{"/e/musicologists-and-composers/fran-ois-joseph-f-tis/": {"t": "François-Joseph Fétis", "s": "Belgian musicologist, critic, teacher, and composer of lasting influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/img/musicologists-and-composers/fran-ois-joseph-f-tis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: François-Joseph Fétis · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/medieval-music/": {"t": "Medieval music", "s": "First and longest major era of Western classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gioachino-rossini/": {"t": "Gioachino Rossini", "s": "Italian composer of 39 operas who retired from large-scale work in his thirties."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/a-cappella/": {"t": "A cappella", "s": "Vocal music performed without instrumental accompaniment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/a-cappella.webp", "c": "Bernard Gagnon · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/nord-pas-de-calais/": {"t": "Nord-Pas-de-Calais", "s": "A densely populated former region of France, now part of Hauts-de-France."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/robert-schumann/": {"t": "Robert Schumann", "s": "German Romantic composer, pianist, and music critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/robert-schumann.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Schumann · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johannes-brahms/": {"t": "Johannes Brahms", "s": "German composer, pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johannes-brahms.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Brahms · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/franz-liszt/": {"t": "Franz Liszt", "s": "Hungarian composer and pianist of the Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/franz-liszt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Franz Liszt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/venus/e/venus/tannh-user-opera/": {"t": "Tannhäuser (opera)", "s": "Wagner's opera of sacred and profane love."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-meistersinger-von-n-rnberg/": {"t": "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg", "s": "Wagner's only mature comedy, set in historical Nuremberg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-meistersinger-von-n-rnberg.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/anton-bruckner/": {"t": "Anton Bruckner", "s": "Austrian composer and organist of expansive symphonies and sacred works."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/hugo-wolf/": {"t": "Hugo Wolf", "s": "Austrian composer known for intense, expressive Lieder.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/hugo-wolf.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hugo Wolf · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "s": "The Romantic-era Russian behind Swan Lake, The Nutcracker and the 1812 Overture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music/e/music/violin-concerto-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)", "s": "The Violin Concerto in D major, Op."}, "/e/musicologists-and-composers/guido-adler/": {"t": "Guido Adler", "s": "Founder of musicology as a formal academic discipline."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber/": {"t": "Carl Maria von Weber", "s": "German composer crucial to German Romantic opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber.webp", "c": "Caroline Bardua · via Wikipedia: Carl Maria von Weber · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/gustav-mahler/": {"t": "Gustav Mahler", "s": "Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer and conductor", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/gustav-mahler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gustav Mahler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/arnold-schoenberg/": {"t": "Arnold Schoenberg", "s": "Austrian-American composer."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/rainer-maria-rilke/": {"t": "Rainer Maria Rilke", "s": "Austrian poet known for Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/modernist-and-contemporary-pioneers/oskar-kokoschka/": {"t": "Oskar Kokoschka", "s": "Austrian expressionist artist, poet, playwright, and teacher."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/alban-berg/": {"t": "Alban Berg", "s": "Austrian composer of the Second Viennese School, known for blending Romantic lyricism with twelve-tone technique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/alban-berg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alban Berg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern/": {"t": "Anton Webern", "s": "Austrian composer of radical atonal and twelve-tone music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anton Webern · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claudio-monteverdi/": {"t": "Claudio Monteverdi", "s": "Italian composer and pioneer of opera, bridging Renaissance and Baroque."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/the-tempest/": {"t": "The Tempest", "s": "A tale of magic, betrayal, and forgiveness on a remote island."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/isle-of-man/": {"t": "Isle of Man", "s": "A self-governing Crown Dependency with a distinct identity and history."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams/": {"t": "Ralph Vaughan Williams", "s": "English composer who broke from German-dominated style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams.webp", "c": "E. O. Hoppé · via Wikipedia: Ralph Vaughan Williams · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony/": {"t": "Symphony", "s": "From ancient Greek 'agreement of sound' to a supreme orchestral form."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/e/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/ernst-krenek/": {"t": "Ernst Krenek", "s": "Austrian-American composer of atonal and jazz-influenced works."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tonality/": {"t": "Tonality", "s": "System of musical organization centered on a tonic."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/modernism-music/": {"t": "Modernism (music)", "s": "A period of innovation and linguistic plurality in music."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/paul-hindemith/": {"t": "Paul Hindemith", "s": "German and American composer, music theorist, teacher, violist, and conductor; advocate of the Neue Sachlichkeit style."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/symphonic-poem/": {"t": "Symphonic poem", "s": "Orchestral music evoking non-musical sources in one movement."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-and-television-orchestras/e/radio-and-television-orchestras/vienna-radio-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra", "s": "Austrian radio orchestra with a focus on contemporary classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/late-middle-ages/": {"t": "Late Middle Ages", "s": "Crisis and transformation in 14th–15th century Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/rhythm/": {"t": "Rhythm", "s": "Regular recurrence of strong and weak elements in time."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/mons-belgium/": {"t": "Mons, Belgium", "s": "Capital of Hainaut, site of the 1914 Battle of Mons."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/maximilien-robespierre/": {"t": "Maximilien Robespierre", "s": "Radical Jacobin leader and key figure of the French Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/liturgy/": {"t": "Liturgy", "s": "Formal public worship as a communal response to the sacred."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/niccol-paganini/": {"t": "Niccolò Paganini", "s": "The most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, known for technical brilliance and showmanship."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz/": {"t": "Hector Berlioz", "s": "French romantic composer, conductor and critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of works by Hector Berlioz · see source"}, "/e/musicologists-and-composers/hugo-riemann/": {"t": "Hugo Riemann", "s": "German musicologist and composer, founder of modern musicology."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysics/": {"t": "Metaphysics", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/arthur-sullivan/": {"t": "Arthur Sullivan", "s": "English composer of Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/arthur-sullivan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arthur Sullivan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey/": {"t": "Westminster Abbey", "s": "A royal peculiar and national Valhalla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Westminster Abbey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/charles-gounod/": {"t": "Charles Gounod", "s": "French Romantic composer of Faust and Roméo et Juliette.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/charles-gounod.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charles Gounod · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/jules-massenet/": {"t": "Jules Massenet", "s": "French composer of operas, several premiered by the Opéra-Comique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/jules-massenet.webp", "c": "Eugène Pirou (1841-1909). Photographer\nRestored by Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Jules Massenet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns/": {"t": "Camille Saint-Saëns", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and musical prodigy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Camille Saint-Saëns · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holy-land/": {"t": "Holy Land", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn/": {"t": "Felix Mendelssohn", "s": "German Romantic composer who revived Bach and wrote the 'Wedding March'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Felix Mendelssohn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-bernard-shaw/": {"t": "George Bernard Shaw", "s": "Irish playwright and critic who reshaped modern drama."}, "/e/musicologists-and-composers/eduard-hanslick/": {"t": "Eduard Hanslick", "s": "Austrian critic who championed absolute music and opposed Wagner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/img/musicologists-and-composers/eduard-hanslick.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Eduard Hanslick · see source"}, "/e/musicologists-and-composers/egon-wellesz/": {"t": "Egon Wellesz", "s": "Austrian-British composer and scholar of Byzantine music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/img/musicologists-and-composers/egon-wellesz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Egon Wellesz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/jurisprudence/": {"t": "Jurisprudence", "s": "The philosophy of law, examining what law is and ought to be."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-iii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who pursued lenient policies to end the Thirty Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession and established Austrian hegemony over Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/joseph-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/joseph-haydn/": {"t": "Joseph Haydn", "s": "Father of the Symphony and String Quartet", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/joseph-haydn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Haydn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/staff-music/": {"t": "Staff (music)", "s": "A set of lines and spaces representing musical pitch and time."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/boethius/": {"t": "Boethius", "s": "Roman philosopher and translator of Greek classics into Latin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/boethius.webp", "c": "Boethius · Public domain"}, "/e/musicologists-and-composers/johannes-tinctoris/": {"t": "Johannes Tinctoris", "s": "Renaissance theorist and composer from the Low Countries who wrote the first dictionary of musical terms."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/christian-monasticism/": {"t": "Christian monasticism", "s": "Christian monasticism: ascetic, cloistered life dedicated to worship."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/melody/": {"t": "Melody", "s": "Linear succession of musical tones perceived as a single entity."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/mode-music/": {"t": "Mode (music)", "s": "A multifaceted concept in music theory spanning scale, melody, and rhythm."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/mnemonic/": {"t": "Mnemonic", "s": "Memory aids that make information stick."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-the-baptist/": {"t": "John the Baptist", "s": "First-century preacher and baptizer revered as a prophet in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-analysis/": {"t": "Musical analysis", "s": "Study of musical structure answering 'How does it work?'"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/lviv/": {"t": "Lviv", "s": "Historic city centre listed as UNESCO World Heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-9-beethoven/": {"t": "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)", "s": "The Symphony No."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-sonatas-beethoven/": {"t": "Piano sonatas (Beethoven)", "s": "Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas form a bridge between salon and concert hall."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustine-of-hippo/": {"t": "Augustine of Hippo", "s": "Influential Christian theologian and philosopher of the Patristic Period."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/irenaeus/": {"t": "Irenaeus", "s": "Second-century Greek bishop, defender of orthodoxy against Gnosticism, and author of Against Heresies."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-disability/e/history-of-disability/myopia/": {"t": "Myopia", "s": "A common refractive error causing blurred distance vision."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/obesity/": {"t": "Obesity", "s": "A medical condition of excess body fat with serious health impacts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/obesity.webp", "c": "Diabetes · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/gymnasium-school/": {"t": "Gymnasium (school)", "s": "European secondary school preparing students for university."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leipzig-university/": {"t": "Leipzig University", "s": "One of the world's oldest universities, founded in 1409."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/alexander-graham-bell/": {"t": "Alexander Graham Bell", "s": "Inventor of the first practical telephone and pioneer in sound transmission.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/alexander-graham-bell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telephone/": {"t": "Telephone", "s": "A device for distant voice communication via electronic signals."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/taiwan-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Taiwan under Japanese rule", "s": "The period of Japanese rule over Taiwan began in 1895 after the Qing dynasty ceded Fujian-Taiwan Province to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, following Japan"}, "https://codexery.com/regional-musics/e/regional-musics/music-of-indonesia/": {"t": "Music of Indonesia", "s": "Indonesia's music spans hundreds of forms, from gamelan to dangdut."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/law/": {"t": "Law", "s": "Rules enforced by institutions to regulate behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/world-music-record-labels/e/world-music-record-labels/folkways-records/": {"t": "Folkways Records", "s": "A pioneering label for folk and world music documentation."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "/e/musicologists-and-composers/guido-of-arezzo/": {"t": "Guido of Arezzo", "s": "Benedictine monk who developed staff notation and solmization."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/guillaume-du-fay/": {"t": "Guillaume Du Fay", "s": "Leading European composer of the early Renaissance, known for his cosmopolitan style and influential sacred works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/guillaume-du-fay.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Guillaume Du Fay · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/isidore-of-seville/": {"t": "Isidore of Seville", "s": "The last scholar of the ancient world"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/josquin-des-prez/": {"t": "Josquin des Prez", "s": "Franco-Flemish composer central to Renaissance polyphony.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/josquin-des-prez.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Josquin des Prez · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/johannes-ockeghem/": {"t": "Johannes Ockeghem", "s": "Franco-Flemish composer and singer of early Renaissance music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/johannes-ockeghem.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Ockeghem · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/consonance-and-dissonance/": {"t": "Consonance and dissonance", "s": "Concepts defining musical stability and tension through mutual exclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/etchmiadzin-cathedral/": {"t": "Etchmiadzin Cathedral", "s": "Often regarded as the oldest cathedral in the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/etchmiadzin-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Etchmiadzin Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/psychiatric-hospital/": {"t": "Psychiatric hospital", "s": "Medical facilities treating severe mental disorders, evolving from asylums."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/old-style-and-new-style-dates/": {"t": "Old Style and New Style dates", "s": "Dual dating systems before and after calendar reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bursa/": {"t": "Bursa", "s": "Historic Ottoman capital and modern industrial hub in northwestern Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/armenian-inventors/e/armenian-inventors/hampartsoum-limondjian/": {"t": "Hampartsoum Limondjian", "s": "Ottoman Armenian composer who devised the Hamparsum notation system."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/harmony-music/": {"t": "Harmony (music)", "s": "Harmony combines sounds to create musical ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/polish-inventors/e/polish-inventors/hayyim-selig-slonimski/": {"t": "Hayyim Selig Slonimski", "s": "Hebrew publisher, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, and rabbi."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/serge-koussevitzky/": {"t": "Serge Koussevitzky", "s": "Russian-American conductor who led the Boston Symphony Orchestra for 25 years."}, "https://codexery.com/cedille-records-artists/e/cedille-records-artists/boston-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "Boston Symphony Orchestra", "s": "American orchestra founded in 1881, one of the Big Five."}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/henry-cowell/": {"t": "Henry Cowell", "s": "American avant-garde composer and pioneer of modernist techniques."}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/charles-ives/": {"t": "Charles Ives", "s": "American modernist composer and pioneer of experimental music."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/cti-records-artists/e/cti-records-artists/allan-holdsworth/": {"t": "Allan Holdsworth", "s": "British guitarist known for complex harmony and legato technique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cti-records-artists/img/cti-records-artists/allan-holdsworth.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Allan Holdsworth · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-coltrane/": {"t": "John Coltrane", "s": "American jazz saxophonist and composer who pioneered modal and free jazz.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-coltrane.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Coltrane · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/frank-zappa/": {"t": "Frank Zappa", "s": "Innovative composer and guitarist known for eclectic, satirical music."}, "https://codexery.com/male-jazz-pianists/e/male-jazz-pianists/paul-grabowsky/": {"t": "Paul Grabowsky", "s": "Australian pianist, composer, and founder of the Australian Art Orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-athletics-venues/e/olympic-athletics-venues/santa-monica-california/": {"t": "Santa Monica, California", "s": "Coastal resort city in Los Angeles County, California."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}}