{"https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/february-revolution/": {"t": "February Revolution", "s": "First of two Russian revolutions in 1917, ending Tsarist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-romanov/": {"t": "House of Romanov", "s": "They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/wedding-of-nicholas-ii-and-alexandra-feodorovna/": {"t": "Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna", "s": "Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna in 1894."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/abdication-of-nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Abdication of Nicholas II", "s": "Nicholas II abdicated, ending the Romanov dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/grigori-rasputin/": {"t": "Grigori Rasputin", "s": "Russian mystic whose influence over the imperial family preceded his assassination."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/murder-of-the-romanov-family/": {"t": "Murder of the Romanov family", "s": "Bolshevik execution of the former imperial family in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yekaterinburg/": {"t": "Yekaterinburg", "s": "The third capital of Russia, a cultural and industrial powerhouse on the Iset River."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/grand-duchy-of-hesse/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Hesse", "s": "A German grand duchy from 1806 to 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii/": {"t": "Edward VII", "s": "King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 1901 to 1910.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii.webp", "c": "Author (artist) unknown (work was published in 1888) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/diphtheria/": {"t": "Diphtheria", "s": "A bacterial infection causing a thick throat membrane; preventable by vaccine."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/prince-albert-victor-duke-of-clarence-and-avondale/": {"t": "Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale", "s": "Eldest son of Edward VII, died before inheriting the throne."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "https://codexery.com/moscow-kremlin/e/moscow-kremlin/dormition-cathedral-moscow/": {"t": "Dormition Cathedral, Moscow", "s": "Mother church of Muscovite Russia and coronation site of tsars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/moscow-kremlin/img/moscow-kremlin/dormition-cathedral-moscow.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dormition Cathedral, Moscow · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/kremlin/": {"t": "Kremlin", "s": "Fortified complex in Moscow, seat of Russian government."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/khodynka-tragedy/": {"t": "Khodynka Tragedy", "s": "A deadly crowd crush marred Nicholas II's coronation celebrations."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/tsarskoye-selo/": {"t": "Tsarskoye Selo", "s": "Former Russian imperial residence, now part of Pushkin."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/alexandra-feodorovna-alix-of-hesse/": {"t": "Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)", "s": "Last empress of Russia, consort of Nicholas II."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/church-of-all-saints-yekaterinburg/": {"t": "Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg", "s": "Russian Orthodox church built on the site of the Romanovs' murder."}, "https://codexery.com/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and/e/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and-mythology/blood-libel/": {"t": "Blood libel", "s": "Antisemitic trope falsely accusing Jews of ritual murder."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/jean-sibelius/": {"t": "Jean Sibelius", "s": "Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early modern periods, known for his seven symphonies and works like Finlandia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/jean-sibelius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jean Sibelius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/finnish-language/": {"t": "Finnish language", "s": "A Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by millions in Finland and diaspora communities."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/orchestra/": {"t": "Orchestra", "s": "Large instrumental ensemble central to classical and romantic music."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "s": "Autonomous grand duchy that preceded modern Finland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland.webp", "c": "Ориенталист · via Wikipedia: Grand Duchy of Finland · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/a-cappella/": {"t": "A cappella", "s": "Vocal music performed without instrumental accompaniment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/a-cappella.webp", "c": "Bernard Gagnon · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/governor-s-mansion-tobolsk-russia/": {"t": "Governor's Mansion (Tobolsk, Russia)", "s": "Former Siberian governor's home and imperial family prison."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/canonization-of-the-romanovs/": {"t": "Canonization of the Romanovs", "s": "Elevation of the last Russian imperial family to sainthood."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/tsu-incident/": {"t": "Ōtsu incident", "s": "Failed assassination of Tsarevich Nicholas in Japan, 1891."}, "https://codexery.com/trains/e/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway/": {"t": "The Trans-Siberian Railway", "s": "The longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to Vladivostok across eight time zones.", "i": "https://codexery.com/trains/img/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/gatchina/": {"t": "Gatchina", "s": "Imperial residence and UNESCO World Heritage site in Leningrad Oblast", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/img/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/gatchina.webp", "c": "Александров · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bosporus/": {"t": "Bosporus", "s": "The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and dividing Europe from Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/dardanelles/": {"t": "Dardanelles", "s": "Narrow strait connecting the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean Sea, forming part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/godparent/": {"t": "Godparent", "s": "Christian sponsor for a child's baptism and spiritual guidance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/godparent.webp", "c": "U. A. Saarinen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/khedivate-of-egypt/": {"t": "Khedivate of Egypt", "s": "Autonomous Ottoman tributary state modernized under Muhammad Ali's dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/suez-canal/": {"t": "Suez Canal", "s": "The Suez Canal: a vital sea-level waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas, dividing Africa and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/nile/": {"t": "Nile", "s": "Longest river in the world, central to African history and civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/mumbai/": {"t": "Mumbai", "s": "Financial and entertainment capital of India, built on seven islands."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/colombo/": {"t": "Colombo", "s": "Colombo is Sri Lanka's executive, judicial, and commercial capital."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-taj-mahal/": {"t": "The Taj Mahal", "s": "The jewel of Islamic art in India and a universally admired masterpiece of the world's heritage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-taj-mahal.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/golden-temple/": {"t": "Golden Temple", "s": "Holiest shrine of Sikhism, symbolizing equality and open worship.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/golden-temple.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sikh architecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/nagasaki/": {"t": "Nagasaki", "s": "Capital of Nagasaki Prefecture on Kyushu, Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/kobe/": {"t": "Kobe", "s": "Major Japanese port city and capital of Hyōgo Prefecture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladivostok/": {"t": "Vladivostok", "s": "Vladivostok: Russia's Pacific capital and gateway to the East."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/irkutsk/": {"t": "Irkutsk", "s": "The Paris of Siberia"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/omsk/": {"t": "Omsk", "s": "The quiet one on the Irtysh"}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/old-style-and-new-style-dates/": {"t": "Old Style and New Style dates", "s": "Dual dating systems before and after calendar reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/pskov/": {"t": "Pskov", "s": "Ancient Russian city, former Hanseatic hub and border fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-revolution-of-1905/e/russian-revolution-of-1905/bloody-sunday-1905/": {"t": "Bloody Sunday (1905)", "s": "Massacre that sparked the 1905 Revolution in Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/russian-revolution-of-1905/": {"t": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "s": "A revolution that forced a constitution but failed to overthrow the tsar."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/commodity/": {"t": "Commodity", "s": "An economic good with substantial fungibility traded in global markets."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/economy-of-russia/": {"t": "Economy of Russia", "s": "Russia's economy is a high-income, industrialized mixed economy with vast energy resources, but faces challenges from sanctions, corruption, and demographic dec"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economic-growth/": {"t": "Economic growth", "s": "Economic growth is the increase in the quantity and quality of goods and services a society produces, measured by real GDP or GDP per capita.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economic-growth.webp", "c": "DavidMCEddy · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/grand-duke-nicholas-nikolaevich-of-russia-born-1856/": {"t": "Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (born 1856)", "s": "Russian grand duke and World War I general."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/e/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/georgi-plekhanov/": {"t": "Georgi Plekhanov", "s": "Founder of Russian Marxism and key Menshevik theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/decembrist-revolt/": {"t": "Decembrist revolt", "s": "Failed 1825 coup by liberal officers against Russian autocracy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/classicism/": {"t": "Classicism", "s": "An aesthetic attitude valuing form, proportion, and restraint from classical antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-cuisine/e/brazilian-cuisine/french-roll/": {"t": "French roll", "s": "A bread roll with a baguette-like crust."}, "https://codexery.com/american-breads/e/american-breads/gingerbread/": {"t": "Gingerbread", "s": "A spiced baked good with ancient roots and many forms."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/khodynka-cup-of-sorrows/": {"t": "Khodynka Cup of Sorrows", "s": "Commemorative cup linked to the Khodynka Tragedy."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-nobility/e/chinese-nobility/li-hongzhang/": {"t": "Li Hongzhang", "s": "Late Qing statesman, diplomat, and modernizer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-nobility/img/chinese-nobility/li-hongzhang.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Li Hongzhang · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/emperor-of-china/": {"t": "Emperor of China", "s": "Absolute monarch and Son of Heaven ruling under the Mandate of Heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/krasnoyarsk-krai/": {"t": "Krasnoyarsk Krai", "s": "Largest krai in Russia, spanning Siberia from Arctic to mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/archipelago/": {"t": "Archipelago", "s": "A chain, cluster, or collection of islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/archipelago.webp", "c": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/taymyr-peninsula/": {"t": "Taymyr Peninsula", "s": "Northernmost mainland Eurasia, rich in indigenous cultures and ecology."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/kara-sea/": {"t": "Kara Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, named for the Kara River, with a name possibly meaning 'hummocked ice' or 'black'."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/e/polar-explorers/matvei-gedenshtrom/": {"t": "Matvei Gedenshtrom", "s": "Swedish-born explorer of Arctic Siberia and cartographer."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/adolf-erik-nordenski-ld/": {"t": "Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld", "s": "Finland-Swedish explorer who first navigated the Northeast Passage."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/communist-party-of-germany/": {"t": "Communist Party of Germany", "s": "Major far-left party in Weimar Germany, banned in 1956."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/novaya-zemlya/": {"t": "Novaya Zemlya", "s": "Arctic archipelago used as a major Soviet nuclear test site."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yenisei/": {"t": "Yenisei", "s": "Fifth-longest river system, largest Arctic Ocean tributary."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/lena-river/": {"t": "Lena River", "s": "The easternmost of Siberia's three great Arctic rivers, the Lena is the longest river entirely within Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/lena-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lena River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/e/polar-explorers/vladimir-rusanov/": {"t": "Vladimir Rusanov", "s": "Russian geologist and Arctic explorer who vanished in the Kara Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost/": {"t": "Permafrost", "s": "Frozen ground that stores carbon and threatens infrastructure when thawed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost.webp", "c": "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Kathryn Mersmann · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/little-auk/": {"t": "Little auk", "s": "Small Arctic auk, key prey for Inuit and polar bears."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/black-legged-kittiwake/": {"t": "Black-legged kittiwake", "s": "A pelagic gull named for its call, nesting on sheer cliffs."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/black-guillemot/": {"t": "Black guillemot", "s": "A circumpolar seabird of northern Atlantic and Arctic coasts."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/ivory-gull/": {"t": "Ivory gull", "s": "A high-Arctic gull threatened by sea ice loss."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/glaucous-gull/": {"t": "Glaucous gull", "s": "A large Arctic gull with pale plumage and no black on wings."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/brant-goose/": {"t": "Brant (goose)", "s": "A small goose with three subspecies, wintering on temperate coasts."}, "https://codexery.com/canids-and-hyaenids/e/canids-and-hyaenids/arctic-fox/": {"t": "Arctic fox", "s": "Small Arctic predator with the warmest fur of any mammal."}, "https://codexery.com/thunderball/e/thunderball/james-bond/": {"t": "James Bond", "s": "Fictional British Secret Service agent, code number 007."}, "https://codexery.com/james-bond/e/films/goldeneye/": {"t": "GoldenEye", "s": "In a post-Cold War world, an ancient satellite weapon threatens global stability."}, "https://codexery.com/james-bond/e/story/goldeneye-007/": {"t": "GoldenEye 007", "s": "A landmark console first-person shooter based on the James Bond film."}, "https://codexery.com/american-science-fiction-war-films/e/american-science-fiction-war-films/the-tomorrow-war/": {"t": "The Tomorrow War", "s": "A father drafted to fight a future war against alien invaders."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/sergei-witte/": {"t": "Sergei Witte", "s": "First prime minister of the Russian Empire and architect of its industrialization and 1905 constitutional reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/parliament/": {"t": "Parliament", "s": "A legislature representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing government."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/winter-palace/": {"t": "Winter Palace", "s": "The former imperial residence of the Romanovs, now home to the Hermitage Museum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/winter-palace.webp", "c": "Godot13 · via Wikipedia: Winter Palace · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-speech/": {"t": "Freedom of speech", "s": "A human right to express opinions without fear of retaliation."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/tsuda-sanz/": {"t": "Tsuda Sanzō", "s": "Japanese policeman who attempted to assassinate the future Tsar Nicholas II."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/eastern-journey-of-nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Eastern journey of Nicholas II", "s": "A 51,000 km journey by the future tsar across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-biwa/": {"t": "Lake Biwa", "s": "Japan's largest and one of the world's oldest freshwater lakes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/img/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-biwa.webp", "c": "Takashi Hososhima from Tokyo, Japan · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/tsu/": {"t": "Ōtsu", "s": "Capital of Shiga Prefecture, historic capital of Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/shiga-prefecture/": {"t": "Shiga Prefecture", "s": "Inland prefecture encircling Japan's largest lake, Lake Biwa."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegram/": {"t": "Telegram", "s": "A written message transmitted by telegraph, popular from the 19th to mid-20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/yamagata-prefecture/": {"t": "Yamagata Prefecture", "s": "A prefecture of mountains, cherries, and historic Dewa Province.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/yamagata-prefecture.webp", "c": "さかおり · via Wikipedia: Yamagata Prefecture · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/patriotism/": {"t": "Patriotism", "s": "Love and devotion to one's country, distinct from nationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/xenophobia/": {"t": "Xenophobia", "s": "Fear or dislike of people perceived as foreign or strange."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-empires/e/rebellions-against-empires/revolutions-of-1917-1923/": {"t": "Revolutions of 1917–1923", "s": "A global wave of socialist and anti-colonial uprisings after World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/": {"t": "German revolution of 1918–1919", "s": "Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/october-manifesto/": {"t": "October Manifesto", "s": "1905 document promising civil rights and an elected Duma."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/treaty-of-brest-litovsk/": {"t": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "s": "Separate peace ending Russia's role in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/individual-angels/e/individual-angels/michael-archangel/": {"t": "Michael (archangel)", "s": "Archangel, warrior of God, and guardian prince of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/allegory/": {"t": "Allegory", "s": "A narrative device using symbolism for moral or political meaning."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-legendary-figures/e/mythological-and-legendary-figures/marianne/": {"t": "Marianne", "s": "National personification of the French Republic since the Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/boxer-rebellion/e/boxer-rebellion/hun-speech/": {"t": "Hun speech", "s": "Wilhelm II's incendiary farewell to troops bound for China."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion/": {"t": "Boxer Rebellion", "s": "An anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China (1899–1901) by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, defeated by the Eigh", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Boxer Rebellion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/tour-de-france/e/culture/champs-lys-es/": {"t": "Champs-Élysées", "s": "Paris's grand avenue, from the Concorde to the Arc de Triomphe, where the Tour ends."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-eiffel-tower/": {"t": "The Eiffel Tower", "s": "Locally nicknamed \"La dame de fer\" (French for \"Iron Lady\") due to its construction from wrought iron, the Eiffel Tower is a lattice tower situated on the Champ"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau/": {"t": "Art Nouveau", "s": "Whiplash curves, plant forms and iron and glass: the international style of the Belle Époque.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Art Nouveau · see source"}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/vasily-yakovlev/": {"t": "Vasily Yakovlev", "s": "Old Bolshevik who transferred the tsar's family to Yekaterinburg."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/spire/": {"t": "Spire", "s": "A tall, pointed structure atop a building or tower."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cuisine/e/iranian-cuisine/cutlet/": {"t": "Cutlet", "s": "A versatile fried dish of meat, vegetables, or seafood."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/liturgy/": {"t": "Liturgy", "s": "Formal public worship as a communal response to the sacred."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/fiat/": {"t": "Fiat", "s": "FIAT Automobiles S.p.A., the Italian carmaker commonly called FIAT, became a subsidiary of Stellantis in 2021 after its parent, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, merge", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/fiat.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fiat · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/charity-practice/": {"t": "Charity (practice)", "s": "Charitable giving is the act of donating to the less fortunate."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/profanity/": {"t": "Profanity", "s": "Offensive language used for emotion, emphasis, or social bonding."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/kyiv-pechersk-lavra/": {"t": "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra", "s": "Historic Eastern Christian monastery and cultural center in Kyiv."}, "https://codexery.com/moscow-kremlin/e/moscow-kremlin/coronation-of-nicholas-ii-and-alexandra-feodorovna/": {"t": "Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna", "s": "Last imperial coronation of the Russian Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/santa-claus/e/santa-claus/saint-nicholas/": {"t": "Saint Nicholas", "s": "Early Christian bishop whose secret gift-giving inspired Santa Claus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/santa-claus/img/santa-claus/saint-nicholas.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saint Nicholas · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky/": {"t": "Maxim Gorky", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer, journalist, and socialist advocate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky.webp", "c": "Herman Mishkin · via Wikipedia: Maxim Gorky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/mikhail-bulgakov/": {"t": "Mikhail Bulgakov", "s": "Russian and Soviet novelist and playwright of lasting influence."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/willy-nicky-correspondence/": {"t": "Willy–Nicky correspondence", "s": "Personal correspondence between two emperors before World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/life-imprisonment/": {"t": "Life imprisonment", "s": "A sentence of imprisonment for the remainder of a convict's natural life."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/e/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/saig-takamori/": {"t": "Saigō Takamori", "s": "Samurai who led the Meiji Restoration and later the Satsuma Rebellion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/img/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/saig-takamori.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saigō Takamori · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/mie-prefecture/": {"t": "Mie Prefecture", "s": "Prefecture on Honshu with ancient Shinto shrines and modern industry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/mie-prefecture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mie Prefecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hokkaido/": {"t": "Hokkaido", "s": "Hokkaido is Japan’s northernmost main island and the second largest of the four."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/krasnolesye/": {"t": "Krasnolesye", "s": "Settlement with imperial hunting lodges and a complex political history."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/corfu/": {"t": "Corfu", "s": "Northernmost Ionian island, ancient naval power, Venetian fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/achilles/e/achilles/achilleion-corfu/": {"t": "Achilleion (Corfu)", "s": "A Corfu palace built for Empress Elisabeth, named for Achilles."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/hague-conventions-of-1899-and-1907/": {"t": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907", "s": "First multilateral treaties codifying laws of war."}, "/e/nicholas-ii-of-russia/eugene-kobylinsky/": {"t": "Eugene Kobylinsky", "s": "Officer who guarded the former tsar after his abdication."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}}