{"https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/cuisines/e/world-cuisines/indian-cuisine/": {"t": "Indian cuisine", "s": "A diverse culinary tapestry shaped by 8,000 years of history, religion, and regional traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-indus-valley-civilization/": {"t": "The Indus Valley Civilization", "s": "One of four ancient centres of the world, spanning Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/indian-philosophy/": {"t": "Indian philosophy", "s": "Indian philosophy comprises the philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent, often called darśana (meaning 'to see' or 'looking at') and also referred t"}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinema-of-india/": {"t": "Cinema of India", "s": "India's cinema: a multilingual mosaic of film industries, from silent pioneers to global box-office leaders."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/jainism/": {"t": "Jainism", "s": "Indian religion centered on nonviolence and spiritual liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/sikhism/": {"t": "Sikhism", "s": "Indian monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/ahimsa/": {"t": "Ahimsa", "s": "Ancient Indian principle of nonviolence toward all living beings."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mahatma-gandhi/": {"t": "Mahatma Gandhi", "s": "Leader of India's nonviolent independence movement"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-independence-movement/": {"t": "Indian independence movement", "s": "Political efforts to end British colonial rule in India."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/martin-luther-king-jr/": {"t": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "s": "Civil rights leader who championed nonviolent resistance against racial discrimination."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/bah-faith/": {"t": "Baháʼí Faith", "s": "Concept in the Baháʼí Faith referring to prophets as perfect mirrors of God's attributes."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/public-administration/": {"t": "Public administration", "s": "The implementation of public policies and government programs."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/writing-system/": {"t": "Writing system", "s": "A system of symbols and rules for representing language."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/hindu-kush/": {"t": "Hindu Kush", "s": "Mountain range dividing the Amu Darya and Indus River valleys.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/hindu-kush.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hindu Kush · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/meghalaya/": {"t": "Meghalaya", "s": "The abode of clouds"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/extended-family/": {"t": "Extended family", "s": "Extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/arranged-marriage/": {"t": "Arranged marriage", "s": "Marriage arranged by a third party, often with consent."}, "https://codexery.com/traditional-games/e/traditional-games/traditional-games-of-india/": {"t": "Traditional games of India", "s": "Ancient Indian games with minimal equipment and regional variations."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/melanesians/": {"t": "Melanesians", "s": "Indigenous peoples of Melanesia with deep genetic and linguistic diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/javanese-people/": {"t": "Javanese people", "s": "Largest ethnic group in Indonesia and Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sumatra/": {"t": "Sumatra", "s": "Large Indonesian island with rich history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/sumatra.webp", "c": "Sadalmelik · via Wikipedia: Sumatra · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/regional-musics/e/regional-musics/music-of-india/": {"t": "Music of India", "s": "Indian music spans millennia, from Vedic chants to global fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/javanese-language/": {"t": "Javanese language", "s": "The largest Austronesian language by native speakers, spoken by over 68 million people primarily in Java, Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malay-language/": {"t": "Malay language", "s": "An Austronesian language native to Maritime Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula, official in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/ethnic-group/": {"t": "Ethnic group", "s": "A human group sharing perceived common attributes and identity."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/bali/": {"t": "Bali", "s": "Island of the Gods"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-sumatra/": {"t": "West Sumatra", "s": "Land of the Minangkabau"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/north-sumatra/": {"t": "North Sumatra", "s": "Land of the Toba supervolcano and diverse cultures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/north-sumatra.webp", "c": "Gunawan Kartapranata redrawed from official emblem from Government of Indonesia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sulawesi/": {"t": "Sulawesi", "s": "Sulawesi is a large Indonesian island with four peninsulas."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-java/": {"t": "West Java", "s": "The most populous province of Indonesia, homeland of the Sundanese people."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/east-nusa-tenggara/": {"t": "East Nusa Tenggara", "s": "Southernmost Indonesian province with rich culture and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/east-nusa-tenggara.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Nusa Tenggara · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-cuisine/e/indian-cuisine/borassus-flabellifer/": {"t": "Borassus flabellifer", "s": "A versatile fan palm native to South and Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands/": {"t": "Maluku Islands", "s": "The Spice Islands at the crossroads of Asia and Oceania.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maluku Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/north-sulawesi/": {"t": "North Sulawesi", "s": "Gateway to the Minahasa Peninsula and the northernmost islands of Indonesia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/north-sulawesi.webp", "c": "Bennylin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/east-kalimantan/": {"t": "East Kalimantan", "s": "Indonesian province hosting the world's oldest figurative art and new capital.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/east-kalimantan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Kalimantan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/banten/": {"t": "Banten", "s": "Westernmost province of Java, Indonesia, with a rich sultanate history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/banten.webp", "c": "Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/aceh/": {"t": "Aceh", "s": "The westernmost province of Indonesia, a historically independent sultanate and the birthplace of Islam in Southeast Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/aceh.webp", "c": "Tinta Emas Historia Network · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/riau/": {"t": "Riau", "s": "Wealthy Indonesian province on Sumatra's east coast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/riau.webp", "c": "Gunkarta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/south-sumatra/": {"t": "South Sumatra", "s": "Province in southeast Sumatra, historically home to Srivijaya.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/south-sumatra.webp", "c": "Gunkarta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/srivijaya/": {"t": "Srivijaya", "s": "A Malay thalassocratic empire dominating western Maritime Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ritual-animal-disguise/e/ritual-animal-disguise/kuda-lumping/": {"t": "Kuda Lumping", "s": "Javanese trance dance with woven bamboo horses."}, "https://codexery.com/ritual-animal-disguise/e/ritual-animal-disguise/reog/": {"t": "Reog", "s": "Indonesian dance with a lion mask carried by the dancer's teeth."}, "https://codexery.com/ritual-animal-disguise/e/ritual-animal-disguise/barong-dance/": {"t": "Barong dance", "s": "Balinese dance depicting the eternal battle between good and evil."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/makassar/": {"t": "Makassar", "s": "The largest city in Eastern Indonesia and a historic trading port."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/papua-province/": {"t": "Papua (province)", "s": "A province of Indonesia on the northern coast of Western New Guinea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/papua-province.webp", "c": "NordNordWest · via Wikipedia: Papua (province) · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-inventions/e/indonesian-inventions/batik/": {"t": "Batik", "s": "Wax-resist dyeing technique with ancient roots and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-inventions/img/indonesian-inventions/batik.webp", "c": "Fpangestuphotographer · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/indonesian-language/": {"t": "Indonesian language", "s": "The official and national language of Indonesia, a standardized variety of Malay spoken by over 97% of the population."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/portuguese-people/": {"t": "Portuguese people", "s": "Romance ethnic group indigenous to Portugal, key in global exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-cuisine/e/portuguese-cuisine/portuguese-cuisine/": {"t": "Portuguese cuisine", "s": "A seafaring cuisine shaped by Atlantic, Mediterranean, and global influences."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-mythology/e/hindu-mythology/hindu-mythology/": {"t": "Hindu mythology", "s": "Myths from Hindu texts, foundational to society and theology."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-mythology/e/buddhist-mythology/buddhist-mythology/": {"t": "Buddhist mythology", "s": "Sacred stories of the Buddha and his past lives.", "i": "https://codexery.com/buddhist-mythology/img/buddhist-mythology/buddhist-mythology.webp", "c": "Anonymous Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/geopolitics/": {"t": "Geopolitics", "s": "Study of geography's effects on politics and international relations."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southern-europe/": {"t": "Southern Europe", "s": "Mediterranean Europe shaped by peninsulas, mountains, and ancient civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/iranian-architecture/": {"t": "Iranian architecture", "s": "Iranian architecture spans millennia, from vernacular to monumental."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/ancient-iranian-medicine/": {"t": "Ancient Iranian medicine", "s": "Persian centers pioneered hospitals and systematic medical study."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "Original file by Ro4444, edited by me · via Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/medes/": {"t": "Medes", "s": "Iron Age Iranian people of Media, known from foreign sources and archaeology."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/card-tabletop-games/e/card-and-tabletop-games/shatranj/": {"t": "Shatranj", "s": "An ancient form of chess from the Sasanian Empire, ancestor of modern chess."}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/fritware/": {"t": "Fritware", "s": "Islamic pottery technique using ground glass to imitate porcelain."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/iranian-languages/": {"t": "Iranian languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Iranian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox/": {"t": "Equinox", "s": "Twice-yearly moment when day and night are nearly equal worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox.webp", "c": "江戸村のとくぞう · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/roman-law/": {"t": "Roman law", "s": "The legal system of ancient Rome, spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence and influencing much of Western and Eastern European law."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/neoclassicism/": {"t": "Neoclassicism", "s": "A Western revival of classical antiquity inspired by Enlightenment ideals."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/futurism/": {"t": "Futurism", "s": "Speed, technology, and the triumph of modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi/": {"t": "Antonio Vivaldi", "s": "Baroque composer, violinist, and impresario of Venice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Antonio Vivaldi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gioachino-rossini/": {"t": "Gioachino Rossini", "s": "Italian composer of 39 operas who retired from large-scale work in his thirties."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi/": {"t": "Giuseppe Verdi", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Verdi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/ballet/": {"t": "Ballet", "s": "A highly technical performance dance originating in the Italian Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-of-europe/": {"t": "Art of Europe", "s": "European art spans prehistoric cave paintings to postmodern movements."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-etruscans/": {"t": "The Etruscans", "s": "Ancient Italian civilization of city-states with a distinct language and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-movements/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-italy/": {"t": "Cinema of Italy", "s": "Italian cinema has influenced film movements worldwide since its beginning."}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/lumi-re-brothers/": {"t": "Lumière brothers", "s": "French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their motion picture system."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanesque-art/": {"t": "Romanesque art", "s": "First pan-European style blending Roman, Byzantine, and Insular influences."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/j-mon-period/": {"t": "Jōmon period", "s": "The Jōmon period: a 14,000-year era of hunter-gatherer complexity and cultural diversity in ancient Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/sinosphere/": {"t": "Sinosphere", "s": "A historical cultural sphere shaped by Chinese influence in East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/honshu/": {"t": "Honshu", "s": "Japan's largest and most populous main island"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/japanese-language/": {"t": "Japanese language", "s": "The principal language of the Japonic family, spoken by over 123 million people, primarily in Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-inventions/e/japanese-inventions/anime/": {"t": "Anime", "s": "Japanese animation medium with global cultural impact."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/hiragana/": {"t": "Hiragana", "s": "A Japanese syllabary used for phonetic writing."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-inventions/e/indian-inventions/hindu-arabic-numeral-system/": {"t": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system", "s": "A decimal positional system with earliest clear evidence from the 5th–6th centuries, developed by Indian mathematicians and later adopted by Arabs."}, "https://codexery.com/games-and-recreation/e/games-and-recreation/karaoke/": {"t": "Karaoke", "s": "Interactive entertainment system for singing to pre-recorded accompaniment."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/shinto/": {"t": "Shinto", "s": "Japan's indigenous religion centered on kami worship."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-japan/": {"t": "Government of Japan", "s": "Japan's government is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-japan.webp", "c": "Japanese Government Railways · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/clothing-and-accessories/e/clothing-and-accessories/jewellery/": {"t": "Jewellery", "s": "Decorative items worn for personal adornment across cultures and history."}, "https://codexery.com/food/e/food/rice/": {"t": "Rice", "s": "Staple grain for over half the world's population."}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-and-condiments/e/cuisine-and-condiments/seafood/": {"t": "Seafood", "s": "Sea life harvested and consumed by humans since prehistory."}, "https://codexery.com/fermentation/e/fermented-foods/fermentation-in-food-processing/": {"t": "Fermentation in food processing", "s": "The science of turning carbs into alcohol or acids using microbes."}, "https://codexery.com/fermentation/e/fermented-foods/pickling/": {"t": "Pickling", "s": "Preserving food through brine or vinegar, pickling extends shelf life and creates distinctive flavors."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein/": {"t": "Protein", "s": "Essential biomolecules that catalyze, structure, and regulate life."}, "https://codexery.com/fermentation/e/fermented-foods/kimchi/": {"t": "Kimchi", "s": "Traditional Korean fermented side dish", "i": "https://codexery.com/fermentation/img/fermented-foods/kimchi.webp", "c": "국립국어원 · via Wikipedia: Kimchi · CC BY-SA 2.0 kr"}, "https://codexery.com/cuisines/e/world-cuisines/korean-cuisine/": {"t": "Korean cuisine", "s": "A cuisine shaped by centuries of social and political change."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/garlic/": {"t": "Garlic", "s": "A bulbous plant used for millennia as food and remedy."}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/leek/": {"t": "Leek", "s": "A mild onion-like vegetable, national emblem of Wales."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/ginger/": {"t": "Ginger", "s": "A spice and folk medicine from Maritime Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/burmese-cuisine/e/burmese-cuisine/rice-cake/": {"t": "Rice cake", "s": "Rice cakes are diverse foods made from rice across many cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/porcelain/": {"t": "Porcelain", "s": "A high-fired ceramic prized for strength, whiteness, and translucence."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/imjin-war/": {"t": "Imjin War", "s": "Two Japanese invasions of Korea ending in stalemate."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/korean-language/": {"t": "Korean language", "s": "Korean is a Koreanic language official in both North and South Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/popular-culture/": {"t": "Popular culture", "s": "Dominant practices and beliefs of a society at a given time."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "s": "Native peoples of the Americas with diverse cultures and languages."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romance-languages/": {"t": "Romance languages", "s": "The Romance languages, often called the Latin languages, are those that evolved directly from Vulgar Latin."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/vulgar-latin/": {"t": "Vulgar Latin", "s": "Non-formal Latin registers that evolved into Romance languages."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "The empire on which the sun never set.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire.webp", "c": "Nagihuin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/foo-fighters/e/places/chicago/": {"t": "Chicago", "s": "A wind-swept city where the spirit of rock and roll never sleeps."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/miami/": {"t": "Miami", "s": "Gateway to Latin America"}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/french-people/": {"t": "French people", "s": "A people defined by citizenship, language, and a shared willingness to live together."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples are diverse groups with ancestral ties to traditional territories."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/baseball/": {"t": "Baseball", "s": "A bat-and-ball sport with nine players per team."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/teotihuacan/": {"t": "Teotihuacan", "s": "Ancient Mesoamerican city of pyramids, murals, and monumental influence."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-folklore/e/mexican-folklore/our-lady-of-guadalupe/": {"t": "Our Lady of Guadalupe", "s": "Catholic title of Mary associated with 1531 apparitions in Mexico.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mexican-folklore/img/mexican-folklore/our-lady-of-guadalupe.webp", "c": "Another Believer · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/maize/": {"t": "Maize", "s": "Domesticated grass staple, key to global food and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/recipes/e/classic-dishes/mole-sauce/": {"t": "Mole (sauce)", "s": "A rich, complex sauce rooted in Mexican tradition, blending chiles, spices, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/e/poets-and-lyricists/octavio-paz/": {"t": "Octavio Paz", "s": "Octavio Paz Lozano was a Mexican poet, essayist, and cultural critic whose work explores themes of Mexican identity, language, and solitude."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/carlos-fuentes/": {"t": "Carlos Fuentes", "s": "Mexican novelist, essayist, and ambassador to France; a leading figure of the Latin American Boom."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/oaxaca/": {"t": "Oaxaca", "s": "A Mexican state known for Indigenous cultures and rugged terrain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/oaxaca.webp", "c": "PCN02WPS · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/chiapas/": {"t": "Chiapas", "s": "Southernmost Mexican state with Mayan ruins and high indigenous population."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/jehovah-s-witnesses/": {"t": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "s": "A nontrinitarian, millenarian Christian denomination known for evangelism, refusal of military service and blood transfusions, and shunning of former members."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/mesoamerican-architecture/": {"t": "Mesoamerican architecture", "s": "Pre-Columbian monumental architecture shaped by religion, astronomy, and urban planning."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-revolution/": {"t": "Mexican Revolution", "s": "A decade-long civil war that reshaped Mexican government and society."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/yoruba-people/": {"t": "Yoruba people", "s": "West African ethnic group native to Nigeria, Benin, and Togo"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/nomad/": {"t": "Nomad", "s": "Mobile communities moving for food, pasture, or trade."}, "https://codexery.com/mythology/e/mythology/syncretism/": {"t": "Syncretism", "s": "The blending of distinct beliefs into a new, cohesive system."}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/benin-bronzes/": {"t": "Benin Bronzes", "s": "A collection of metal plaques and sculptures from the Kingdom of Benin, created from the fourteenth century."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-chad/": {"t": "Lake Chad", "s": "Endorheic lake at the crossroads of four African nations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-chad.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Chad · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/traditional-knowledge/e/traditional-knowledge/masterpieces-of-the-oral-and-intangible-heritage-of-humanity/": {"t": "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity", "s": "UNESCO program recognizing intangible cultural heritage for safeguarding."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/things-fall-apart/": {"t": "Things Fall Apart", "s": "A milestone in African literature, Things Fall Apart portrays the tragic story of Okonkwo and the clash between Igbo tradition and colonialism."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/chinua-achebe/": {"t": "Chinua Achebe", "s": "Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic, central figure of modern African literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/chinua-achebe.webp", "c": "Carlo Bavagnoli · via Wikipedia: Chinua Achebe · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/e/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/wole-soyinka/": {"t": "Wole Soyinka", "s": "Nigerian Nobel laureate whose works explore culture and politics."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ben-okri/": {"t": "Ben Okri", "s": "Nigerian-born British poet and novelist, Booker Prize winner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/ben-okri.webp", "c": "Metsavend · via Wikipedia: Ben Okri · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hausa-language/": {"t": "Hausa language", "s": "The most widely spoken Chadic language, serving as a lingua franca across West Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/yoruba-language/": {"t": "Yoruba language", "s": "A major West African language with a rich dialect continuum and diaspora liturgical use."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/igbo-language/": {"t": "Igbo language", "s": "The principal native language of the Igbo people of Southeastern Nigeria."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/oceania/": {"t": "Oceania", "s": "The smallest continent, spanning the Pacific's vast ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/melanesia/": {"t": "Melanesia", "s": "A subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific, known for its diverse cultures and dark-skinned indigenous peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/melanesia.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/polynesia/": {"t": "Polynesia", "s": "A vast subregion of Oceania, Polynesia encompasses over 1,000 islands across the central and southern Pacific, united by shared language, culture, and tradition", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/polynesia.webp", "c": "Hobe / Holger Behr · via Wikipedia: Polynesia · Public domain"}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Culture of the United States", "s": "A melting pot of cultures with global influence."}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-polynesia/": {"t": "Culture of Polynesia", "s": "Four eras — exploration and settlement, isolation, European contact through WWII, and the post-war present — map out Polynesian cultural history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-polynesia.webp", "c": "PaulT (Gunther Tschuch) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/kava/": {"t": "Kava", "s": "Psychoactive beverage from Pacific Islands, used ceremonially and socially."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/cassowary/": {"t": "Cassowary", "s": "Flightless bird with a fearsome claw and a glowing casque."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/dowry/": {"t": "Dowry", "s": "A marriage payment from the bride's family to the groom's family.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/dowry.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-people-of-new-guinea/": {"t": "Indigenous people of New Guinea", "s": "Indigenous Melanesian peoples of New Guinea, with deep genetic and linguistic diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/globalization/": {"t": "Globalization", "s": "Process of increasing global interdependence and integration."}, "https://codexery.com/new-zealand-cuisine/e/new-zealand-cuisine/k-mara/": {"t": "Kūmara", "s": "Polynesian name for the sweet potato, a pre-Columbian staple."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/ramadan/": {"t": "Ramadan", "s": "Islamic month of fasting, prayer, and spiritual reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/totem/": {"t": "Totem", "s": "A spirit emblem of a group, originating in Ojibwe culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/renzo-piano/": {"t": "Renzo Piano", "s": "Italian architect of iconic museums and skyscrapers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/renzo-piano.webp", "c": "Cirone-Musi (Festival della Scienza, Genova)Color and edits by the uploader. · via Wikipedia: Renzo Piano · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/m-ori-people/": {"t": "Māori people", "s": "Indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/polynesians/": {"t": "Polynesians", "s": "Polynesians are an ethnolinguistic group native to the Polynesian Triangle, known for their ancient navigation skills and Austronesian heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/kanak-people/": {"t": "Kanak people", "s": "Indigenous Melanesian inhabitants of New Caledonia"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/west-slavs/": {"t": "West Slavs", "s": "West Slavs: Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages, with a history of early medieval states and cultural ties to Latin Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages/": {"t": "Slavic languages", "s": "The Slavic languages are a major branch of the Indo-European family, spoken by over 315 million people across Eastern and Central Europe and beyond.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/img/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages.webp", "c": "CrazyPhunk · via Wikipedia: Slavic languages · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-cuisine/e/hungarian-cuisine/pierogi/": {"t": "Pierogi", "s": "Filled dumplings of Polish origin, boiled and often garnished."}, "https://codexery.com/fish/e/fish/herring/": {"t": "Herring", "s": "Forage fish forming large schools, vital to fisheries science and history."}, "https://codexery.com/national-dishes/e/national-dishes/bigos/": {"t": "Bigos", "s": "Polish hunter's stew of meat, sauerkraut, and cabbage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-dishes/img/national-dishes/bigos.webp", "c": "MOs810 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/mushroom/": {"t": "Mushroom", "s": "Fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus."}, "https://codexery.com/food-cooking/e/food-and-cooking/tomato-soup/": {"t": "Tomato soup", "s": "A versatile soup with tomatoes as the main ingredient."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/cyrillic-script/": {"t": "Cyrillic script", "s": "Third official script of the European Union.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/cyrillic-script.webp", "c": "Crissov , Gojdo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna/": {"t": "Mitochondrial DNA", "s": "Mitochondrial DNA is a small, maternally inherited genome essential for energy conversion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna.webp", "c": "National Human Genome Research Institute · via Wikipedia: Mitochondrial DNA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/taiwanese-indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Taiwanese indigenous peoples", "s": "Austronesian indigenous peoples of Taiwan, origin of oceanic expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-britain/": {"t": "New Britain", "s": "The largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago, shaped by volcanoes and history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-britain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solomon Islands (archipelago) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/cook-islands/": {"t": "Cook Islands", "s": "Self-governing island nation in free association with New Zealand"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/volcanic-island/": {"t": "Volcanic island", "s": "Volcanic islands are high islands of volcanic origin."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/coastal-plain/": {"t": "Coastal plain", "s": "Flat, low-lying land adjacent to a sea coast."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/lvaro-de-menda-a-de-neira/": {"t": "Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira", "s": "Spanish navigator who led two early Pacific expeditions."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineral/": {"t": "Mineral", "s": "Naturally occurring solid with defined composition and crystal structure."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/theocracy/": {"t": "Theocracy", "s": "Government by divine guidance or religious officials."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/ukrainian-language/": {"t": "Ukrainian language", "s": "East Slavic language of Ukraine, with deep historical roots."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-folklore/e/russian-folklore/bylina/": {"t": "Bylina", "s": "Russian oral epic poems blending history with fantasy."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/karelia/": {"t": "Karelia", "s": "A historical region divided between Russia and Finland, known for its lakes, cultural heritage, and contested past."}, "https://codexery.com/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/e/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/kalevala/": {"t": "Kalevala", "s": "19th-century Finnish epic compiled from oral folklore."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pushkin/": {"t": "Alexander Pushkin", "s": "Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era, considered the greatest Russian poet and founder of modern Russian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/mikhail-lomonosov/": {"t": "Mikhail Lomonosov", "s": "Russian polymath who discovered the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/nikolai-gogol/": {"t": "Nikolai Gogol", "s": "Russian writer of Ukrainian origin, master of the grotesque."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ivan-turgenev/": {"t": "Ivan Turgenev", "s": "Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/fyodor-dostoevsky/": {"t": "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "s": "Russian novelist and philosopher of the human condition"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/socialist-realism/": {"t": "Socialist realism", "s": "Official Soviet art doctrine depicting reality in revolutionary development."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky/": {"t": "Maxim Gorky", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer, journalist, and socialist advocate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky.webp", "c": "Herman Mishkin · via Wikipedia: Maxim Gorky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/realism-arts/": {"t": "Realism (arts)", "s": "Truthful representation in art, from the mundane to the sublime."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/bahia/": {"t": "Bahia", "s": "I rise through the hardship", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/bahia.webp", "c": "Diocleciano Ramos · via Wikipedia: Bahia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cuisines/e/world-cuisines/spanish-cuisine/": {"t": "Spanish cuisine", "s": "Spanish cuisine blends regional traditions with Mediterranean and Atlantic influences."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia/": {"t": "Phoenicia", "s": "Ancient Semitic maritime traders who spread the alphabet across the Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia.webp", "c": "Kordas, based on Alvaro's work · via Wikipedia: Phoenicia · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/reconquista/": {"t": "Reconquista", "s": "Series of Christian campaigns ending Muslim rule in Iberia."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/cantar-de-mio-cid/": {"t": "Cantar de mio Cid", "s": "Anonymous 12th-century Castilian epic about the exiled hero El Cid."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/miguel-de-cervantes/": {"t": "Miguel de Cervantes", "s": "Spanish writer, author of Don Quixote, first modern novel."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/don-quixote/": {"t": "Don Quixote", "s": "A novel about a man who becomes a knight-errant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/don-quixote.webp", "c": "Juan de la Cuesta · via Wikipedia: Don Quixote · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/el-greco/": {"t": "El Greco", "s": "Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, known for tortuously elongated figures and fantastic pigmentation."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-hittites/": {"t": "The Hittites", "s": "Anatolian Indo-European people of the Bronze Age Hittite Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/dance/e/dance/turkish-folk-dance/": {"t": "Turkish folk dance", "s": "Turkish folk dances reflect a complex, sophisticated culture."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/urartu/": {"t": "Urartu", "s": "Iron Age kingdom centered on the Armenian highlands, rival of Assyria.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/urartu.webp", "c": "Esayi-Muse · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-folklore/e/turkish-folklore/karag-z-and-hacivat/": {"t": "Karagöz and Hacivat", "s": "Traditional Ottoman shadow puppets of contrasting social classes."}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-folklore/e/turkish-folklore/i-ncili-avu/": {"t": "İncili Çavuş", "s": "Ottoman figure of comic wisdom, known for his fıkras."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/mathnawi/": {"t": "Mathnawi", "s": "A rhyming couplet poem form across Islamic literary traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/ziya-g-kalp/": {"t": "Ziya Gökalp", "s": "Turkish sociologist, writer, poet, and politician", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/ziya-g-kalp.webp", "c": "Dosseman · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/social-realism/": {"t": "Social realism", "s": "Art movement critiquing socio-political conditions of the working class."}, "https://codexery.com/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/e/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/orhan-pamuk/": {"t": "Orhan Pamuk", "s": "Turkish novelist and 2006 Nobel laureate in literature."}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-inventions/e/turkish-inventions/ottoman-miniature/": {"t": "Ottoman miniature", "s": "Ottoman manuscript illustration known for factual detail and documentation."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/nakka-osman/": {"t": "Nakkaş Osman", "s": "Chief Ottoman miniaturist of the late sixteenth century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/nakka-osman.webp", "c": "1581 artist · via Wikipedia: Nakkaş Osman · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/dutch-people/": {"t": "Dutch people", "s": "Ethnic group native to the Netherlands, with global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/mercantilism/": {"t": "Mercantilism", "s": "Economic policy maximizing exports and state power through trade regulation."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/exploration/": {"t": "Exploration", "s": "Exploration is the process of discovering the unknown."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/west-frisian-language/": {"t": "West Frisian language", "s": "West Frisian is the closest living relative to Old English."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/friesland/": {"t": "Friesland", "s": "Northern Dutch province, home of the Frisian people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/migration-period/": {"t": "Migration Period", "s": "Era of large-scale migrations reshaping post-Roman Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/migration-period.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Migration Period · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/irreligion/": {"t": "Irreligion", "s": "Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/northern-ireland/": {"t": "Northern Ireland", "s": "The main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland, part of the BBC national regions."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-movements/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Cinema of the United Kingdom", "s": "British cinema shaped global film from the 19th century onward."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/anglosphere/": {"t": "Anglosphere", "s": "A Western-led sphere of English-speaking allied nations."}, "https://codexery.com/british-cuisine/e/british-cuisine/british-cuisine/": {"t": "British cuisine", "s": "Cuisine of the United Kingdom shaped by history and migration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-cuisine/img/british-cuisine/british-cuisine.webp", "c": "01x07x2022000 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/territorial-evolution-of-the-british-empire/": {"t": "Territorial evolution of the British Empire", "s": "Largest empire in history, spanning over a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/normans/": {"t": "Normans", "s": "From Norse raiders to rulers of Europe"}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-italy/": {"t": "Culture of Italy", "s": "Italian culture has profoundly shaped Western civilisation across many fields."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/welsh-language/": {"t": "Welsh language", "s": "A Brittonic Celtic language native to Wales with official status."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/cornwall/": {"t": "Cornwall", "s": "A Celtic nation and ceremonial county in South West England."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe/": {"t": "Robinson Crusoe", "s": "Fictional castaway who inspired the Robinsonade genre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robinson Crusoe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/william-wordsworth/": {"t": "William Wordsworth", "s": "English Romantic poet and co-founder of the Romantic Age", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/william-wordsworth.webp", "c": "Benjamin Haydon · via Wikipedia: William Wordsworth · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/unrelegated-association-football-clubs/e/unrelegated-association-football-clubs/celtic-f-c/": {"t": "Celtic F.C.", "s": "Scottish club with 122 major honours, most in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/ball-games/e/ball-games/england-cricket-team/": {"t": "England cricket team", "s": "Founding nation of international cricket and three-time world champion."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinema-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Cinema of the United States", "s": "Hollywood shaped global cinema from the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/american-cuisine/e/american-cuisine/american-cuisine/": {"t": "American cuisine", "s": "A melting pot of regional traditions and global influences."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/science-and-technology-in-the-united-states/": {"t": "Science and technology in the United States", "s": "U.S. science grew from Enlightenment ideals and immigrant talent."}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-poland/": {"t": "Culture of Poland", "s": "Polish culture blends West Slavic roots with European influences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-poland.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-spain/": {"t": "Culture of Spain", "s": "Spanish culture blends Roman, Muslim, and Catholic legacies."}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-latin-america/": {"t": "Culture of Latin America", "s": "A diverse blend of Iberian, Indigenous, African, and Asian influences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-latin-america.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rhythm-and-blues/": {"t": "Rhythm and blues", "s": "A genre originating in African American communities in the 1940s."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rock-and-roll/": {"t": "Rock and roll", "s": "Genre of popular music evolving in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/american-football/": {"t": "American football", "s": "Team sport evolved from rugby and soccer, popular in the US."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/first-amendment-to-the-united-states-constitution/": {"t": "First Amendment to the United States Constitution", "s": "First Amendment protects religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-the-netherlands/": {"t": "Culture of the Netherlands", "s": "A diverse culture shaped by mercantile spirit and tolerance."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/rembrandt/": {"t": "Rembrandt", "s": "Dutch Golden Age master of light, shadow, and human emotion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/rembrandt.webp", "c": "Rembrandt · via Wikipedia: Rembrandt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/agnosticism/": {"t": "Agnosticism", "s": "A stance questioning the existence of God or the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/atheism/": {"t": "Atheism", "s": "Atheism is the absence or rejection of belief in deities."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charlemagne/": {"t": "Charlemagne", "s": "Father of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/nord-pas-de-calais/": {"t": "Nord-Pas-de-Calais", "s": "A densely populated former region of France, now part of Hauts-de-France."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/eighty-years-war/": {"t": "Eighty Years' War", "s": "The Eighty Years' War: A struggle for independence and religious freedom in the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/english-people/": {"t": "English people", "s": "An ethnic group native to England, descended from Anglo-Saxons and Britons."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/salic-law/": {"t": "Salic law", "s": "The Frankish civil law code compiled around 500 AD by Clovis, containing early Old Dutch and influencing European legal traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/old-english/": {"t": "Old English", "s": "Earliest attested form of the English language."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sarmatians/": {"t": "Sarmatians", "s": "Iranian equestrian nomads who dominated the Pontic steppe for nearly a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/dnieper/": {"t": "Dnieper", "s": "Major transboundary river of Eastern Europe, vital to Ukraine's economy."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-peipus/": {"t": "Lake Peipus", "s": "Largest trans-boundary lake in Europe, site of the 1242 Battle on the Ice."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga/": {"t": "Lake Ladoga", "s": "Europe's largest lake, rich in history and wildlife.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Ladoga · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/saxons/": {"t": "Saxons", "s": "Germanic people of early medieval Old Saxony, conquered by Charlemagne."}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/the-viking-age/the-danelaw/": {"t": "The Danelaw", "s": "Region of England under Danish law after Viking conquest.", "i": "https://codexery.com/vikingage/img/the-viking-age/the-danelaw.webp", "c": "S. R. Gardiner · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/norman-conquest/": {"t": "Norman Conquest", "s": "11th-century invasion that made William the Conqueror king of England."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/": {"t": "Huguenots", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, "/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Culture of the United Kingdom", "s": "British culture blends diverse national traditions with global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/a-j-p-taylor/": {"t": "A. J. P. Taylor", "s": "English historian and broadcaster, known for his television lectures and expertise in European diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/great-power/": {"t": "Great power", "s": "Sovereign state with global influence and recognized power status."}, "https://codexery.com/human-evolution/e/human-evolution/cro-magnon/": {"t": "Cro-Magnon", "s": "First modern humans to permanently settle Europe and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic-revolution/": {"t": "Neolithic Revolution", "s": "The wide-scale transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement in the Neolithic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Neolithic Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/forza/e/story/british-isles/": {"t": "British Isles", "s": "The North Atlantic archipelago of Great Britain, Ireland and thousands of smaller islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/forza/img/story/british-isles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: British Isles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/francophonie/": {"t": "Francophonie", "s": "The global community of French speakers and organizations."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/occitania/": {"t": "Occitania", "s": "The historical land of the Occitan language and culture, spanning southern Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/gagauzia/": {"t": "Gagauzia", "s": "Autonomous Moldovan region for the Turkic Orthodox Gagauz people.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/gagauzia.webp", "c": "Fvasconcellos ( talk · contribs ) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/odesa-oblast/": {"t": "Odesa Oblast", "s": "Southwestern Ukrainian province on the Black Sea coast."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/zaporizhzhia-oblast/": {"t": "Zaporizhzhia Oblast", "s": "Oblast in south-east Ukraine, partly occupied since 2022."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/kabardino-balkaria/": {"t": "Kabardino-Balkaria", "s": "Home of Mount Elbrus, Europe's highest peak, in the North Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romanian-language/": {"t": "Romanian language", "s": "The official language of Romania and Moldova, spoken by 22 million people as a first language."}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/dervish/": {"t": "Dervish", "s": "Muslim ascetic seeking God through poverty and ecstatic practice."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/dobruja/": {"t": "Dobruja", "s": "A Balkan region divided between Bulgaria and Romania since the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/dobruja.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}}