{"https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/96p-machholz/": {"t": "96P/Machholz", "s": "A sunskirting comet with a possible extrasolar origin."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/jupiter/": {"t": "Jupiter", "s": "Largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant with a Great Red Spot."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-inclination/": {"t": "Orbital inclination", "s": "Angle measuring tilt of an orbit relative to a reference plane."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/oumuamua/": {"t": "Oumuamua", "s": "The first confirmed interstellar object to pass through the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/amateur-astronomy/": {"t": "Amateur astronomy", "s": "Amateur astronomers observe celestial objects for passion, education, and citizen science."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-eccentricity/": {"t": "Orbital eccentricity", "s": "Parameter measuring deviation of an orbit from a perfect circle."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-astronomical-union/": {"t": "International Astronomical Union", "s": "Global authority for astronomical naming and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/naming-of-comets/": {"t": "Naming of comets", "s": "Comets have been named by year, discoverer, and systematic codes."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-hubble-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Hubble Space Telescope", "s": "A versatile space telescope observing ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/near-earth-object-surveillance-satellite/": {"t": "Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite", "s": "Canadian microsatellite searching for asteroids inside Earth's orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/monte-carlo-method/": {"t": "Monte Carlo method", "s": "Computational algorithms using repeated random sampling for numerical results."}, "https://codexery.com/trans-neptunian-objects/e/trans-neptunian-objects/david-c-jewitt/": {"t": "David C. Jewitt", "s": "Co-discoverer of the first Kuiper belt object beyond Pluto."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jane-luu/": {"t": "Jane Luu", "s": "Jane X.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jane-luu.webp", "c": "Hsin-Jen Hsu · via Wikipedia: Jane Luu · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "/e/named-comets/c-2016-r2-panstarrs/": {"t": "C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS)", "s": "A carbon monoxide-rich comet with a blue coma and little water.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/c-2016-r2-panstarrs.webp", "c": "N. Biver et al. (2018)/EDP Sciences · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-leo/e/stars-of-leo/regulus/": {"t": "Regulus", "s": "Brightest star in Leo, a quadruple system near the ecliptic."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/asteroid-terrestrial-impact-last-alert-system/": {"t": "Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System", "s": "Robotic survey providing days to weeks of warning for smaller asteroid impacts."}, "/e/named-comets/2i-borisov/": {"t": "2I/Borisov", "s": "First observed rogue comet and second interstellar interloper."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/comet-dust/": {"t": "Comet dust", "s": "Comet dust reveals origins through composition and size."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-james-webb-space-telescope/": {"t": "The James Webb Space Telescope", "s": "The largest space telescope, observing the infrared universe from beyond Earth's orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/water-vapor/": {"t": "Water vapor", "s": "The gaseous phase of water, a key greenhouse gas and component of Earth's hydrosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methane/": {"t": "Methane", "s": "Simplest alkane, main component of natural gas, potent greenhouse gas."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/spiral-galaxies/milky-way/": {"t": "Milky Way", "s": "The barred spiral galaxy containing the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/constellation/": {"t": "Constellation", "s": "Patterns in the sky that guide stories and navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/sagittarius/": {"t": "Sagittarius (constellation)", "s": "A zodiac constellation representing a centaur archer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/sagittarius.webp", "c": "John Flamsteed · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/polarization-waves/": {"t": "Polarization (waves)", "s": "Property of transverse waves specifying oscillation orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/piscis-austrinus/": {"t": "Piscis Austrinus", "s": "A faint southern constellation home to the bright star Fomalhaut.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/piscis-austrinus.webp", "c": "E. Slawik/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/M. Zamani · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/fomalhaut/": {"t": "Fomalhaut", "s": "Brightest star in Piscis Austrinus, anchor for stellar classification."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-the-bald/": {"t": "Charles the Bald", "s": "Carolingian emperor who secured West Francia through treaty and war."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/pisces-constellation/": {"t": "Pisces (constellation)", "s": "A zodiac constellation of two fishes connected by cords."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/lyra/": {"t": "Lyra", "s": "A small northern constellation representing the lyre of Orpheus, home to the brilliant star Vega and the Ring Nebula."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/andromeda/": {"t": "Andromeda", "s": "Andromeda: a princess, a constellation, and a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/arcturus/": {"t": "Arcturus", "s": "Guardian of the Bear, fourth-brightest star in the night sky."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/celestial-pole/": {"t": "Celestial pole", "s": "Fixed points in the sky around which all stars appear to rotate."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/carolingian-empire/": {"t": "Carolingian Empire", "s": "Frankish empire that revived the Roman imperial title in the West."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/perseus/": {"t": "Perseus", "s": "The hero who beheaded Medusa and rescued Andromeda."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/pegasus/": {"t": "Pegasus", "s": "Constellation of the winged horse from Greek mythology."}, "https://codexery.com/rebels-from-the-abbasid-caliphate/e/rebels-from-the-abbasid-caliphate/al-mubarqa/": {"t": "Al-Mubarqa", "s": "Veiled rebel who led a peasant uprising in Abbasid Palestine."}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1843/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1843", "s": "A Kreutz sungrazer that passed extremely close to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/great-comet/": {"t": "Great comet", "s": "A comet exceptionally bright and visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/capella/": {"t": "Capella", "s": "A quadruple star system and the sixth-brightest star in the night sky."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cancer/e/stars-of-cancer/cancer-constellation/": {"t": "Cancer (constellation)", "s": "The dimmest zodiac constellation, home to the Praesepe star cluster."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/heinrich-louis-d-arrest/": {"t": "Heinrich Louis d'Arrest", "s": "German astronomer who helped discover Neptune and found a periodic comet."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/near-earth-asteroid/": {"t": "Near-Earth asteroid", "s": "Near-Earth asteroids are small bodies whose orbits bring them close to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/magnitude-astronomy/": {"t": "Magnitude (astronomy)", "s": "Logarithmic scale measuring stellar brightness, with lower values for brighter objects."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/south-pole/": {"t": "South Pole", "s": "Southernmost point on Earth, marked by shifting ice and historic expeditions."}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1882/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1882", "s": "A brilliant Kreutz sungrazer visible in daylight at perihelion."}, "/e/named-comets/comet-ikeya-seki/": {"t": "Comet Ikeya–Seki", "s": "A sungrazing comet that became one of the brightest in a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/c-1970-k1-white-ortiz-bolelli/": {"t": "C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)", "s": "Bright Kreutz sungrazer discovered independently by three observers in 1970."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2011-w3-lovejoy/": {"t": "C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)", "s": "A Kreutz sungrazer that survived solar corona passage in December 2011."}, "/e/named-comets/great-southern-comet-of-1887/": {"t": "Great Southern Comet of 1887", "s": "A bright sungrazing comet seen without a visible head.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/great-southern-comet-of-1887.webp", "c": "George Frederick Chambers 1841-1915 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/howard-j-brewington/": {"t": "Howard J. Brewington", "s": "American visual comet discoverer and former SDSS telescope operator."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/iota-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Iota Coronae Borealis", "s": "A binary star system with the proper name Aurwandilsta."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/hercules-constellation/": {"t": "Hercules (constellation)", "s": "Fifth-largest constellation with no stars brighter than magnitude 2.5."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/comet-tail/": {"t": "Comet tail", "s": "Streams of dust and gas form tails pointing away from the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/oort-cloud/": {"t": "Oort cloud", "s": "Theorized reservoir of icy bodies at the Solar System's edge."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/minor-planet/": {"t": "Minor planet", "s": "A Sun-orbiting body that is neither a planet nor a comet."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1973-e1-kohoutek/": {"t": "C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)", "s": "A comet hyped as the century's brightest that fell far short."}, "https://codexery.com/1970s-british-documentary-television/e/1970s-british-documentary-television-series/the-sky-at-night/": {"t": "The Sky at Night", "s": "Longest-running TV programme with the same presenter."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-sagan/": {"t": "Carl Sagan", "s": "American astronomer and influential science communicator."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/scorpius/": {"t": "Scorpius", "s": "Zodiac constellation with bright stars and rich mythology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/scorpius.webp", "c": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-international-space-station/": {"t": "The International Space Station", "s": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular spacecraft in low Earth orbit, assembled and operated by five partner agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, a"}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/solar-and-heliospheric-observatory/": {"t": "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory", "s": "ESA-NASA solar observatory that discovered over 5,000 comets."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/forward-scatter/": {"t": "Forward scatter", "s": "Forward scattering deflects waves by small angles, continuing near their original direction."}, "/e/named-comets/comet-mcnaught/": {"t": "Comet McNaught", "s": "The brightest comet in over 40 years, visible in daylight.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/comet-mcnaught.webp", "c": "Don Heffernan · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/named-comets/comet-neowise/": {"t": "Comet NEOWISE", "s": "The brightest northern comet since Hale–Bopp, retroactively called the Great Comet of 2020.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/comet-neowise.webp", "c": "Laurie Nevay · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-surveys/e/astronomical-surveys/catalina-sky-survey/": {"t": "Catalina Sky Survey", "s": "Leading survey for near‑Earth objects and comets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomical-surveys/img/astronomical-surveys/catalina-sky-survey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Catalina Sky Survey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/cyanide/": {"t": "Cyanide", "s": "A highly toxic compound used industrially and found in nature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/cyanide.webp", "c": "NegativeZ · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-eridanus/e/stars-of-eridanus/epsilon-eridani/": {"t": "Epsilon Eridani", "s": "A nearby K-type star with a planet and debris disk."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/robert-burnham-jr/": {"t": "Robert Burnham Jr.", "s": "American astronomer and author of Burnham's Celestial Handbook."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-lyra/e/stars-of-lyra/rr-lyrae/": {"t": "RR Lyrae", "s": "Prototype RR Lyrae variable star used as a standard candle."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/grus-constellation/": {"t": "Grus (constellation)", "s": "A southern constellation representing a crane, one of the Southern Birds."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/sonneberg-observatory/": {"t": "Sonneberg Observatory", "s": "German observatory known for long-term variable star surveys."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/meteor-shower/": {"t": "Meteor shower", "s": "Meteor showers are celestial events caused by debris entering Earth's atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/hypothetical-astronomical-objects/e/hypothetical-astronomical-objects/hyperbolic-asteroid/": {"t": "Hyperbolic asteroid", "s": "Asteroids with unbound solar orbits and no outgassing."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/tucson-arizona/": {"t": "Tucson, Arizona", "s": "Second-largest city in Arizona, founded as a Spanish presidio in 1775."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2017-u7-panstarrs/": {"t": "C/2017 U7 (PanSTARRS)", "s": "Hyperbolic comet discovered days after 1I/'Oumuamua, likely from Oort Cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/comet/": {"t": "Comet", "s": "Icy wanderers that bloom when near the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/triangulum-galaxy/": {"t": "Triangulum Galaxy", "s": "A spiral galaxy and third-largest member of the Local Group."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/surface-brightness/": {"t": "Surface brightness", "s": "Surface brightness measures extended object visibility per angular area."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/extinction-astronomy/": {"t": "Extinction (astronomy)", "s": "Extinction dims and reddens starlight via interstellar dust and gas."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/neptune/": {"t": "Neptune", "s": "The only planet discovered through mathematical prediction, not direct observation."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/alpheratz/": {"t": "Alpheratz", "s": "Brightest mercury-manganese star and corner of the Great Square."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/international-ultraviolet-explorer/": {"t": "International Ultraviolet Explorer", "s": "First space observatory for real-time ultraviolet spectroscopy."}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-program/e/space-shuttle-program/hopkins-ultraviolet-telescope/": {"t": "Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope", "s": "Shuttle-borne far-ultraviolet telescope flown on Astro-1 and Astro-2."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-shuttle/": {"t": "Space Shuttle", "s": "Partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system."}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-missions/e/space-shuttle-missions/sts-35/": {"t": "STS-35", "s": "Tenth flight of Columbia, devoted to astronomical observations with ASTRO-1."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methanol/": {"t": "Methanol", "s": "Simplest alcohol, key industrial chemical, and space marker."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/fluorescence/": {"t": "Fluorescence", "s": "Emission of light from a substance after absorbing radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/institut-de-radioastronomie-millim-trique/": {"t": "Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique", "s": "Europe's leading center for millimeter-wave radio astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-sulfide/": {"t": "Hydrogen sulfide", "s": "Colorless, toxic gas with a rotten-egg odor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-sulfide.webp", "c": "Jynto ( talk ) · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/submillimetre-astronomy/": {"t": "Submillimetre astronomy", "s": "Submillimetre astronomy traces cold gas and dust across the universe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/submillimetre-astronomy.webp", "c": "ESO/ P. Horálek · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-cyanide/": {"t": "Hydrogen cyanide", "s": "A highly toxic, flammable liquid and key industrial precursor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-cyanide.webp", "c": "Apotashg · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/formaldehyde/": {"t": "Formaldehyde", "s": "Simplest aldehyde, key industrial chemical, and atmospheric pollutant."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/ephemeris/": {"t": "Ephemeris", "s": "Tables of celestial positions used in astronomy and astrology."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/infrared/": {"t": "Infrared", "s": "Invisible electromagnetic radiation between visible light and microwaves."}, "/e/named-comets/153p-ikeya-zhang/": {"t": "153P/Ikeya–Zhang", "s": "Longest orbital period of any numbered periodic comet."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/isotope/": {"t": "Isotope", "s": "Atoms of same element differing in neutron number."}, "/e/named-comets/67p-churyumov-gerasimenko/": {"t": "67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko", "s": "First comet orbited and landed upon by spacecraft."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/rosetta-spacecraft/": {"t": "Rosetta (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit and land on a comet."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/comet-nucleus/": {"t": "Comet nucleus", "s": "The solid, dark core of a comet, source of its activity."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxies-and-their-properties/e/galaxies-and-their-properties/galactic-tide/": {"t": "Galactic tide", "s": "Tidal force from a galaxy's gravitational field."}, "/e/named-comets/72p-denning-fujikawa/": {"t": "72P/Denning–Fujikawa", "s": "A transitional periodic comet with sporadic brightening and long lost periods."}, "https://codexery.com/asteroids/e/asteroids/observation-arc/": {"t": "Observation arc", "s": "Time between earliest and latest observations of a Solar System body."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/uppsala-southern-schmidt-telescope/": {"t": "Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope", "s": "A Schmidt telescope used for asteroid and comet discovery in Australia."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/esa-optical-ground-station/": {"t": "ESA Optical Ground Station", "s": "ESA's ground observatory for space debris and quantum communication experiments."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/gemini/": {"t": "Gemini", "s": "A zodiac constellation representing the twins Castor and Pollux."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1763-s1-messier/": {"t": "C/1763 S1 (Messier)", "s": "One of 13 comets discovered by Charles Messier."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/uranus/": {"t": "Uranus", "s": "The seventh planet, a tilted ice giant with extreme seasons."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/paris-observatory/": {"t": "Paris Observatory", "s": "World's oldest active observatory, cornerstone of French astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cetus-constellation/": {"t": "Cetus (constellation)", "s": "A water constellation home to the first known variable star."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/astronomical-catalogue/": {"t": "Astronomical catalogue", "s": "Lists of astronomical objects grouped by type, origin, or discovery method."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/star-cluster/": {"t": "Star cluster", "s": "Groups of stars sharing origin, held by gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/messier-object/": {"t": "Messier object", "s": "A famous catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by Charles Messier."}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1744/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1744", "s": "A six-tailed great comet observed in 1743–1744."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/planetary-nebulae/e/planetary-nebulae/planetary-nebula/": {"t": "Planetary nebula", "s": "Expanding shells of ionized gas from dying intermediate-mass stars."}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/star-clusters/open-cluster/": {"t": "Open cluster", "s": "Open clusters are loose groups of young stars formed from the same cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/globular-cluster/": {"t": "Globular cluster", "s": "Spheroidal star clusters bound by gravity, found in galactic halos."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/messier-110/": {"t": "Messier 110", "s": "Dwarf elliptical satellite of Andromeda, last Messier object."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/crab-nebula/": {"t": "Crab Nebula", "s": "A supernova remnant and pulsar wind nebula in Taurus, linked to a supernova observed in AD 1054.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/crab-nebula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Crab Nebula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/pan-starrs/": {"t": "Pan-STARRS", "s": "Surveying the sky for moving or variable objects continually."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/haleakal/": {"t": "Haleakalā", "s": "Active shield volcano forming over 75% of Maui."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/leo/": {"t": "Leo (constellation)", "s": "Zodiac constellation representing the Nemean Lion slain by Heracles."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2018-c2-lemmon/": {"t": "C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)", "s": "Hyperbolic comet reclassified from asteroid after developing a coma."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/coma-comet/": {"t": "Coma (comet)", "s": "The diffuse gas-and-dust envelope surrounding a comet's nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/stereo/": {"t": "STEREO", "s": "Two spacecraft providing stereoscopic views of the Sun."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2018-v1-machholz-fujikawa-iwamoto/": {"t": "C/2018 V1 (Machholz–Fujikawa–Iwamoto)", "s": "Comet with a 72.6% probability of extrasolar origin."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/canada-france-hawaii-telescope/": {"t": "Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope", "s": "3.58-meter optical/infrared telescope on Mauna Kea since 1979."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-telescopes/e/solar-telescopes/ccor-1/": {"t": "CCOR-1", "s": "Space-based coronograph for real-time solar corona monitoring."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/five-hundred-meter-aperture-spherical-telescope/": {"t": "Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope", "s": "World's largest single-dish radio telescope, located in Guizhou, China."}, "/e/named-comets/15p-finlay/": {"t": "15P/Finlay", "s": "Jupiter-family comet with one of the smallest Earth-MOIDs."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/andromeda-galaxy/": {"t": "Andromeda Galaxy", "s": "Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2010-u3-boattini/": {"t": "C/2010 U3 (Boattini)", "s": "Parabolic comet with the longest observation arc and a million-year half-orbit."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2017-k2-panstarrs/": {"t": "C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)", "s": "Farthest active inbound comet discovered, with a record-breaking distant coma."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/wide-field-infrared-survey-explorer/": {"t": "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer", "s": "NASA infrared survey that mapped the entire sky."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-puppis/e/stars-of-puppis/zeta-puppis/": {"t": "Zeta Puppis", "s": "A hot blue supergiant and runaway star in Puppis."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/eridanus-constellation/": {"t": "Eridanus (constellation)", "s": "A sprawling river constellation in the southern sky."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1957-p1-mrkos/": {"t": "C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)", "s": "A great comet discovered in 1957 with two distinct tails.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/c-1957-p1-mrkos.webp", "c": "Alan McClure · Public domain"}, "/e/named-comets/29p-schwassmann-wachmann/": {"t": "29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann", "s": "A large, outburst-prone centaur comet with a 58-day rotation period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/29p-schwassmann-wachmann.webp", "c": "Dimitrios Katevainis · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/pulkovo-observatory/": {"t": "Pulkovo Observatory", "s": "Principal astronomical observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/virgo/": {"t": "Virgo", "s": "Largest zodiac constellation, rich in galaxies and exoplanets."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/purple-mountain-observatory/": {"t": "Purple Mountain Observatory", "s": "Dual-use Chinese observatory for astronomy and space domain awareness."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/south-african-astronomical-observatory/": {"t": "South African Astronomical Observatory", "s": "South Africa's national centre for optical and infrared astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/libra-constellation/": {"t": "Libra (constellation)", "s": "Libra is a faint zodiac constellation representing weighing scales."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/sextans/": {"t": "Sextans", "s": "A faint equatorial constellation named for Hevelius's lost sextant."}, "https://codexery.com/spacex-astronauts/e/spacex-astronauts/matthew-dominick/": {"t": "Matthew Dominick", "s": "NASA astronaut and commander of SpaceX Crew-8.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spacex-astronauts/img/spacex-astronauts/matthew-dominick.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Matthew Dominick · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/sodium/": {"t": "Sodium", "s": "Soft, reactive alkali metal essential for life."}, "/e/named-comets/x-1882-k1-tewfik/": {"t": "X/1882 K1 (Tewfik)", "s": "A sungrazer spotted during the 1882 solar eclipse."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-period/": {"t": "Orbital period", "s": "Time for one full orbit around a primary body."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/cassegrain-reflector/": {"t": "Cassegrain reflector", "s": "Folded optical path with concave primary and convex secondary mirrors."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/charge-coupled-device/": {"t": "Charge-coupled device", "s": "An integrated circuit that converts light into electric charge for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/draco/": {"t": "Draco", "s": "A northern constellation named for the Greco-Latin word for serpent or dragon."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-draco/e/stars-of-draco/nu-draconis/": {"t": "Nu Draconis", "s": "A double star in Draco with a spectroscopic binary component."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/messier-14/": {"t": "Messier 14", "s": "Globular cluster in Ophiuchus with a historic nova."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-bo-tes/e/stars-of-bo-tes/bo-tes/": {"t": "Boötes", "s": "A northern constellation featuring the bright star Arcturus."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/ophiuchus/": {"t": "Ophiuchus", "s": "A large equatorial constellation representing a serpent-bearer."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/canis-major/": {"t": "Canis Major", "s": "The Greater Dog, home to Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/canis-major.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Canis Major · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/amine/": {"t": "Amine", "s": "Organic compounds with carbon–nitrogen bonds derived from ammonia."}, "/e/named-comets/4p-faye/": {"t": "4P/Faye", "s": "Jupiter-family comet discovered in 1843 by Hervé Faye."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/polaris/": {"t": "Polaris", "s": "The current northern pole star and closest Cepheid variable."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/messier-103/": {"t": "Messier 103", "s": "A small open cluster of faint stars in Cassiopeia."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/aries/": {"t": "Aries", "s": "A mid-sized zodiac constellation representing a ram since late Babylonian times."}, "https://codexery.com/ngc-objects/e/ngc-objects/ngc-300/": {"t": "NGC 300", "s": "A nearby spiral galaxy in Sculptor, similar to the Triangulum Galaxy."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2021-a1-leonard/": {"t": "C/2021 A1 (Leonard)", "s": "A long-period comet that made the closest-known approach to Venus."}, "https://codexery.com/objects-in-greek-mythology/e/objects-in-greek-mythology/corona-borealis/": {"t": "Corona Borealis", "s": "A northern crown-shaped constellation linked to Ariadne's myth."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/serpens/": {"t": "Serpens", "s": "The only modern constellation split into two non-contiguous parts."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/ursa-minor/": {"t": "Ursa Minor", "s": "Constellation containing Polaris, the north pole star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/ursa-minor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ursa Minor · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/coronal-mass-ejection/": {"t": "Coronal mass ejection", "s": "A massive ejection of solar plasma into space."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/hyades-star-cluster/": {"t": "Hyades (star cluster)", "s": "Nearest open cluster, key rung on the cosmic distance ladder."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity/": {"t": "Escape velocity", "s": "Minimum speed to escape a body's gravitational pull.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-hevelius/": {"t": "Johannes Hevelius", "s": "Lunar topographer, comet discoverer, and brewer of Gdańsk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-hevelius.webp", "c": "Daniel Schultz · via Wikipedia: Johannes Hevelius · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/cassini-huygens/": {"t": "Cassini–Huygens", "s": "Joint mission to study Saturn and its moons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/img/extraterrestrial-orbiters/cassini-huygens.webp", "c": "Photograph by Mike Peel ( www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/southern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Southern Hemisphere", "s": "The Southern Hemisphere is Earth's southern half, mostly ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/comet-hyakutake/": {"t": "Comet Hyakutake", "s": "Great Comet of 1996 with a record-length tail."}, "https://codexery.com/great-pyramid-of-giza/e/great-pyramid-of-giza/charles-piazzi-smyth/": {"t": "Charles Piazzi Smyth", "s": "Astronomer Royal for Scotland and pyramidologist of the Great Pyramid.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-pyramid-of-giza/img/great-pyramid-of-giza/charles-piazzi-smyth.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charles Piazzi Smyth · see source"}, "/e/named-comets/c-1963-r1-pereyra/": {"t": "C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)", "s": "A bright Kreutz sungrazing comet discovered in 1963."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope/": {"t": "Cape of Good Hope", "s": "Rocky headland on the Cape Peninsula, key to the Cape Route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-guinea/": {"t": "Gulf of Guinea", "s": "Northeastern tropical Atlantic gulf with Null Island and major rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/cape-town/": {"t": "Cape Town", "s": "Legislative capital of South Africa, oldest city, and gateway to the Cape Floristic Region."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/edward-emerson-barnard/": {"t": "Edward Emerson Barnard", "s": "Gifted observational astronomer who discovered Barnard's Star."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/c-rdoba-argentina/": {"t": "Córdoba, Argentina", "s": "The learned city of Argentina"}, "/e/named-comets/great-southern-comet-of-1880/": {"t": "Great Southern Comet of 1880", "s": "A great comet known for its tail, not brightness."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/aquila/": {"t": "Aquila", "s": "The Eagle constellation"}, "/e/named-comets/c-2019-y4-atlas/": {"t": "C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)", "s": "A disintegrating near-parabolic comet discovered by the ATLAS survey.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/c-2019-y4-atlas.webp", "c": "Martin Gembec · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/hydra-constellation/": {"t": "Hydra (constellation)", "s": "The largest constellation, a water snake straddling the celestial equator."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/c-1969-t1-tago-sato-kosaka/": {"t": "C/1969 T1 (Tago–Sato–Kosaka)", "s": "First comet observed by an artificial satellite, OAO-2."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/ammonia/": {"t": "Ammonia", "s": "A colourless gas with a pungent smell, vital for fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/radiant-meteor-shower/": {"t": "Radiant (meteor shower)", "s": "The vanishing point of parallel meteor paths in the sky."}, "https://codexery.com/meteoroids/e/meteoroids/zenithal-hourly-rate/": {"t": "Zenithal hourly rate", "s": "Standard measure of meteor shower activity under ideal conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/arizona/": {"t": "Arizona", "s": "Former Spanish colony, now a Southwestern U.S. state."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/messier-13/": {"t": "Messier 13", "s": "A magnificent globular cluster in Hercules, discovered by Halley in 1714."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/saturn/": {"t": "Saturn", "s": "Saturn is a gas giant with rings and the lowest density in the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/alpha-caeli/": {"t": "Alpha Caeli", "s": "Brightest star in Caelum, a binary with a debris disk."}, "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/e/american-state-capitals/madison-wisconsin/": {"t": "Madison, Wisconsin", "s": "Capital of Wisconsin, home to a major university and progressive politics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/img/american-state-capitals/madison-wisconsin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Madison, Wisconsin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edwin-hubble/": {"t": "Edwin Hubble", "s": "The astronomer who revealed the universe beyond the Milky Way"}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/union-observatory/": {"t": "Union Observatory", "s": "South African observatory that discovered Proxima Centauri and thousands of double stars."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/crossley-telescope/": {"t": "Crossley telescope", "s": "36-inch reflector at Lick Observatory, used 1895–2010."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-seeing/": {"t": "Astronomical seeing", "s": "Atmospheric turbulence blurs astronomical images, limiting telescope resolution."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/alphard/": {"t": "Alphard", "s": "Brightest star in Hydra, known as 'the solitary one.'"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/light-curve/": {"t": "Light curve", "s": "Graph of celestial light intensity over time."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-telescopes/e/solar-telescopes/mcmath-pierce-solar-telescope/": {"t": "McMath–Pierce solar telescope", "s": "World's largest solar telescope and unobstructed aperture optical telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/manganese/": {"t": "Manganese", "s": "Hard, brittle metal essential in alloys and human nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nickel/": {"t": "Nickel", "s": "Silvery-white metal, ferromagnetic, key to stainless steel and batteries."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/vanadium/": {"t": "Vanadium", "s": "The colorful transition metal named after a Norse goddess."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/haute-provence-observatory/": {"t": "Haute-Provence Observatory", "s": "French national observatory where the first exoplanet was discovered."}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/airliners/e/airliners/boeing-707/": {"t": "Boeing 707", "s": "First widespread jetliner, credited with beginning the Jet Age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/airliners/img/airliners/boeing-707.webp", "c": "JQ OFFICIAL · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/gemini-6a/": {"t": "Gemini 6A", "s": "First crewed rendezvous in space, with Gemini 7."}, "https://codexery.com/project-gemini/e/project-gemini/agena-target-vehicle/": {"t": "Agena target vehicle", "s": "Uncrewed target spacecraft for Gemini rendezvous and docking practice."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hydra/e/stars-of-hydra/pi-hydrae/": {"t": "Pi Hydrae", "s": "A K-type giant star in Hydra, visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/octans/": {"t": "Octans", "s": "A faint southern constellation housing the south celestial pole.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/octans.webp", "c": "Octans · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/named-comets/c-1963-a1-ikeya/": {"t": "C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)", "s": "Long-period comet discovered by Kaoru Ikeya in 1963."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/taurus/": {"t": "Taurus (constellation)", "s": "An ancient zodiac constellation featuring the Pleiades and the Crab Nebula."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-orion/e/stars-of-orion/rigel/": {"t": "Rigel", "s": "Blue supergiant and brightest star in Orion."}, "https://codexery.com/asteroid-surveys/e/asteroid-surveys/iras/": {"t": "IRAS", "s": "First space telescope to survey the entire infrared sky."}, "/e/named-comets/55p-tempel-tuttle/": {"t": "55P/Tempel–Tuttle", "s": "Parent body of the Leonid meteor shower."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/george-alcock/": {"t": "George Alcock", "s": "Visual discoverer of five comets and five novae."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/arecibo-observatory/": {"t": "Arecibo Observatory", "s": "Former world's largest single-aperture radio telescope, collapsed in 2020."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-lyra/e/stars-of-lyra/vega/": {"t": "Vega", "s": "Bright northern star, former pole star, surrounded by a dust disk."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cygnus/": {"t": "Cygnus", "s": "A northern constellation shaped like a swan."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/252p-linear/": {"t": "252P/LINEAR", "s": "Jupiter-family comet that made the fifth closest Earth approach."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/460p-panstarrs/": {"t": "460P/PanSTARRS", "s": "A dark Jupiter-family comet that made the closest Earth flyby since 1770."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/perseids/": {"t": "Perseids", "s": "Prolific meteor shower from comet Swift–Tuttle, visible mid-July to late August."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-elements/": {"t": "Orbital elements", "s": "Parameters that uniquely identify a specific orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/hinode-satellite/": {"t": "Hinode (satellite)", "s": "Japanese solar observatory studying magnetic fields and coronal heating."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/solar-dynamics-observatory/": {"t": "Solar Dynamics Observatory", "s": "NASA mission observing the Sun since 2010."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/common-era/": {"t": "Common Era", "s": "Calendar era notation avoiding explicit Christian reference."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/tidal-force/": {"t": "Tidal force", "s": "Differential gravity stretches bodies and drives tides across the cosmos."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/solar-orbiter/": {"t": "Solar Orbiter", "s": "ESA-NASA probe studying the Sun's poles and inner heliosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/parker-solar-probe/": {"t": "Parker Solar Probe", "s": "First spacecraft to fly into the Sun's low corona.", "i": "https://codexery.com/space-missions/img/space-missions/parker-solar-probe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parker Solar Probe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/eris-dwarf-planet/": {"t": "Eris (dwarf planet)", "s": "Dwarf planet whose discovery redefined the Solar System's planetary lineup.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/eris-dwarf-planet.webp", "c": "ESO/L. Calçada and Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/k-chi-prefecture/": {"t": "Kōchi Prefecture", "s": "The largest but least populous prefecture on Shikoku, known for its mountains, rivers, and historic castle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/k-chi-prefecture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kōchi Prefecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/john-caister-bennett/": {"t": "John Caister Bennett", "s": "South African amateur astronomer and comet hunter."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1961-t1-seki/": {"t": "C/1961 T1 (Seki)", "s": "Long-period comet parent of December ρ-Virginids meteor shower."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2025-a6-lemmon/": {"t": "C/2025 A6 (Lemmon)", "s": "A non-periodic comet that brightened unexpectedly to naked-eye visibility."}, "/e/named-comets/3i-atlas/": {"t": "3I/ATLAS", "s": "Third confirmed interstellar object, discovered July 2025."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-libra/e/stars-of-libra/alpha-librae/": {"t": "Alpha Librae", "s": "Second-brightest star in Libra, a quadruple system."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/eagle-nebula/": {"t": "Eagle Nebula", "s": "A star-forming nebula featuring the iconic Pillars of Creation."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/teide-observatory/": {"t": "Teide Observatory", "s": "International solar and night-time observatory on Tenerife, Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-telescopes/e/solar-telescopes/polarimeter-to-unify-the-corona-and-heliosphere/": {"t": "Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere", "s": "Four microsatellites imaging the corona and heliosphere as one system."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/barycenter-astronomy/": {"t": "Barycenter (astronomy)", "s": "Dynamical point representing the center of mass of orbiting bodies."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and Mardi Gras grew up together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/supernatural/img/world/new-orleans-louisiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/louisiana/": {"t": "Louisiana", "s": "U.S. state with French heritage, parishes, and Gulf Coast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/louisiana.webp", "c": "Mark Holloway · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/montana/": {"t": "Montana", "s": "Big Sky Country"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1882-f1-wells/": {"t": "C/1882 F1 (Wells)", "s": "A bright sungrazing comet discovered by Charles S. Wells in 1882."}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/khedivate-of-egypt/": {"t": "Khedivate of Egypt", "s": "Autonomous Ottoman tributary state modernized under Muhammad Ali's dynasty."}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1556/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1556", "s": "A comet linked to Emperor Charles V's abdication and a failed return prediction."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "/e/named-comets/caesar-s-comet/": {"t": "Caesar's Comet", "s": "A seven-day cometary outburst interpreted as the deification of Julius Caesar."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/historical-comet-observations-in-china/": {"t": "Historical comet observations in China", "s": "The world's most extensive and accurate ancient comet records."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/heinrich-wilhelm-matthias-olbers/": {"t": "Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers", "s": "German astronomer who discovered asteroids and formulated Olbers's paradox.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/heinrich-wilhelm-matthias-olbers.webp", "c": "Rudolph Suhrlandt · via Wikipedia: Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/ursa-major/": {"t": "Ursa Major", "s": "The Great Bear of the Northern Sky", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/ursa-major.webp", "c": "IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg) · via Wikipedia: Ursa Major · CC BY 3.0"}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1264/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1264", "s": "A brilliant comet linked to the death of Pope Urban IV."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/e/natural-disasters/1556-shaanxi-earthquake/": {"t": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake", "s": "One of the deadliest earthquakes in recorded history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/img/natural-disasters/1556-shaanxi-earthquake.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1556 Shaanxi earthquake · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-mythology/e/christian-mythology/antichrist/": {"t": "Antichrist", "s": "Prophesied opponent of Christ, appearing before the Second Coming."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/richard-dunthorne/": {"t": "Richard Dunthorne", "s": "English astronomer who first quantified the Moon's apparent acceleration."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/tycho-brahe/": {"t": "Tycho Brahe", "s": "The greatest pre-telescopic astronomer", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/tycho-brahe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tycho Brahe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/celestial-spheres/": {"t": "Celestial spheres", "s": "Ancient Greek and medieval cosmological model of nested, rotating spheres carrying the planets and stars."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parallax/": {"t": "Parallax", "s": "Parallax measures distance through apparent shift in viewpoint."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/books-about-the-mughal-empire/e/books-about-the-mughal-empire/akbarnama/": {"t": "Akbarnama", "s": "Official chronicle of Akbar's reign by court historian Abul Fazl."}, "https://codexery.com/song-forms/e/song-forms/broadside-ballad/": {"t": "Broadside ballad", "s": "A printed ballad sold cheaply, blending news, entertainment, and traditional tunes."}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1680/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1680", "s": "First comet discovered by telescope; a brilliant sungrazer."}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1577/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1577", "s": "A widely observed comet that challenged celestial theories."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/isfahan/": {"t": "Isfahan", "s": "The third-most populous city in Iran, a historic crossroads of culture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René Descartes", "s": "Father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel/": {"t": "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel", "s": "German astronomer who first measured the distance to a star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel.webp", "c": "Christian Albrecht Jensen · via Wikipedia: Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/old-style-and-new-style-dates/": {"t": "Old Style and New Style dates", "s": "Dual dating systems before and after calendar reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/piracy-in-the-pacific-ocean/e/piracy-in-the-pacific-ocean/basil-ringrose/": {"t": "Basil Ringrose", "s": "English buccaneer, navigator, geographer, and author."}, "https://codexery.com/maritime-folklore/e/maritime-folklore/buccaneer/": {"t": "Buccaneer", "s": "Caribbean privateers and pirates of the 17th–18th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/piracy-in-the-pacific-ocean/e/piracy-in-the-pacific-ocean/bartholomew-sharp/": {"t": "Bartholomew Sharp", "s": "English buccaneer who raided the Pacific coast of South America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/piracy-in-the-pacific-ocean/img/piracy-in-the-pacific-ocean/bartholomew-sharp.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bartholomew Sharp · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/john-flamsteed/": {"t": "John Flamsteed", "s": "First Astronomer Royal and meticulous star cataloguer", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/john-flamsteed.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Star · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edmond-halley/": {"t": "Edmond Halley", "s": "English astronomer who predicted the return of Halley's Comet."}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1402/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1402", "s": "Daylight comet of 1402 with longest recorded daylight visibility."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's continents and major landmasses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "Sean Baker ( Marvin01 | talk ) · via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/named-comets/halley-s-comet/": {"t": "Halley's Comet", "s": "The first comet recognized as periodic, visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/orion/": {"t": "Orion (constellation)", "s": "A winter constellation named after a hunter in Greek mythology."}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1811/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1811", "s": "A long-visible comet with a massive coma and cultural impact.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/great-comet-of-1811.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/spica/": {"t": "Spica", "s": "Brightest star in Virgo, a close binary Beta Cephei variable."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1779-a1-bode/": {"t": "C/1779 A1 (Bode)", "s": "Comet named after Johann Elert Bode, orbit by Erik Prosperin."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel/": {"t": "William Herschel", "s": "Discoverer of Uranus and infrared radiation", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel.webp", "c": "Lemuel Francis Abbott · via Wikipedia: William Herschel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-friedrich-gauss/": {"t": "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "s": "German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/argo-navis/": {"t": "Argo Navis", "s": "Formerly a single large constellation, now divided into Carina, Puppis, and Vela."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/comet-seeker/": {"t": "Comet seeker", "s": "A short-focal-length telescope for comet hunting."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/william-blake/": {"t": "William Blake", "s": "English poet, painter, and printmaker of the Romantic Age."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/harriet-martineau/": {"t": "Harriet Martineau", "s": "English social theorist and abolitionist who supported herself by writing."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/ecliptic/": {"t": "Ecliptic", "s": "Apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/ecliptic.webp", "c": "S.fonsi · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/great-plains/": {"t": "Great Plains", "s": "Broad North American flatland of prairie, steppe, and grassland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/great-plains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alluvial plain · see source"}, "/e/named-comets/great-comet-of-1819/": {"t": "Great Comet of 1819", "s": "First comet studied with polarimetry, discovered by Tralles in 1819.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/great-comet-of-1819.webp", "c": "George Frederick Chambers 1841-1915 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/karl-ludwig-harding/": {"t": "Karl Ludwig Harding", "s": "German astronomer who discovered the asteroid Juno in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/caroline-herschel/": {"t": "Caroline Herschel", "s": "First professional female astronomer and comet discoverer."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/great-circle/": {"t": "Great circle", "s": "The largest circle on a sphere, analogous to a straight line."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-leeuwin/": {"t": "Cape Leeuwin", "s": "Most south-westerly mainland point of Australia, one of the great capes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-leeuwin.webp", "c": "Bjørn Christian Tørrissen · via Wikipedia: Cape Leeuwin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/cape-colony/": {"t": "Cape Colony", "s": "British colony at the Cape of Good Hope, later part of South Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cygnus/e/stars-of-cygnus/delta-cygni/": {"t": "Delta Cygni", "s": "Triple star system in Cygnus, part of the Northern Cross."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-surveys/e/astronomical-surveys/all-sky-automated-survey-for-supernovae/": {"t": "All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae", "s": "Automated survey scanning the whole sky daily for supernovae."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/ubv-photometric-system/": {"t": "UBV photometric system", "s": "First standardized photometric system for stellar classification."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cepheus/": {"t": "Cepheus", "s": "Northern constellation named after a mythical king of Aethiopia."}, "https://codexery.com/highest-points-of-united-states/e/highest-points-of-united-states-national-parks/mauna-loa/": {"t": "Mauna Loa", "s": "Earth's largest active volcano by both mass and volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/highest-points-of-united-states/img/highest-points-of-united-states-national-parks/mauna-loa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mauna Loa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/monoceros/": {"t": "Monoceros", "s": "A faint equatorial constellation named for the unicorn."}, "/e/named-comets/24p-schaumasse/": {"t": "24P/Schaumasse", "s": "Jupiter-family comet discovered by Alexandre Schaumasse, with a variable brightness history."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-surveys/e/astronomical-surveys/dark-energy-survey/": {"t": "Dark Energy Survey", "s": "A survey constraining dark energy through multiple cosmological probes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomical-surveys/img/astronomical-surveys/dark-energy-survey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dark Energy Survey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/algorithm/": {"t": "Algorithm", "s": "A finite sequence of logical instructions for solving problems."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/provisional-designation-in-astronomy/": {"t": "Provisional designation in astronomy", "s": "Standardized naming for newly discovered astronomical objects."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/vera-c-rubin-observatory/": {"t": "Vera C. Rubin Observatory", "s": "A wide-field telescope surveying the southern sky every few nights."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/pluto/": {"t": "Pluto", "s": "Dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, once the ninth planet."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/messier-81/": {"t": "Messier 81", "s": "Grand design spiral galaxy with an active nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/ceres-dwarf-planet/": {"t": "Ceres (dwarf planet)", "s": "Dwarf planet in the main asteroid belt, first discovered asteroid."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/suetonius/": {"t": "Suetonius", "s": "Roman historian and biographer of the Twelve Caesars"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ovid/": {"t": "Ovid", "s": "Roman poet exiled for a poem and a mistake."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/mark-antony/": {"t": "Mark Antony", "s": "Roman politician and general who helped transform the Republic into the Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/mark-antony.webp", "c": "Byzantium565 · via Wikipedia: Mark Antony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/diana/e/diana/secular-games/": {"t": "Secular Games", "s": "Ancient Roman festival marking the end of an era."}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-progenitors/e/legendary-progenitors/aeneas/": {"t": "Aeneas", "s": "Trojan hero and legendary progenitor of the Roman people."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/roman-imperial-cult/": {"t": "Roman imperial cult", "s": "State worship of Roman emperors as divinely sanctioned rulers."}, "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/e/plays-and-drama/julius-caesar-play/": {"t": "Julius Caesar (play)", "s": "Shakespeare's tragedy of political conspiracy and civil war in Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/img/plays-and-drama/julius-caesar-play.webp", "c": "William Shakespeare · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "/e/named-comets/19p-borrelly/": {"t": "19P/Borrelly", "s": "Periodic comet visited by Deep Space 1 in 2001."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/marseille-observatory/": {"t": "Marseille Observatory", "s": "Historic French observatory, home to Stephan's Quintet and Foucault's telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/john-louis-emil-dreyer/": {"t": "John Louis Emil Dreyer", "s": "Danish astronomer who compiled the New General Catalogue."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/mark-twain/": {"t": "Mark Twain", "s": "American writer, humorist, and essayist, author of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/george-armstrong-custer/": {"t": "George Armstrong Custer", "s": "The controversial cavalry commander of the Civil War and Indian Wars, known for his dramatic end at the Little Bighorn.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/george-armstrong-custer.webp", "c": "Photographer is Mathew Brady (died 1896) and his field staff · via Wikipedia: George Armstrong Custer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/edward-charles-pickering/": {"t": "Edward Charles Pickering", "s": "American astronomer who discovered the first spectroscopic binary stars and advanced stellar photography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/edward-charles-pickering.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edward Charles Pickering · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-russel-wallace/": {"t": "Alfred Russel Wallace", "s": "English naturalist who co-discovered evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/tidore/": {"t": "Tidore", "s": "Former sultanate and spice-trade center in eastern Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/leonid-elenin/": {"t": "Leonid Elenin", "s": "Russian amateur astronomer and discoverer of five comets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/img/amateur-astronomy/leonid-elenin.webp", "c": "NASA/STEREO · Public domain"}, "/e/named-comets/c-1999-s4-linear/": {"t": "C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)", "s": "First comet caught in the act of disintegrating."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "/e/named-comets/45p-honda-mrkos-pajdu-kov/": {"t": "45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková", "s": "Short-period comet discovered in 1948, known for radar detection and green glow."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/linear-polarization/": {"t": "Linear polarization", "s": "Linear polarization confines the electric field to a single plane.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/linear-polarization.webp", "c": "Dave3457 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/c-1989-x1-austin/": {"t": "C/1989 X1 (Austin)", "s": "Predicted bright comet that underperformed, peaking at magnitude +4 to +6."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/ethane/": {"t": "Ethane", "s": "A colorless, odorless gas and key feedstock for ethylene production."}, "https://codexery.com/maritime-history-of-portugal/e/maritime-history-of-portugal/crist-v-o-jacques/": {"t": "Cristóvão Jacques", "s": "Portuguese noble and early governor of Brazil's coast."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equatorial-coordinate-system/": {"t": "Equatorial coordinate system", "s": "A geocentric system for locating celestial objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equatorial-coordinate-system.webp", "c": "Anskar · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-auriga/e/stars-of-auriga/beta-tauri/": {"t": "Beta Tauri", "s": "A chemically peculiar B7 giant star in Taurus."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cassiopeia/e/stars-of-cassiopeia/epsilon-cassiopeiae/": {"t": "Epsilon Cassiopeiae", "s": "A bright B-type main sequence star in Cassiopeia."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cygnus/e/stars-of-cygnus/deneb/": {"t": "Deneb", "s": "Blue supergiant, brightest star in Cygnus."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/albireo/": {"t": "Albireo", "s": "A striking double star in Cygnus, famous for its color contrast."}, "/e/named-comets/biela-s-comet/": {"t": "Biela's Comet", "s": "A periodic comet that split and vanished, leaving the Andromedid meteor shower."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/formation-and-evolution-of-the-solar-system/": {"t": "Formation and evolution of the Solar System", "s": "From nebular collapse to white dwarf: the Solar System's story."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/planetary-system/": {"t": "Planetary system", "s": "A star's family of orbiting worlds and debris."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/lost-comet/": {"t": "Lost comet", "s": "A periodic comet not detected at its most recent perihelion passage."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/tropics/": {"t": "Tropics", "s": "The region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/crater-constellation/": {"t": "Crater (constellation)", "s": "A small cup-shaped constellation on the back of Hydra."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-survey/": {"t": "Astronomical survey", "s": "A general map or image of the sky lacking a specific target."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/centaurus/": {"t": "Centaurus", "s": "A large southern constellation with the nearest star system to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/crux/": {"t": "Crux", "s": "The smallest but most distinctive constellation of the southern sky."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/chamaeleon/": {"t": "Chamaeleon", "s": "A small southern constellation named for the chameleon lizard."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/phoenix-constellation/": {"t": "Phoenix (constellation)", "s": "A southern constellation named after the mythical phoenix.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/phoenix-constellation.webp", "c": "Photographer's Mate 2nd Class Felix Garza · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/gamma-pegasi/": {"t": "Gamma Pegasi", "s": "A hybrid pulsator and binary star in the Great Square of Pegasus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/img/variable-stars/gamma-pegasi.webp", "c": "PopePompus · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/atacama-large-millimeter-array/": {"t": "Atacama Large Millimeter Array", "s": "66-antenna interferometer observing millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1975-t2-suzuki-saigusa-mori/": {"t": "C/1975 T2 (Suzuki–Saigusa–Mori)", "s": "Long-period comet that became naked-eye visible and linked to a meteor shower."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2025-r2-swan/": {"t": "C/2025 R2 (SWAN)", "s": "Long-period comet discovered via SOHO's SWAN instrument in September 2025."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude/": {"t": "Latitude", "s": "Latitude specifies north-south position on Earth or celestial bodies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude.webp", "c": "source: Pearson Scott Foresman, donated to the Wikimedia Foundation\nsvg conversion: Gregors\nColor: Jahobr · via Wikipedia: Latitude · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/cor-caroli/": {"t": "Cor Caroli", "s": "A binary star and prototype of a class of magnetic variables."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1729-p1-sarabat/": {"t": "C/1729 P1 (Sarabat)", "s": "Possibly the largest comet ever observed, with absolute magnitude −3."}, "/e/named-comets/c-2014-un271-bernardinelli-bernstein/": {"t": "C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)", "s": "Largest known Oort cloud comet, discovered at record distance."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects-open-clusters/e/messier-objects-open-clusters/beehive-cluster/": {"t": "Beehive Cluster", "s": "An ancient open cluster in Cancer with over 1,000 stars."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ursa-major/e/stars-of-ursa-major/big-dipper/": {"t": "Big Dipper", "s": "Seven-star asterism in Ursa Major, used for navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-bo-tes/e/stars-of-bo-tes/beta-bo-tis/": {"t": "Beta Boötis", "s": "A yellow giant star marking the head of Boötes."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/zeta-herculis/": {"t": "Zeta Herculis", "s": "Binary star system in Hercules, visible to the naked eye."}, "/e/named-comets/comet-encke/": {"t": "Comet Encke", "s": "Shortest-period bright comet, named after its orbit calculator."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/double-star/": {"t": "Double star", "s": "A double star is a pair of stars that appear close together as viewed from Earth, either as a gravitationally bound binary or a chance optical alignment."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-virgo/e/stars-of-virgo/gamma-virginis/": {"t": "Gamma Virginis", "s": "Binary star system in Virgo with two nearly identical components."}, "https://codexery.com/planetary-nebulae/e/planetary-nebulae/eskimo-nebula/": {"t": "Eskimo Nebula", "s": "A bipolar double-shell planetary nebula in Gemini."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/columba-constellation/": {"t": "Columba (constellation)", "s": "A faint dove-shaped constellation south of Canis Major."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/impact-event/": {"t": "Impact event", "s": "Collisions between astronomical objects that shape planets and life."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-thumb/e/rules-of-thumb/68-95-99-7-rule/": {"t": "68–95–99.7 rule", "s": "A heuristic for normal distribution probabilities within standard deviations."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/uk-schmidt-telescope/": {"t": "UK Schmidt Telescope", "s": "A 1.24 m Schmidt survey telescope at Siding Spring Observatory."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/horologium-constellation/": {"t": "Horologium (constellation)", "s": "A faint southern constellation representing a pendulum clock."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/ulysses-spacecraft/": {"t": "Ulysses (spacecraft)", "s": "Solar probe that studied the Sun from all latitudes."}, "/e/named-comets/comet-arend-roland/": {"t": "Comet Arend–Roland", "s": "A hyperbolic comet discovered in 1956, never to return."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/castor-and-pollux/e/castor-and-pollux/pollux-star/": {"t": "Pollux (star)", "s": "Brightest star in Gemini and closest red giant to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/asteroid-surveys/e/asteroid-surveys/near-earth-asteroid-tracking/": {"t": "Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking", "s": "NASA program that discovered over 40,000 minor planets."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/space-telescope/": {"t": "Space telescope", "s": "Telescopes in space avoiding atmospheric interference for astronomical observation."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/messier-3/": {"t": "Messier 3", "s": "One of the largest and brightest globular clusters in the sky."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/alpha-centauri/": {"t": "Alpha Centauri", "s": "Nearest star system to the Sun, with three stars."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/beta-cassiopeiae/": {"t": "Beta Cassiopeiae", "s": "A Delta Scuti variable star in Cassiopeia."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-by-flamsteed-designation/e/stars-by-flamsteed-designation/gamma-cephei/": {"t": "Gamma Cephei", "s": "Binary star system with a confirmed exoplanet and future pole star."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/asteroid-belt/": {"t": "Asteroid belt", "s": "A torus-shaped region between Mars and Jupiter containing many asteroids."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organic-compound/": {"t": "Organic compound", "s": "Carbon-based compounds central to life and chemistry."}, "/e/named-comets/comet-holmes/": {"t": "Comet Holmes", "s": "Periodic comet known for its massive 2007 outburst."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/interstellar-medium/": {"t": "Interstellar medium", "s": "Matter and radiation between star systems in a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-spectrum/": {"t": "Electromagnetic spectrum", "s": "The full range of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to gamma rays."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/messier-10/": {"t": "Messier 10", "s": "A moderately metal-poor globular cluster in Ophiuchus."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/ara-constellation/": {"t": "Ara (constellation)", "s": "A southern constellation representing an altar, rich in star clusters."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/pavo-constellation/": {"t": "Pavo (constellation)", "s": "A southern constellation named for the peacock, part of the Southern Birds.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/pavo-constellation.webp", "c": "MichaelMaggs · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cassiopeia/": {"t": "Cassiopeia", "s": "A northern constellation representing the queen of Ethiopia."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/giotto-spacecraft/": {"t": "Giotto (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to make close-up observations of a comet."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/vega-program/": {"t": "Vega program", "s": "Soviet-led dual mission to Venus and Halley's Comet."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/311p-panstarrs/": {"t": "311P/PanSTARRS", "s": "An active asteroid with six comet-like tails."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/taurids/": {"t": "Southern Taurids", "s": "Slow, long-lasting meteor shower from Comet Encke, peaking in October."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/andromedids/": {"t": "Andromedids", "s": "Meteor shower from Biela's Comet, famed for 19th-century storms."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-science-fiction-novels/e/russian-science-fiction-novels/the-year-4338-petersburg-letters/": {"t": "The Year 4338: Petersburg Letters", "s": "1835 Russian novel set in 4338 with futuristic predictions."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/john-herschel/": {"t": "John Herschel", "s": "English polymath who invented the blueprint and advanced astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edgar-allan-poe/": {"t": "Edgar Allan Poe", "s": "Master of the macabre and pioneer of detective fiction"}, "https://codexery.com/fiction-about-comets/e/fiction-about-comets/the-conversation-of-eiros-and-charmion/": {"t": "The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion", "s": "A comet destroys Earth by stripping the atmosphere of nitrogen."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/madras-observatory/": {"t": "Madras Observatory", "s": "British East India Company observatory for navigation and star cataloguing."}, "/e/named-comets/18d-perrine-mrkos/": {"t": "18D/Perrine–Mrkos", "s": "A periodic comet lost after 1909, rediscovered in 1955."}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-great-chicago-fire/": {"t": "The Great Chicago Fire", "s": "The Great Chicago Fire: A devastating conflagration that reshaped a city."}, "https://codexery.com/atlantis-proponents/e/atlantis-proponents/ignatius-l-donnelly/": {"t": "Ignatius L. Donnelly", "s": "American U.S. representative, populist writer, and pseudoscientist known for fringe theories on Atlantis."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/drag-physics/": {"t": "Drag (physics)", "s": "A force opposing motion through a fluid, dependent on velocity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/drag-physics.webp", "c": "Nubifer // Wiki LIC (Spanish translation) · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/friedrich-wilhelm-argelander/": {"t": "Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander", "s": "German astronomer who catalogued over 324,000 stars."}, "/e/named-comets/73p-schwassmann-wachmann/": {"t": "73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann", "s": "A disintegrating periodic comet with a 5.4-year orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-launch-failures/e/satellite-launch-failures/contour/": {"t": "CONTOUR", "s": "NASA Discovery probe lost during solar orbit injection burn."}, "https://codexery.com/sample-return-missions/e/sample-return-missions/sample-return-mission/": {"t": "Sample-return mission", "s": "Spacecraft missions that collect and return extraterrestrial samples to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/sample-return-missions/e/sample-return-missions/comet-nucleus-dust-and-organics-return/": {"t": "Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return", "s": "A mission concept to retrieve a pristine sample from comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko."}, "https://codexery.com/sample-return-missions/e/sample-return-missions/comet-rendezvous-sample-acquisition-investigation-and-return/": {"t": "Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return", "s": "A concept mission to return comet nucleus samples to Earth for detailed analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/sample-return-missions/e/sample-return-missions/caesar-spacecraft/": {"t": "CAESAR (spacecraft)", "s": "A sample-return mission concept to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, proposed for NASA's New Frontiers program."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/88p-howell/": {"t": "88P/Howell", "s": "Jupiter-family comet discovered by Ellen Howell in 1981."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/dragonfly-titan-space-probe/": {"t": "Dragonfly (Titan space probe)", "s": "NASA rotorcraft mission to study Titan's prebiotic chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/moons-of-saturn/e/moons-of-saturn/titan-moon/": {"t": "Titan (moon)", "s": "Saturn's largest moon, with a thick atmosphere and liquid lakes."}, "/e/named-comets/49p-arend-rigaux/": {"t": "49P/Arend–Rigaux", "s": "A dark, periodic comet discovered in 1951 by Arend and Rigaux."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/calar-alto-observatory/": {"t": "Calar Alto Observatory", "s": "Home to mainland Europe's largest telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/mariner-4/": {"t": "Mariner 4", "s": "First spacecraft to return close-up images of Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/mariner-5/": {"t": "Mariner 5", "s": "Mariner 5 probed Venus's atmosphere and interplanetary space."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/comet-interceptor/": {"t": "Comet Interceptor", "s": "ESA mission to intercept a long-period comet from L2."}, "/e/named-comets/22p-kopff/": {"t": "22P/Kopff", "s": "Jupiter-family comet discovered in 1906 with a dark, tarry nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrocarbon/": {"t": "Hydrocarbon", "s": "Organic compounds of hydrogen and carbon, key to global energy."}, "/e/named-comets/13p-olbers/": {"t": "13P/Olbers", "s": "Halley-type comet discovered by Heinrich Olbers in 1815."}, "/e/named-comets/23p-brorsen-metcalf/": {"t": "23P/Brorsen–Metcalf", "s": "Halley-type comet with 70-year period, first detected in submillimeter wavelengths."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cetus/e/stars-of-cetus/beta-ceti/": {"t": "Beta Ceti", "s": "Brightest star in Cetus, an orange giant with flaring activity."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation-pressure/": {"t": "Radiation pressure", "s": "Mechanical pressure from electromagnetic radiation momentum exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/122p-de-vico/": {"t": "122P/de Vico", "s": "Halley-type comet lost and recovered, rich in gas."}, "/e/named-comets/27p-crommelin/": {"t": "27P/Crommelin", "s": "A Halley-type comet named after its orbit calculator, not its discoverers."}, "/e/named-comets/12p-pons-brooks/": {"t": "12P/Pons–Brooks", "s": "A bright Halley-type comet with a 71-year orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/beta-canis-majoris/": {"t": "Beta Canis Majoris", "s": "A Beta Cephei variable star in Canis Major."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/ralph-copeland/": {"t": "Ralph Copeland", "s": "English astronomer and third Astronomer Royal for Scotland."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/recovered-astronomical-objects/e/recovered-astronomical-objects/206p-barnard-boattini/": {"t": "206P/Barnard–Boattini", "s": "First comet discovered photographically, lost for 116 years."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/alpha-capricornids/": {"t": "Alpha Capricornids", "s": "A meteor shower with bright fireballs and a future major storm."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/169p-neat/": {"t": "169P/NEAT", "s": "Parent body of the alpha Capricornids meteor shower."}, "https://codexery.com/sample-return-missions/e/sample-return-missions/next-generation-small-body-sample-return/": {"t": "Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return", "s": "Proposed JAXA mission to return samples from comet 289P/Blanpain."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/289p-blanpain/": {"t": "289P/Blanpain", "s": "Lost comet rediscovered after 194 years, linked to Phoenicid meteors."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/io-moon/": {"t": "Io (moon)", "s": "Io is Jupiter's innermost Galilean moon, the most volcanically active body known."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/royal-observatory-greenwich/": {"t": "Royal Observatory, Greenwich", "s": "Home of the Prime Meridian and Greenwich Mean Time."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/old-and-new-towns-of-edinburgh/": {"t": "Old and New Towns of Edinburgh", "s": "Medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town, a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/canary-islands/": {"t": "Canary Islands", "s": "The Fortunate Isles: a subtropical archipelago linking Africa, Europe, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/meteoroids/e/meteoroids/meteoroid/": {"t": "Meteoroid", "s": "Small rocky or metallic bodies moving through interplanetary space."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/deep-space-1/": {"t": "Deep Space 1", "s": "NASA technology demonstrator testing ion propulsion and autonomous navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/e/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/variable-star/": {"t": "Variable Star", "s": "A young musician flees romance aboard a starship colony mission."}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-binary-and-multiple-st/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation-binary-and-multiple-stars/beta-scuti/": {"t": "Beta Scuti", "s": "Binary star system in Scutum with a G-type bright giant primary."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/draconids/": {"t": "Draconids", "s": "A Northern Hemisphere shower known for rare, intense meteor storms."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/international-cometary-explorer/": {"t": "International Cometary Explorer", "s": "First spacecraft to visit a comet and first at a Lagrange point."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/altona-observatory/": {"t": "Altona Observatory", "s": "Founded by Schumacher in 1823, closed in 1871."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/vermont/": {"t": "Vermont", "s": "Second-least populated U.S. state, known for progressivism and maple syrup."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/wisconsin/": {"t": "Wisconsin", "s": "Upper Midwest state known for dairy, brewing, and swing-state politics."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/dwarf-planet/": {"t": "Dwarf planet", "s": "A rounded solar orbiter that has not cleared its orbit."}, "/e/named-comets/21p-giacobini-zinner/": {"t": "21P/Giacobini–Zinner", "s": "First comet visited by a spacecraft; parent of the Draconid meteor shower."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/explorer-47/": {"t": "Explorer 47", "s": "NASA satellite studying interplanetary space and magnetotail."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/explorer-50/": {"t": "Explorer 50", "s": "Final Interplanetary Monitoring Platform satellite studying magnetosphere and solar wind."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/kuiper-belt/": {"t": "Kuiper belt", "s": "A circumstellar disc of icy bodies beyond Neptune."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/asteroid/": {"t": "Asteroid", "s": "Rocky, metallic, or icy minor planets orbiting the Sun, mostly in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter."}, "https://codexery.com/recovered-astronomical-objects/e/recovered-astronomical-objects/113p-spitaler/": {"t": "113P/Spitaler", "s": "Jupiter-family comet lost for 102 years, rediscovered in 1993."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/giant-planet/": {"t": "Giant planet", "s": "A massive planet composed mainly of volatiles, not solid matter."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/probability-and-statistics/normal-distribution/": {"t": "Normal distribution", "s": "A continuous probability distribution with a bell-shaped density curve.", "i": "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/img/probability-and-statistics/normal-distribution.webp", "c": "TYalaA · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-resonance/": {"t": "Orbital resonance", "s": "Orbital resonance shapes planetary systems through periodic gravitational interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/cameras-for-all-sky-meteor-surveillance/": {"t": "Cameras for All-Sky Meteor Surveillance", "s": "NASA-sponsored project mapping meteor showers via global video surveillance."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/capricornus/": {"t": "Capricornus", "s": "The smallest zodiac constellation, depicted as a sea goat."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/insight/": {"t": "InSight", "s": "Lander that studied Mars' deep interior and detected marsquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/earth-s-orbit/": {"t": "Earth's orbit", "s": "Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun defines the year and seasons."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/yale-columbia-southern-observatory/": {"t": "Yale–Columbia Southern Observatory", "s": "Southern Hemisphere stellar distance observatory founded by Yale University."}, "/e/named-comets/c-1983-h1-iras-araki-alcock/": {"t": "C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)", "s": "Long-period comet that made the closest Earth approach in 200 years."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/canis-minor/": {"t": "Canis Minor", "s": "A small northern constellation representing the lesser dog following Orion."}, "https://codexery.com/recovered-astronomical-objects/e/recovered-astronomical-objects/69p-taylor/": {"t": "69P/Taylor", "s": "Jupiter-family comet discovered by Clement J. Taylor in 1915."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/libration/": {"t": "Libration", "s": "Cyclic variation in Moon's apparent position revealing extra lunar surface."}, "/e/named-comets/6p-d-arrest/": {"t": "6P/d'Arrest", "s": "Periodic comet discovered by Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest in 1851."}, "/e/named-comets/78p-gehrels/": {"t": "78P/Gehrels", "s": "A highly active Jupiter-family comet discovered by Tom Gehrels."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/scorpius-x-1/": {"t": "Scorpius X-1", "s": "First extrasolar X-ray source, brightest non-solar X-ray object."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/ohio/": {"t": "Ohio", "s": "Midwestern U.S. state, birthplace of seven presidents and aviation."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/leonids/": {"t": "Leonids", "s": "Fastest annual meteor shower, known for storms every 33 years."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/boyden-observatory/": {"t": "Boyden Observatory", "s": "Research observatory and education centre in South Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "/e/named-comets/41p-tuttle-giacobini-kres-k/": {"t": "41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák", "s": "Jupiter-family comet known for dramatic outbursts and a small, elongated nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/103p-hartley/": {"t": "103P/Hartley", "s": "Small periodic comet visited by Deep Impact in 2010."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/philae-spacecraft/": {"t": "Philae (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to land on a comet nucleus."}, "/e/named-comets/32p-comas-sol/": {"t": "32P/Comas Solà", "s": "Jupiter-family comet discovered by Josep Comas Solà in 1926.", "i": "https://codexery.com/named-comets/img/named-comets/32p-comas-sol.webp", "c": "Pere López · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/almaty/": {"t": "Almaty", "s": "Largest city in Kazakhstan, former capital, and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/contact-binary/e/contact-binary/contact-binary-small-solar-system-body/": {"t": "Contact binary (small Solar System body)", "s": "Two bodies touching, forming a peanut-shaped minor planet or comet."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox/": {"t": "Equinox", "s": "Twice-yearly moment when day and night are nearly equal worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox.webp", "c": "江戸村のとくぞう · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/topographic-prominence/": {"t": "Topographic prominence", "s": "A measure of a summit's independence from higher terrain."}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/khufu/": {"t": "Khufu", "s": "Second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, builder of the Great Pyramid."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/torque/": {"t": "Torque", "s": "Torque is the rotational analogue of linear force."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/william-frederick-denning/": {"t": "William Frederick Denning", "s": "British amateur astronomer who discovered five comets and studied meteors."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/extinct-comet/": {"t": "Extinct comet", "s": "A comet depleted of volatiles, resembling an asteroid."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-capricornus/e/stars-of-capricornus/beta-capricorni/": {"t": "Beta Capricorni", "s": "A five-star system near the ecliptic, occulted by the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/meteor-showers/e/meteor-showers/tau-herculids/": {"t": "Tau Herculids", "s": "A meteor shower from comet Schwassmann-Wachmann 3, with outbursts in 1930 and 2022."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/tau-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Tau Coronae Borealis", "s": "A possible binary star in Corona Borealis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/img/binary-and-multiple-stars/tau-coronae-borealis.webp", "c": "IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg) · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/ring-nebula/": {"t": "Ring Nebula", "s": "A planetary nebula in Lyra, discovered by Charles Messier in 1779."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/nova-scotia/": {"t": "Nova Scotia", "s": "Canada's most populous Atlantic province, rich in Mi'kmaq heritage and Scottish history."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/girawali-observatory/": {"t": "Girawali Observatory", "s": "Optical observatory near Pune, India, operated by IUCAA."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/callisto-moon/": {"t": "Callisto (moon)", "s": "Second-largest moon of Jupiter, with a heavily cratered surface."}, "https://codexery.com/sample-return-missions/e/sample-return-missions/stardust-spacecraft/": {"t": "Stardust (spacecraft)", "s": "NASA's first sample return mission to collect comet and cosmic dust."}, "https://codexery.com/molecular-biology/e/molecular-biology/biochemistry/": {"t": "Biochemistry", "s": "Study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/anorthite/": {"t": "Anorthite", "s": "Calcium endmember of plagioclase feldspar, rare on Earth but abundant on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/science-journal/": {"t": "Science (journal)", "s": "Peer-reviewed journal of the AAAS, covering all scientific disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/": {"t": "Radioactive decay", "s": "Unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/clyde-tombaugh/": {"t": "Clyde Tombaugh", "s": "American astronomer who discovered Pluto in 1930.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/clyde-tombaugh.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Clyde Tombaugh · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/luzon/": {"t": "Luzon", "s": "The largest and most populous island of the Philippines, economic and political center of the nation."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/104p-kowal/": {"t": "104P/Kowal", "s": "Jupiter-family comet discovered in 1979 with a history of outbursts."}}