{"/e/part-1/man-s-search-for-meaning/": {"t": "Man's Search for Meaning", "s": "A psychologist's account of finding meaning in concentration camps."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/elizabeth-taylor/": {"t": "Elizabeth Taylor", "s": "One of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema, Taylor became the world's highest-paid movie star in the 1960s."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/de-officiis/": {"t": "De Officiis", "s": "Cicero's treatise on moral duties and public behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ovid/": {"t": "Ovid", "s": "Roman poet exiled for a poem and a mistake."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/al-ghazali/": {"t": "Al-Ghazali", "s": "Proof of Islam and renewer of the faith"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/popular-culture/": {"t": "Popular culture", "s": "Dominant practices and beliefs of a society at a given time."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/johannes-gutenberg/": {"t": "Johannes Gutenberg", "s": "German inventor of the movable-type printing press.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/johannes-gutenberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Gutenberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/greek-alphabet/": {"t": "Greek alphabet", "s": "Earliest alphabet to systematically write vowels and consonants.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/greek-alphabet.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/homer/": {"t": "Homer", "s": "Ancient Greek poet traditionally credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/printing-press/": {"t": "Printing press", "s": "Machine that transfers ink onto materials by applying pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/principal-agent-problem/": {"t": "Principal–agent problem", "s": "Conflict when an agent acts on behalf of a principal."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/stanford-university/": {"t": "Stanford University", "s": "Private research university in Stanford, California, founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/stanford-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanford University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-court-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Supreme Court of the United States", "s": "Highest federal court with ultimate appellate and original jurisdiction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-court-of-the-united-states.webp", "c": "Original:  Optimager Vector:  Ipankonin · via Wikipedia: Supreme Court of the United States · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/howard-zinn/": {"t": "Howard Zinn", "s": "Historian who wrote A People's History of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/creationism/e/creationism/creationism/": {"t": "Creationism", "s": "Belief in supernatural origin of universe and life."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-pioneers/e/medical-pioneers/benjamin-spock/": {"t": "Benjamin Spock", "s": "Pediatrician, Olympic gold medalist, and antiwar activist."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-psychoanalysts/e/psychologists-and-psychoanalysts/john-b-watson/": {"t": "John B. 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"i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/life-magazine.webp", "c": "Life Magazine · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/jewish-american-television-series/e/jewish-american-television-series/the-marvelous-mrs-maisel/": {"t": "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel", "s": "A 1950s housewife finds her voice in stand-up comedy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-engels/": {"t": "Friedrich Engels", "s": "Revolutionary socialist and co-founder of Marxism"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/private-property/": {"t": "Private property", "s": "Legal concept of non-governmental ownership foundational to capitalism."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/credit/": {"t": "Credit", "s": "Credit is trust formalized into legally enforceable deferred payment."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/ostend/": {"t": "Ostend", "s": "Belgian coastal city and historic harbour on the North Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/political-economy/": {"t": "Political economy", "s": "Interdisciplinary study of politics and economics."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/german-idealism/": {"t": "German idealism", "s": "A movement seeking to reconcile reason, freedom, and reality."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/john-milton/": {"t": "John Milton", "s": "English poet, polemicist, and civil servant; author of Paradise Lost"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/jacques-derrida/": {"t": "Jacques Derrida", "s": "French philosopher who developed deconstruction, influencing humanities and social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/jacques-derrida.webp", "c": "Frege-Pierre Dubois · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/carl-schmitt/": {"t": "Carl Schmitt", "s": "Controversial German jurist and Nazi legal theorist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/carl-schmitt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Carl Schmitt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/leo-strauss/": {"t": "Leo Strauss", "s": "German-American political philosopher who revived classical political thought."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/peter-kropotkin/": {"t": "Peter Kropotkin", "s": "Russian anarchist philosopher and geographer who championed anarchist communism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/peter-kropotkin.webp", "c": "Foreign Bureau Communication Anarcho-Syndicalists · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economic-system/": {"t": "Economic system", "s": "System of production, allocation, and distribution within an economy."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/poverty/": {"t": "Poverty", "s": "A condition of lacking financial resources and essentials for basic living."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/decentralization/": {"t": "Decentralization", "s": "Distribution of decision-making from central to smaller groups."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/cooperation/": {"t": "Cooperation", "s": "Organisms work together for collective benefit, not just individual gain."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin/": {"t": "Mikhail Bakunin", "s": "Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin.webp", "c": "chrisaliv · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/first-international/": {"t": "First International", "s": "First international socialist organization uniting working-class groups."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/le-corbusier/": {"t": "Le Corbusier", "s": "French-Swiss pioneer of modern architecture and urban planning."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/public-order-crime/": {"t": "Public-order crime", "s": "Crime that interferes with society's efficient functioning."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/modern-architecture/": {"t": "Modern architecture", "s": "A 20th-century movement emphasizing function, minimalism, and new materials."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/oswald-spengler/": {"t": "Oswald Spengler", "s": "German polymath who predicted the decline of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/philosophy-of-history/": {"t": "Philosophy of history", "s": "Philosophical study of history and its discipline."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/maya-civilization/": {"t": "Maya civilization", "s": "Ancient Mesoamerican civilization known for its temples, glyphs, and advanced mathematics."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-magic/e/history-of-magic/magi/": {"t": "Magi", "s": "Priests of Zoroastrianism and earlier Iranian religions."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/apollo/": {"t": "Apollo", "s": "God of light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry, and archery; twin brother of Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/faust/": {"t": "Faust", "s": "Protagonist of a German legend who trades his soul for knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-nietzsche/": {"t": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "s": "German philosopher and philologist known for his critiques of religion, morality, and truth."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/immanuel-kant/": {"t": "Immanuel Kant", "s": "Central thinker of the Enlightenment, known for transcendental idealism and the categorical imperative."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/sexual-selection/": {"t": "Sexual selection", "s": "Evolution through mate choice and same-sex competition."}, "https://codexery.com/human-evolution/e/human-evolution/human-evolution/": {"t": "Human evolution", "s": "Human evolution is a weblike process studied across multiple scientific disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/natural-selection/": {"t": "Natural selection", "s": "The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in fitness."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/evolutionary-psychology/": {"t": "Evolutionary psychology", "s": "A theoretical approach applying evolutionary principles to human psychology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychology/img/psychology/evolutionary-psychology.webp", "c": "William James · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/pound-sterling/": {"t": "Pound sterling", "s": "The world's oldest currency in continuous use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/pound-sterling.webp", "c": "Colonial Bank of Australasia (note), Heritage Auctions (image) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/francis-galton/": {"t": "Francis Galton", "s": "English polymath who originated eugenics and pioneered statistical analysis of human traits."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-russel-wallace/": {"t": "Alfred Russel Wallace", "s": "English naturalist who co-discovered evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/genocide/": {"t": "Genocide", "s": "The intentional destruction of a human group, in whole or in part.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/genocide.webp", "c": "Aleksey Chalabyan (a.k.a. Xelgen) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/prehistory/": {"t": "Prehistory", "s": "Human history before written records, studied through material evidence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/prehistory.webp", "c": "Palauenc05 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/e/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/edward-burnett-tylor/": {"t": "Edward Burnett Tylor", "s": "Founding figure of social anthropology and cultural evolutionism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-crick/": {"t": "Francis Crick", "s": "Co-discoverer of the helical structure of DNA"}, "https://codexery.com/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-cent/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/maurice-wilkins/": {"t": "Maurice Wilkins", "s": "Biophysicist who pioneered X-ray diffraction studies of DNA."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/rosalind-franklin/": {"t": "Rosalind Franklin", "s": "English chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work enabled the DNA double helix discovery.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/rosalind-franklin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rosalind Franklin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/peter-medawar/": {"t": "Peter Medawar", "s": "Biologist who discovered acquired immune tolerance, enabling organ transplantation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/peter-medawar.webp", "c": "http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/medawar.html · via Wikipedia: Peter Medawar · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/robert-k-merton/": {"t": "Robert K. Merton", "s": "Founding father of modern sociology and criminology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/img/political-and-social-theorists/robert-k-merton.webp", "c": "William Francis Prideaux · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/science-journal/": {"t": "Science (journal)", "s": "Peer-reviewed journal of the AAAS, covering all scientific disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/nature-journal/": {"t": "Nature (journal)", "s": "British weekly journal of peer-reviewed natural science research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/nature-journal.webp", "c": "ESO/M. Kornmesser (photo displayed on the magazine cover) · via Wikipedia: Nature (journal) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/linus-pauling/": {"t": "Linus Pauling", "s": "American chemist and peace activist, winner of two Nobel Prizes"}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/aaron-klug/": {"t": "Aaron Klug", "s": "Nobel-winning biophysicist who pioneered crystallographic electron microscopy"}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "/e/part-1/suicide-durkheim-book/": {"t": "Suicide (Durkheim book)", "s": "Sociological study of suicide as a social fact."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/": {"t": "Radioactive decay", "s": "Unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/guglielmo-marconi/": {"t": "Guglielmo Marconi", "s": "Italian inventor of practical wireless telegraphy and Nobel laureate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/guglielmo-marconi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Guglielmo Marconi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/hallucinations/e/hallucinations/psychedelic-drug/": {"t": "Psychedelic drug", "s": "Classic hallucinogens that alter perception and cognition via serotonin receptors."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/e/medications-and-drugs/lsd/": {"t": "LSD", "s": "A semisynthetic psychedelic drug derived from ergot, known for its potent psychological effects and cultural impact.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/img/medications-and-drugs/lsd.webp", "c": "WikiLinuz · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/on-the-road/": {"t": "On the Road", "s": "A defining Beat novel of postwar American road travel."}, "https://codexery.com/boxing-writers/e/boxing-writers/norman-mailer/": {"t": "Norman Mailer", "s": "American writer, journalist, and filmmaker known for New Journalism."}, "https://codexery.com/christopher-nolan/e/people/sony-pictures/": {"t": "Sony Pictures", "s": "American, Japanese-owned major film studio and entertainment company."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alexander-hamilton/": {"t": "Alexander Hamilton", "s": "", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alexander-hamilton.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/james-madison/": {"t": "James Madison", "s": "Founding Father, fourth president of the United States and \"Father of the 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"https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/eucharist.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/gregory-of-nyssa/": {"t": "Gregory of Nyssa", "s": "Cappadocian Father who opposed slavery and shaped Trinitarian doctrine."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustine-of-hippo/": {"t": "Augustine of Hippo", "s": "Influential Christian theologian and philosopher of the Patristic Period."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-of-assisi/": {"t": "Francis of Assisi", "s": "Italian mystic, poet, and founder of the Franciscan Order"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/bonaventure/": {"t": "Bonaventure", "s": "Italian 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"AnonymousUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Ignatius of Loyola · Public domain"}, "/e/part-1/the-incoherence-of-the-philosophers/": {"t": "The Incoherence of the Philosophers", "s": "11th-century Asharite critique of Avicennian philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/averroes/": {"t": "Averroes", "s": "Andalusian polymath and jurist, known as 'The Commentator' for his commentaries on Aristotle."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/aristotelianism/": {"t": "Aristotelianism", "s": "Philosophical tradition inspired by Aristotle's logic, ethics, and metaphysics."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/islamic-philosophy/": {"t": "Islamic philosophy", "s": "Philosophy emerging from the Islamic tradition, blending reason and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The 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"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-bowie/": {"t": "David Bowie", "s": "The chameleon of rock who reinvented music and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/david-bowie/e/people/heathen-david-bowie-album/": {"t": "Heathen (David Bowie album)", "s": "Bowie's twenty-third studio album, a critical and commercial comeback."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/part-of-speech/": {"t": "Part of speech", "s": "A category of words with similar grammatical properties."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pronoun/": {"t": "Pronoun", "s": "A word or group of words that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/noun/": {"t": "Noun", "s": "A word denoting an entity, central to grammar across languages."}, 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{"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun/": {"t": "Ibn Khaldun", "s": "Arab scholar and forerunner of modern social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun.webp", "c": "Reda Kerbush · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historian/": {"t": "Historian", "s": "Scholar who studies and writes about the past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historian.webp", "c": "Anasuyas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-hajar-al-asqalani/": {"t": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", "s": "Foremost 15th-century scholar of hadith and Islamic law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-hajar-al-asqalani.webp", "c": "Fouad GM · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economic-growth/": {"t": "Economic growth", "s": "Economic growth is the increase in the quantity and quality of goods and services a society produces, measured by real GDP or GDP per capita.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economic-growth.webp", "c": "DavidMCEddy · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/dialectic/": {"t": "Dialectic", "s": "A 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{"t": "Alcuin", "s": "Anglo-Saxon scholar and teacher who shaped the Carolingian Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/frederick-douglass/": {"t": "Frederick Douglass", "s": "Escaped slavery; became leading abolitionist orator and writer."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/dublin/": {"t": "Dublin", "s": "Capital of Ireland, city of the black pool and the hurdled ford."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elie-wiesel/": {"t": "Elie Wiesel", "s": "Holocaust survivor, Nobel laureate, and advocate for justice."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/yiddish/": {"t": "Yiddish", "s": "A West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews, with roots in the Holy Roman Empire and a fusion of High German, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic ele"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp/": {"t": "Auschwitz concentration camp", "s": "Site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ynnarski · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/carpathian-mountains/": {"t": "Carpathian Mountains", "s": "Europe's third-longest mountain range, forming an arc across Central and Southeast Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/orthodox-judaism/": {"t": "Orthodox Judaism", "s": "The traditionalist branches of Judaism, holding the Written and Oral Torah as divinely revealed at Sinai.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/orthodox-judaism.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Orthodox Judaism · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/e/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/adolf-eichmann/": {"t": "Adolf Eichmann", "s": "Nazi organizer of the Holocaust, captured by Mossad in Argentina and executed in Israel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/img/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/adolf-eichmann.webp", "c": "Willem van de Poll · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/star-of-david/e/star-of-david/yellow-badge/": {"t": "Yellow badge", "s": "A distinguishing mark imposed on Jews across centuries and regions."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/operation-overlord/": {"t": "Operation Overlord", "s": "Allied invasion that liberated German-occupied Western Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-mythology/e/greek-mythology/cassandra-metaphor/": {"t": "Cassandra (metaphor)", "s": "Metaphor for disbelieved valid warnings, from Greek myth."}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/passover/": {"t": "Passover", "s": "Major Jewish holiday commemorating the Exodus from Egypt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/img/public-holidays-and-observances/passover.webp", "c": "Scribe: Yôsēf ben Dāwīd mil-Leypnîq Yosef ben David, of Leipnik Joseph ben David · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and/e/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and-mythology/binding-of-isaac/": {"t": "Binding of Isaac", "s": "A biblical account of a commanded 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Florence Earle Coates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/img/poets-and-lyricists/matthew-arnold.webp", "c": "Elliott & Fry · via Wikipedia: Matthew Arnold · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/categorical-imperative/": {"t": "Categorical imperative", "s": "Central concept in Kant's deontological moral philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/fact/": {"t": "Fact", "s": "A fact is a true datum about one or more aspects of a circumstance, or an occurrence in the real world."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/inference/": {"t": "Inference", "s": "Logical reasoning from premises to conclusions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/inference.webp", "c": "Gnathan87 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/empedocles/": {"t": "Empedocles", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed the four classical elements and the forces of Love and Strife."}, "https://codexery.com/genesis-1/e/genesis-1/genesis-1/": {"t": "Genesis 1", "s": "Two-source composite creation narrative in the Book of Genesis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René Descartes", "s": "Father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/optics/": {"t": "Optics", "s": "Branch of physics studying light and electromagnetic radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/optics.webp", "c": "OpticalSystem · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refraction/": {"t": "Refraction", "s": "Refraction redirects waves when they change speed between media."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/christiaan-huygens/": {"t": "Christiaan Huygens", "s": "Dutch polymath who advanced optics, mechanics, and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/physical-optics/": {"t": "Physical optics", "s": "Branch of optics studying wave phenomena beyond ray approximation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/reflection-physics/": {"t": "Reflection (physics)", "s": "Wavefront returns into the original medium upon striking an interface."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)", "s": "Matter takes up photon energy, transforming it into internal energy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation.webp", "c": "Own work · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction/": {"t": "Chemical reaction", "s": "Process rearranging atoms with energy change, yielding new substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction.webp", "c": "Д.Ильин : translation, optimization · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/ethics/": {"t": "Ethics", "s": "Philosophical study of moral phenomena and normative questions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/newton-s-rings/": {"t": "Newton's rings", "s": "Interference rings from light between spherical and flat surfaces."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/mass-energy-equivalence/": {"t": "Mass–energy equivalence", "s": "Mass and energy are equivalent, related by the speed of light squared."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/orientalism/": {"t": "Orientalism", "s": "Western depictions of the Eastern world in art, literature, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-world/": {"t": "Eastern world", "s": "Umbrella term for diverse Eastern cultures and civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/imperialism/": {"t": "Imperialism", "s": "Imperialism is the extension of power over foreign nations through hard and soft power."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/gustave-flaubert/": {"t": "Gustave Flaubert", "s": "The martyr of style and father of literary realism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/bernard-lewis/": {"t": "Bernard Lewis", "s": "Historian of Islam and controversial public intellectual."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/colonialism/": {"t": "Colonialism", "s": "Practice of domination over a territory and its people."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aeschylus/": {"t": "Aeschylus", "s": "Father of tragedy, soldier of Marathon"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-salamis/": {"t": "Battle of Salamis", "s": "Outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persian fleet at Salamis."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/greco-persian-wars/": {"t": "Greco-Persian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/spatial-analysis-gis/e/spatial-analysis-and-gis/human-geography/": {"t": "Human geography", "s": "Study of spatial relationships between human communities and their environments."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/michel-foucault/": {"t": "Michel Foucault", "s": "French philosopher who analyzed power, knowledge, and social control.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/michel-foucault.webp", "c": "Michel Curi · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire/": {"t": "French colonial empire", "s": "Overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandates under French rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire.webp", "c": "M. G. Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/henry-george/": {"t": "Henry George", "s": "American political economist and journalist, author of Progress and Poverty"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/walter-scott/": {"t": "Walter Scott", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and historian; creator of the Waverley novels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/walter-scott.webp", "c": "Thomas Lawrence · via Wikipedia: Walter Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/john-dewey/": {"t": "John Dewey", "s": "American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/friedrich-hayek/": {"t": "Friedrich Hayek", "s": "Austrian economist and philosopher known for his work on prices and the free market."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/h-g-wells/": {"t": "H. G. Wells", "s": "English writer and prophetic social critic."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/meaning-of-life/": {"t": "Meaning of life", "s": "A contested concept of inherent significance in human existence."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/e/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/anhedonia/": {"t": "Anhedonia", "s": "A deficit in experiencing or anticipating pleasure."}, "https://codexery.com/effects-of-external-causes/e/effects-of-external-causes/decompression-sickness/": {"t": "Decompression sickness", "s": "Decompression sickness is caused by gas bubbles forming in body tissues.", "i": "https://codexery.com/effects-of-external-causes/img/effects-of-external-causes/decompression-sickness.webp", "c": "玄史生 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-social-scientists/e/psychologists-and-social-scientists/gordon-allport/": {"t": "Gordon Allport", "s": "American psychologist and founding figure of personality psychology."}, "https://codexery.com/jewish-folklore/e/jewish-folklore/like-sheep-to-the-slaughter/": {"t": "Like sheep to the slaughter", "s": "A simile for passive victimhood, contested in Holocaust memory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jewish-folklore/img/jewish-folklore/like-sheep-to-the-slaughter.webp", "c": "Maurice S. Shahan Ward T. Huffman · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/karl-popper/": {"t": "Karl Popper", "s": "Philosopher of science who championed falsifiability and the open society."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/liberal-democracy/": {"t": "Liberal democracy", "s": "A government combining democracy with liberal political philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/totalitarianism/": {"t": "Totalitarianism", "s": "A political system that completely controls public and private life through ideology, repression, and state terror."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-schopenhauer/": {"t": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "s": "German philosopher known for pessimism and The World as Will and Representation."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/dialectical-materialism/": {"t": "Dialectical materialism", "s": "A materialist philosophy of nature and society based on Hegelian dialectics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/img/philosophical-traditions/dialectical-materialism.webp", "c": "Omar kandil · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/heraclitus/": {"t": "Heraclitus", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher known for his doctrine of universal flux.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/heraclitus.webp", "c": "Vienna Porcelain Manufactory (Austria, Vienna, active 18th century), Johann Chri · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mythography/e/mythography/golden-age/": {"t": "Golden Age", "s": "Mythical era of primordial peace, harmony, and effortless abundance."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/republic-plato/": {"t": "Republic (Plato)", "s": "Plato's Socratic dialogue on justice and the ideal city-state."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/laissez-faire/": {"t": "Laissez-faire", "s": "Economic doctrine advocating minimal government intervention in markets."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/hannah-arendt/": {"t": "Hannah Arendt", "s": "German-Jewish philosopher and political theorist whose coverage of the Eichmann trial introduced 'the banality of evil.'"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1956/": {"t": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956", "s": "A 13-day uprising against Soviet domination, crushed by Soviet forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1956.webp", "c": "Globetrotter19 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/good-and-evil/e/good-and-evil/radical-evil/": {"t": "Radical evil", "s": "Kant's concept of innate human corruption against moral law."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-party/": {"t": "Political party", "s": "Organizations that coordinate candidates to compete in elections."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/italian-fascism/": {"t": "Italian fascism", "s": "Original fascist ideology developed in Italy by Mussolini and Gentile."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/loneliness/": {"t": "Loneliness", "s": "Loneliness is social pain motivating connection, with chronic forms linked to health risks."}, "https://codexery.com/fringe-figures-and-pseudoscience/e/fringe-figures-and-pseudoscience/arthur-de-gobineau/": {"t": "Arthur de Gobineau", "s": "Architect of the Aryan master race theory"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling/": {"t": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling", "s": "German philosopher, midpoint between Fichte and Hegel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling.webp", "c": "Rufus46 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/continental-philosophy/": {"t": "Continental philosophy", "s": "A diverse family of Western philosophies outside analytic tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/epistemology/": {"t": "Epistemology", "s": "Philosophical study of knowledge, its sources, and its limits."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/pragmatism/": {"t": "Pragmatism", "s": "A philosophical tradition emphasizing practical consequences over abstract representation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/friedrich-h-lderlin/": {"t": "Friedrich Hölderlin", "s": "German poet and philosopher of German Romanticism and Idealism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/friedrich-h-lderlin.webp", "c": "Johannes Baier · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/johann-gottlieb-fichte/": {"t": "Johann Gottlieb Fichte", "s": "German philosopher and founding figure of German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-cosmologies/e/religious-cosmologies/dualism/": {"t": "Dualism", "s": "A family of views dividing reality into two fundamental principles."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/altruism/": {"t": "Altruism", "s": "Concern for others independent of personal benefit or reciprocity."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/anomie/": {"t": "Anomie", "s": "Social condition of normlessness from breakdown of moral values.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/anomie.webp", "c": "Isarra · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holism/": {"t": "Holism", "s": "Systems possess properties as wholes beyond their parts."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/baruch-spinoza/": {"t": "Baruch Spinoza", "s": "Radical philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/euclid/": {"t": "Euclid", "s": "Ancient Greek mathematician, author of the Elements."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/universe/": {"t": "Universe", "s": "The totality of all space, time, matter, and energy."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/causality/": {"t": "Causality", "s": "Causality is the influence by which a cause produces an effect."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/logical-consequence/": {"t": "Logical consequence", "s": "A fundamental concept in logic describing valid inference."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/free-will/": {"t": "Free will", "s": "The capacity to choose between different possible courses of action, central to moral responsibility and philosophical debate."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/emotion/": {"t": "Emotion", "s": "Emotions are complex states with no single agreed definition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emotions/img/emotions/emotion.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/materialism/": {"t": "Materialism", "s": "Matter is the fundamental substance of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysical-naturalism/": {"t": "Metaphysical naturalism", "s": "Worldview that only natural elements and laws exist."}}