyguards of medieval Northern Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/counter-castle/": {"t": "Counter-castle", "s": "Medieval fortifications built to besiege or counter hostile castles."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic Revival architecture", "s": "A movement reviving medieval Gothic architecture in the 19th century."}}