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"Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/letizia-bonaparte/": {"t": "Letizia Bonaparte", "s": "Corsican noblewoman and mother of Emperor Napoleon I."}, "https://codexery.com/napoleon-iii/e/napoleon-iii/louis-bonaparte/": {"t": "Louis Bonaparte", "s": "Younger brother of Napoleon I and King of Holland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/napoleon-iii/img/napoleon-iii/louis-bonaparte.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Louis Bonaparte · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", 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"s": "Emperor of the French and military commander."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-vii/": {"t": "Ferdinand VII", "s": "King whose reign deepened Spain's liberal-absolutist divide."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/treaty-of-fontainebleau-october-1807/": {"t": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (October 1807)", "s": "Secret 1807 Franco-Spanish pact to partition Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/supreme-central-junta/": {"t": "Supreme Central Junta", "s": "Spanish governing junta during the Peninsular War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/img/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/supreme-central-junta.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Supreme Central Junta · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/carolingian-empire/": {"t": "Carolingian Empire", "s": "Frankish empire that revived the Roman imperial title in the West."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/pacte-de-famille/": {"t": "Pacte de Famille", "s": "Three Bourbon alliances between France and Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-bourbon/": {"t": "House of Bourbon", "s": "European dynasty ruling France, Spain, and other kingdoms since the 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/el-escorial/": {"t": "El Escorial", "s": "The largest Renaissance building in the world, a royal monastery and palace built by Philip II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/el-escorial.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: El Escorial · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/central-bank/": {"t": "Central bank", "s": "A financial institution managing monetary policy and ensuring banking stability."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "Capetian capital on the Seine."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire/": {"t": "French colonial empire", "s": "Overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandates under French rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire.webp", "c": "M. G. Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/metropolitan-france/": {"t": "Metropolitan France", "s": "European portion of France, including mainland and Corsica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/metropolitan-france.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Metropolitan France · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/war-of-the-spanish-succession/": {"t": "War of the Spanish Succession", "s": "The war was driven by concerns over the balance of power, as the Spanish Empire, though weakened by decades of conflict, remained a prominent global force whose"}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/financial-crisis/": {"t": "Financial crisis", "s": "A sudden loss of value in financial assets."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/banknote/": {"t": "Banknote", "s": "A banknote is a type of paper money issued by a bank."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/charles-de-gaulle/": {"t": "Charles de Gaulle", "s": "French general and statesman who led Free France and founded the Fifth Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/monetary-policy/": {"t": "Monetary policy", "s": "Central bank policy affecting money, credit, and economic activity.", "i": 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on 5 May 1821."}, "https://codexery.com/pandemics/e/pandemics/covid-19-pandemic/": {"t": "COVID-19 pandemic", "s": "Global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, beginning in late 2019."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/emmanuel-macron/": {"t": "Emmanuel Macron", "s": "French president since 2017, youngest in nation's history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/emmanuel-macron.webp", "c": "The Kremlin, Moscow · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/tutankhamun/": {"t": "Tutankhamun", "s": "The boy king who restored Egypt's traditional religion."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/abel-gance/": {"t": "Abel Gance", "s": "Pioneer of montage and silent film epic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/abel-gance.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Abel Gance · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-jos-phine-de/e/cultural-depictions-of-jos-phine-de-beauharnais/napol-on-1927-film/": {"t": "Napoléon (1927 film)", "s": "A silent epic of Napoleon's rise, using groundbreaking cinematic techniques."}, "/e/napoleon/ch-teau-de-saint-cloud/": {"t": "Château de Saint-Cloud", "s": "A French royal château burned in 1870."}, "/e/napoleon/bank-of-france/": {"t": "Bank of France", "s": "Central bank of France, established by Napoleon in 1800."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/guadeloupe/": {"t": "Guadeloupe", "s": "A French Caribbean archipelago of volcanic islands and Creole culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/guadeloupe.webp", "c": "Enrevseluj · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/e/french-colonization-of-the-americas/saint-domingue/": {"t": "Saint-Domingue", "s": "French colony that became Haiti after a slave rebellion."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/martinique/": {"t": "Martinique", "s": "An island of flowers, volcanoes, and French heritage in the Caribbean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/martinique.webp", "c": "OttavianoUrsu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/imperatritsa/": {"t": "Imperatritsa", "s": "Russian feminine imperial title, equivalent to empress."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-antoinette/": {"t": "Marie Antoinette", "s": "Queen of France, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, executed during the French Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/img/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-antoinette.webp", "c": "Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun · via Wikipedia: Marie Antoinette · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-philippe-i/": {"t": "Louis Philippe I", "s": "Last French king; abdicated in 1848 Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-florence/": {"t": "Republic of Florence", "s": "A medieval and early modern state centered on Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance and home of the florin."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-iii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry III of France", "s": "King of France and Poland, assassinated during the Wars of Religion."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/french-wars-of-religion/": {"t": "French Wars of Religion", "s": "The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars fought between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots from 1562 to 1598."}, "https://codexery.com/man-in-the-iron-mask/e/man-in-the-iron-mask/nicolas-fouquet/": {"t": "Nicolas Fouquet", "s": "Disgraced finance minister whose downfall inspired tales of the Iron Mask.", "i": "https://codexery.com/man-in-the-iron-mask/img/man-in-the-iron-mask/nicolas-fouquet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nicolas Fouquet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/apollo/": {"t": "Apollo", "s": "God of light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry, and archery; twin brother of Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jules-hardouin-mansart/": {"t": "Jules Hardouin-Mansart", "s": "French Baroque architect who glorified Louis XIV", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jules-hardouin-mansart.webp", "c": "Hyacinthe Rigaud · via Wikipedia: Jules Hardouin-Mansart · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/architects/andr-le-n-tre/": {"t": "André Le Nôtre", "s": "French landscape architect who designed the gardens of Versailles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architects/img/architects/andr-le-n-tre.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: André Le Nôtre · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/honor-gabriel-riqueti-comte-de-mirabeau/": {"t": "Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau", "s": "French writer, orator, and statesman; a prominent figure of the early French Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau/": {"t": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "s": "Genevan philosopher whose ideas shaped modern political and educational thought.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau.webp", "c": "Allan Ramsay · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/gothic-psychological-fiction/e/gothic-and-psychological-fiction/the-sorrows-of-young-werther/": {"t": "The Sorrows of Young Werther", "s": "A 1774 novel that sparked a European cultural phenomenon."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/historical-fiction/": {"t": "Historical fiction", "s": "Fictional narratives set in real historical periods."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/alsace-lorraine/": {"t": "Alsace–Lorraine", "s": "Imperial territory annexed from France after the Franco-Prussian War."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-saxony/": {"t": "Kingdom of Saxony", "s": "A German kingdom from 1806 to 1918, centered on Dresden."}, "https://codexery.com/alexander-i-of-russia/e/alexander-i-of-russia/treaties-of-tilsit/": {"t": "Treaties of Tilsit", "s": "Peace treaties ending the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-louise-duchess-of-parma/": {"t": "Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma", "s": "Duchess of Parma, Empress of the French, and second wife of Napoleon Bonaparte.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/img/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-louise-duchess-of-parma.webp", "c": "Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin / After François Gérard · via Wikipedia: Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Last Holy Roman Emperor, first Emperor of Austria."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula/": {"t": "Kamchatka Peninsula", "s": "Volcanic peninsula in the Russian Far East, part of the Ring of Fire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kamchatka Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/neman/": {"t": "Neman", "s": "Major Eastern European river flowing through Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/neman.webp", "c": "Igor Tkachiov · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/emperor-of-russia/": {"t": "Emperor of Russia", "s": "Autocratic monarch of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1917.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/emperor-of-russia.webp", "c": "Miscellaneous Items in High Demand, PPOC, Library of Congress · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-schopenhauer/": {"t": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "s": "German philosopher known for pessimism and The World as Will and Representation."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "s": "Autonomous grand duchy that preceded modern Finland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland.webp", "c": "Ориенталист · via Wikipedia: Grand Duchy of Finland · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/war-and-peace/": {"t": "War and Peace", "s": "Epic novel of Napoleonic-era Russia blending fiction and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/maximilien-robespierre/": {"t": "Maximilien Robespierre", "s": "Radical Jacobin leader and key figure of the French Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "/e/napoleon/charter-of-1815/": {"t": "Charter of 1815", "s": "Liberal constitution prepared by Constant for Napoleon's Hundred Days."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/elbe/": {"t": "Elbe", "s": "One of the major rivers of Central Europe, flowing from the Giant Mountains to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/elbe.webp", "c": "Roy Zuo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/impressment/": {"t": "Impressment", "s": "Forced naval conscription used by European navies from the 16th to 19th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux/": {"t": "Bordeaux", "s": "Port city and world capital of wine in southwestern France.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux.webp", "c": "David.J Janssen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/wallonia/": {"t": "Wallonia", "s": "A region of Belgium with a rich industrial history and a diversified modern economy."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/alexander-i-of-russia/e/alexander-i-of-russia/gunboat-war/": {"t": "Gunboat War", "s": "Naval conflict between Denmark–Norway and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-vi-of-portugal/": {"t": "John VI of Portugal", "s": "King of Portugal and Brazil, regent, and last absolute monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/maria-i-of-portugal/": {"t": "Maria I of Portugal", "s": "First undisputed queen regnant of Portugal and first monarch of Brazil.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/img/monarchs-and-nobility/maria-i-of-portugal.webp", "c": "Attributed to Giuseppe Troni · via Wikipedia: Maria I of Portugal · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/notre-dame-de-paris/": {"t": "Notre-Dame de Paris", "s": "Medieval Gothic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in Paris.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/notre-dame-de-paris.webp", "c": "Jebulon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/reims-cathedral/": {"t": "Reims Cathedral", "s": "Traditional coronation site of French kings and Gothic masterpiece.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/reims-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Reims Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/milan-cathedral/": {"t": "Milan Cathedral", "s": "Largest church in Italy, built over nearly six centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/milan-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Milan Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/merovingian-dynasty/": {"t": "Merovingian dynasty", "s": "The Merovingian family ruled the Franks from the mid-5th century until 751, when Pepin the Short took over.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/merovingian-dynasty.webp", "c": "Rudric · via Wikipedia: Merovingian dynasty · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-inventions/e/turkish-inventions/military-band/": {"t": "Military band", "s": "Military bands provide ceremonial music and battlefield communication."}, "/e/napoleon/crown-of-napoleon/": {"t": "Crown of Napoleon", "s": "Imperial coronation crown of Napoleon I, styled after Charlemagne."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-charlemagne/e/cultural-depictions-of-charlemagne/scepter-of-charles-v/": {"t": "Scepter of Charles V", "s": "A French coronation scepter linked to Charlemagne."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-v-of-france/": {"t": "Charles V of France", "s": "King of France who reconquered territory from the English."}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/pentecost/": {"t": "Pentecost", "s": "Christian feast commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-jos-phine-de/e/cultural-depictions-of-jos-phine-de-beauharnais/the-coronation-of-napoleon/": {"t": "The Coronation of Napoleon", "s": "Jacques-Louis David's monumental painting of Napoleon's coronation."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/e/legal-systems-and-courts/court-martial/": {"t": "Court-martial", "s": "A military court for trying armed forces members and war crimes."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/charlemagne/": {"t": "Charlemagne", "s": "King of the Franks and Lombards, crowned emperor in 800."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/franks/": {"t": "Franks", "s": "The Germanic people of the Rhine who came to rule much of Western Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/e/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/half-arch-crown/": {"t": "Half-arch (crown)", "s": "Metal piece linking a crown's circlet to its monde."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/july-revolution/": {"t": "July Revolution", "s": "Three days that ended the Bourbon monarchy in France."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/antonio-canova/": {"t": "Antonio Canova", "s": "Italian Neoclassical sculptor, renowned for marble works and advisor on the Elgin Marbles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/antonio-canova.webp", "c": "Antonio Canova · via Wikipedia: Antonio Canova · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/captaincy-general-of-cuba/": {"t": "Captaincy General of Cuba", "s": "Spanish administrative district created in 1607, restructured in 1764."}, "https://codexery.com/epidemics/e/epidemics/yellow-fever/": {"t": "Yellow fever", "s": "A viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted by mosquitoes."}, "https://codexery.com/beyonce/e/world/new-orleans/": {"t": "New Orleans", "s": "Setting of the 'Formation' video and of Beyoncé's 2013 Super Bowl halftime show."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/missouri/": {"t": "Missouri", "s": "Gateway to the West, birthplace of ragtime and Kansas City jazz."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/george-grey/": {"t": "George Grey", "s": "British soldier, explorer, colonial administrator, and writer."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-york-state/": {"t": "New York (state)", "s": "The Empire State: A global node of creativity, entrepreneurship, and natural wonder."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/stomach-cancer/": {"t": "Stomach cancer", "s": "A malignant tumor of the stomach lining, often diagnosed late."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/hepatitis/": {"t": "Hepatitis", "s": "Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viruses or toxins."}, "https://codexery.com/abdominal-pain/e/abdominal-pain/peptic-ulcer-disease/": {"t": "Peptic ulcer disease", "s": "Damage to stomach or duodenal lining, often from H. pylori or NSAIDs."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/parliament-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "s": "Supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/oligarchy/": {"t": "Oligarchy", "s": "Rule by a small, often wealthy, minority."}, "https://codexery.com/napoleon-iii/e/napoleon-iii/napoleon-s-tomb/": {"t": "Napoleon's tomb", "s": "Monument at Les Invalides housing Napoleon's remains since 1861."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lord-byron/": {"t": "Lord Byron", "s": "British Romantic poet and satirist, known for Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/lord-byron.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: Lord Byron · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/percy-bysshe-shelley/": {"t": "Percy Bysshe Shelley", "s": "English Romantic poet and radical thinker."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/alexander-pushkin/": {"t": "Alexander Pushkin", "s": "Russian poet and founder of modern Russian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs/e/symptoms-and-signs/fibrosis/": {"t": "Fibrosis", "s": "Fibrosis is excessive connective tissue deposition disrupting organ function."}, "https://codexery.com/red-blood-cell-disorders/e/red-blood-cell-disorders/iron-deficiency/": {"t": "Iron deficiency", "s": "A lack of iron impairs oxygen transport and cellular function."}, "https://codexery.com/bleeding/e/bleeding/exsanguination/": {"t": "Exsanguination", "s": "Loss of blood leading to death, used in slaughter."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/urinary-system/": {"t": "Urinary system", "s": "System that produces and excretes urine in vertebrates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/urinary-system.webp", "c": "Wagner Souza e Silva · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/alphonse-de-lamartine/": {"t": "Alphonse de Lamartine", "s": "French poet and statesman who shaped the Second Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/tobago/": {"t": "Tobago", "s": "An island of resilient beauty and rich heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/saint-lucia/": {"t": "Saint Lucia", "s": "The Helen of the West Indies"}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/isle-de-france-mauritius/": {"t": "Isle de France (Mauritius)", "s": "French Indian Ocean colony, later British Mauritius."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/e/french-colonization-of-the-americas/saint-domingue-expedition/": {"t": "Saint-Domingue expedition", "s": "Napoleon's failed invasion to reclaim Saint-Domingue and restore slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/french-guiana/": {"t": "French Guiana", "s": "French Guiana, officially named Guyane, is an overseas department and region of France situated on the northern coast of South America within the Guianas region", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/french-guiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Politics of French Guiana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-haitian-revolution/": {"t": "The Haitian Revolution", "s": "A successful insurrection by enslaved Africans against French colonial rule, leading to the founding of Haiti.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-haitian-revolution.webp", "c": "Miscellaneous Items in High Demand, PPOC, Library of Congress · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/racial-segregation/": {"t": "Racial segregation", "s": "Separation of people by race or ethnicity, often enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/discrimination/": {"t": "Discrimination", "s": "Unjustified distinctions depriving people of rights or opportunities."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/congress-of-vienna/": {"t": "Congress of Vienna", "s": "Congress reshaped Europe after Napoleon's defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/jean-auguste-dominique-ingres/": {"t": "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres", "s": "French Neoclassical painter whose portraits are recognized as his greatest legacy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/jean-auguste-dominique-ingres.webp", "c": "Petit, Pierre (Pierre Lanith Petit, dit) (Aups, 15–08–1831 - Paris, 16–02–1909), photographe · via Wikipedia: Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/operas-set-in-mythological-places/e/operas-set-in-mythological-places/ossian-ou-les-bardes/": {"t": "Ossian, ou Les bardes", "s": "An epic French opera inspired by the Ossian poems."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/neoclassicism/": {"t": "Neoclassicism", "s": "A Western revival of classical antiquity inspired by Enlightenment ideals."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-swordfighters/e/mythological-swordfighters/oscar-irish-mythology/": {"t": "Oscar (Irish mythology)", "s": "Grandson of Fionn, slayer of kings, and the Fianna's final hope.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mythological-swordfighters/img/mythological-swordfighters/oscar-irish-mythology.webp", "c": "Anna1962 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-swordfighters/e/mythological-swordfighters/fionn-mac-cumhaill/": {"t": "Fionn mac Cumhaill", "s": "Hero, seer, and leader of the Fianna in Irish myth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mythological-swordfighters/img/mythological-swordfighters/fionn-mac-cumhaill.webp", "c": "Rossographer · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/history-painting/": {"t": "History painting", "s": "A narrative painting genre, traditionally the highest form of Western art."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/classicism/": {"t": "Classicism", "s": "An aesthetic attitude valuing form, proportion, and restraint from classical antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/cubism/": {"t": "Cubism", "s": "Avant-garde movement that revolutionized visual art through multiple perspectives."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-magdalene/": {"t": "Mary Magdalene", "s": "A prominent follower of Jesus, witness to his crucifixion and resurrection, and a historical figure venerated across Christian traditions."}, "/e/napoleon/concordat-of-1801/": {"t": "Concordat of 1801", "s": "Agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII in 1801."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/neoclassical-architecture/": {"t": "Neoclassical architecture", "s": "A return to pure classical forms adapted to modern purposes."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptors-architects/e/sculptors-and-architects/fran-ois-rude/": {"t": "François Rude", "s": "French sculptor of patriotic themes and the Arc de Triomphe."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/frederic-chopin/": {"t": "Frederic Chopin", "s": "Polish composer and pianist of the early Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/frederic-chopin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Heart of Frédéric Chopin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/jacques-offenbach/": {"t": "Jacques Offenbach", "s": "German-born French composer of operettas and The Tales of Hoffmann.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/jacques-offenbach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jacques Offenbach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/charles-gounod/": {"t": "Charles Gounod", "s": "French Romantic composer of Faust and Roméo et Juliette.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/charles-gounod.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charles Gounod · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns/": {"t": "Camille Saint-Saëns", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and musical prodigy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Camille Saint-Saëns · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/designers-and-craftsmen/e/designers-and-craftsmen/coco-chanel/": {"t": "Coco Chanel", "s": "French fashion designer who defined modern feminine style."}, "https://codexery.com/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/e/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/temple-of-olympian-zeus-athens/": {"t": "Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens", "s": "Colossal ruined temple of Zeus in Athens."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/last-judgment/": {"t": "Last Judgment", "s": "Final divine judgment of all humanity in Abrahamic faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/lazarus-of-bethany/": {"t": "Lazarus of Bethany", "s": "New Testament figure raised from the dead by Jesus."}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/architects/charles-garnier-architect/": {"t": "Charles Garnier (architect)", "s": "Architect of the Palais Garnier and the Opéra de Monte-Carlo", "i": "https://codexery.com/architects/img/architects/charles-garnier-architect.webp", "c": "Garnier, Charles (1825-1898). Dessinateur. Ancien possesseur · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/gabriel-faur/": {"t": "Gabriel Fauré", "s": "French composer linking Romanticism with early 20th-century modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ/": {"t": "The Pipe organ", "s": "A wind-driven keyboard instrument with ancient Greek origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "s": "The grand duchy experienced periods of economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, followed by a long economic decline.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany.webp", "c": "Euryrel · via Wikipedia: Grand Duchy of Tuscany · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/house-habsburg/": {"t": "House of Habsburg", "s": "The House of Austria, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-pisa/": {"t": "Republic of Pisa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for a century."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/tournai/": {"t": "Tournai", "s": "One of Belgium's oldest cities, first Frankish capital."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/clovis-i/": {"t": "Clovis I", "s": "King of the Franks who reunified Francia by outliving his brothers."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/klemens-von-metternich/": {"t": "Klemens von Metternich", "s": "Austrian foreign minister and chancellor who shaped post-Napoleonic Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/alexander-i-of-russia/e/alexander-i-of-russia/battle-of-leipzig/": {"t": "Battle of Leipzig", "s": "The largest and decisive battle of the Napoleonic Wars."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/pyrenees/": {"t": "Pyrenees", "s": "Mountain range forming the France–Spain border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/img/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/pyrenees.webp", "c": "The original uploader was Nhamblen at English Wikipedia. · via Wikipedia: Pyrenees · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/brittany-administrative-region/": {"t": "Brittany (administrative region)", "s": "Administrative region in northwest France with Celtic heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/paintings-of-napoleon/e/paintings-of-napoleon/the-distribution-of-the-eagle-standards/": {"t": "The Distribution of the Eagle Standards", "s": "Napoleon blesses eagle standards in a Roman-inspired ceremony."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jacques-louis-david/": {"t": "Jacques-Louis David", "s": "French Neoclassical painter and dictator of arts under the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rapists/e/mythological-rapists/jupiter-god/": {"t": "Jupiter (god)", "s": "King of the Roman gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-russian-emperors/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-konstantin-pavlovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia", "s": "Second son of Paul I, heir presumptive who renounced the throne."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/seville-cathedral/": {"t": "Seville Cathedral", "s": "Largest Gothic cathedral and former Almohad mosque site.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/seville-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seville Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/northern-ireland/": {"t": "Northern Ireland", "s": "The main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland, part of the BBC national regions."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/essex/": {"t": "Essex", "s": "Ceremonial county in South East England with ancient woodland and long coastline."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/edinburgh-castle/": {"t": "Edinburgh Castle", "s": "Historic castle on Castle Rock, site of 26 recorded sieges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles/img/castles/edinburgh-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edinburgh Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/edinburgh-castle/e/edinburgh-castle/royal-scots-dragoon-guards/": {"t": "Royal Scots Dragoon Guards", "s": "Senior Scottish regiment and oldest surviving Cavalry Regiment of the Line."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/late-antiquity/": {"t": "Late antiquity", "s": "Period of transformation from classical antiquity to medieval worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/mantua/": {"t": "Mantua", "s": "City of the Gonzaga court, birthplace of Virgil, and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/reform-judaism/": {"t": "Reform Judaism", "s": "A Jewish denomination emphasizing continuous revelation and individual autonomy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/hortense-de-beauharnais/": {"t": "Hortense de Beauharnais", "s": "Queen of Holland and mother of Emperor Napoleon III."}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/angola/": {"t": "Angola", "s": "A southern African nation shaped by Portuguese colonization and civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/letters-patent/": {"t": "Letters patent", "s": "Open royal decrees granting offices, rights, or titles."}, "/e/napoleon/grand-sanhedrin/": {"t": "Grand Sanhedrin", "s": "Napoleon's Jewish high court to legalize assimilation principles."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/tienne-m-hul/": {"t": "Étienne Méhul", "s": "French opera composer of the Revolution and early Romantic era."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/northern-italy/": {"t": "Northern Italy", "s": "Northern Italy: economic core and cultural heart of the country."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/": {"t": "Republic of Genoa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/holy-roman-empire/": {"t": "Holy Roman Empire", "s": "The decentralised empire of Central Europe that lasted from 800 or 962 to 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Enlightened absolutist whose reforms faced opposition and partial failure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor.webp", "c": "After Willem Jacob Herreyns / Antoine Cardon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/verona/": {"t": "Verona", "s": "Ancient Roman city, UNESCO site, and setting for Shakespeare's plays."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-pius-vi/": {"t": "Pope Pius VI", "s": "Fifth-longest reigning pope in history; longest-serving pope of the Papal States."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/archduke-charles-duke-of-teschen/": {"t": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "s": "Austrian field marshal and reformer who handed Napoleon his first major defeat."}}