{"https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/genre/": {"t": "Genre", "s": "A category of art with socially agreed-upon conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-form/": {"t": "Musical form", "s": "Musical form shapes compositions through structure and organization."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/art-music/": {"t": "Art music", "s": "Music of high phonoaesthetic value, often contrasted with vernacular music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/art-music.webp", "c": "Savonnerie manufactory · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/country-music/": {"t": "Country music", "s": "A genre originating in the United States with diverse folk roots."}, "https://codexery.com/antilles-records-artists/e/antilles-records-artists/ornette-coleman/": {"t": "Ornette Coleman", "s": "Principal founder of free jazz and a polarizing innovator.", "i": "https://codexery.com/antilles-records-artists/img/antilles-records-artists/ornette-coleman.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ornette Coleman · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/e/jazz-innovators/sun-ra/": {"t": "Sun Ra", "s": "American jazz composer and bandleader who claimed alien origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/img/jazz-innovators/sun-ra.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sun Ra · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/african-american-jazz-musicians/e/african-american-jazz-musicians/albert-ayler/": {"t": "Albert Ayler", "s": "Avant-garde saxophonist who redefined jazz with raw, spiritual sound."}, "https://codexery.com/byg-actuel-artists/e/byg-actuel-artists/archie-shepp/": {"t": "Archie Shepp", "s": "Avant-garde jazz saxophonist, educator and playwright.", "i": "https://codexery.com/byg-actuel-artists/img/byg-actuel-artists/archie-shepp.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Archie Shepp · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/antilles-records-artists/e/antilles-records-artists/don-cherry-trumpeter/": {"t": "Don Cherry (trumpeter)", "s": "American jazz trumpeter and world fusion pioneer."}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/frank-zappa/": {"t": "Frank Zappa", "s": "Innovative composer and guitarist known for eclectic, satirical music."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/blues/": {"t": "Blues", "s": "Blues originated among African Americans in the Deep South around the 1860s."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/rhythm/": {"t": "Rhythm", "s": "Regular recurrence of strong and weak elements in time."}, "https://codexery.com/regional-musics/e/regional-musics/music-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Music of the United States", "s": "American music blends global influences into globally heard genres."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/calypso-music/": {"t": "Calypso music", "s": "Calypso music originated in Trinidad and spread across the Caribbean."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/salsa-music/": {"t": "Salsa music", "s": "Salsa is a dance music style rooted in Caribbean and Latin traditions."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/samba/": {"t": "Samba", "s": "Broad term for rhythms originating in Afro-Brazilian communities of Bahia."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/oral-tradition/": {"t": "Oral tradition", "s": "A vital medium of human communication across generations."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/zhou-dynasty/": {"t": "Zhou dynasty", "s": "Longest-reigning Chinese dynasty, spanning nearly eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/confucius/": {"t": "Confucius", "s": "The paragon of Chinese sages and founder of Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/mozi/": {"t": "Mozi", "s": "Founder of Mohism, a major Warring States school of thought."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/mencius/": {"t": "Mencius", "s": "Chinese Confucian philosopher, the Second Sage, who taught innate human goodness."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Han", "s": "Seventh Han emperor who expanded China's borders and centralized the state."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "Imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/matteo-ricci/": {"t": "Matteo Ricci", "s": "Jesuit missionary who bridged Ming China and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/matteo-ricci.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Matteo Ricci · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/harpsichord/": {"t": "Harpsichord", "s": "A plucked-keyboard instrument prominent in Renaissance and Baroque music."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-saxophone/": {"t": "The Saxophone", "s": "Single-reed woodwind invented by Adolphe Sax in the early 1840s and patented on 28 June 1846.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-saxophone.webp", "c": "Amati Kraslice · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-violin/": {"t": "The Violin", "s": "A 2005 Mexican drama film directed by Francisco Vargas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-violin.webp", "c": "unknown, released with CC0 license by Smithsonian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/harmony-music/": {"t": "Harmony (music)", "s": "Harmony combines sounds to create musical ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/theatre/": {"t": "Theatre", "s": "Collaborative live performance art before an audience."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/jacques-offenbach/": {"t": "Jacques Offenbach", "s": "German-born French composer of operettas and The Tales of Hoffmann.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/jacques-offenbach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jacques Offenbach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/gilbert-and-sullivan/": {"t": "Gilbert and Sullivan", "s": "Victorian theatrical duo of librettist and composer."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/oklahoma/": {"t": "Oklahoma!", "s": "The musical that changed Broadway forever."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/my-fair-lady/": {"t": "My Fair Lady", "s": "A musical of transformation and wit, based on Shaw's Pygmalion."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/the-phantom-of-the-opera-1986-musical/": {"t": "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)", "s": "Musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, based on Gaston Leroux's novel."}, "https://codexery.com/music/e/music/wicked-musical/": {"t": "Wicked (musical)", "s": "Musical reimagining of the Wicked Witch of the West's story."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/broadway-theatre/": {"t": "Broadway theatre", "s": "The highest commercial level of live theater in the English-speaking world."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/west-end-theatre/": {"t": "West End theatre", "s": "London's premier commercial theatre district."}, "https://codexery.com/theatrical-genres/e/theatrical-genres/fringe-theatre/": {"t": "Fringe theatre", "s": "Theatre produced outside mainstream institutions, often small-scale and non-traditional."}, "https://codexery.com/theatrical-genres/e/theatrical-genres/community-theatre/": {"t": "Community theatre", "s": "Theatre made by, with, or for a community."}, "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/e/plays-and-drama/amateur-theatre/": {"t": "Amateur theatre", "s": "Unpaid performers create community theatre for enjoyment, not profit."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-arts/e/performance-arts/costume/": {"t": "Costume", "s": "Costume reflects culture, identity, and changing fashion norms."}, "https://codexery.com/ballet-dance-masters/e/ballet-and-dance-masters/bob-fosse/": {"t": "Bob Fosse", "s": "Influential American choreographer and director of stage and screen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ballet-dance-masters/img/ballet-and-dance-masters/bob-fosse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bob Fosse · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/commedia-dell-arte/": {"t": "Commedia dell'arte", "s": "The masked theatre of improvisation and stock characters that captivated Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/johann-strauss-ii/": {"t": "Johann Strauss II", "s": "Austrian composer known as 'The Waltz King'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/johann-strauss-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johann Strauss II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/works-based-on-the-faust-legend/e/works-based-on-the-faust-legend/the-black-crook/": {"t": "The Black Crook", "s": "A Faustian melodrama that helped define the modern musical."}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/rodgers-and-hammerstein/": {"t": "Rodgers and Hammerstein", "s": "Collaborative team that defined the golden age of musical theater.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/rodgers-and-hammerstein.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rodgers and Hammerstein · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/cats-musical/": {"t": "Cats (musical)", "s": "The Jellicle choice is made tonight.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/cats-musical.webp", "c": "Quadratestadt Mannheim · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/orchestra/": {"t": "Orchestra", "s": "Large instrumental ensemble central to classical and romantic music."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/musical-theatre/": {"t": "Musical theatre", "s": "A theatrical form integrating song, dialogue, acting and dance."}, "https://codexery.com/song-forms/e/song-forms/aria/": {"t": "Aria", "s": "A self-contained vocal piece, often in opera, with structured form."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claudio-monteverdi/": {"t": "Claudio Monteverdi", "s": "Italian composer and pioneer of opera, bridging Renaissance and Baroque."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/henry-purcell/": {"t": "Henry Purcell", "s": "English Baroque composer and organist of the middle Baroque era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/henry-purcell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henry Purcell · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/george-frideric-handel/": {"t": "George Frideric Handel", "s": "German-British Baroque composer known for operas, oratorios, and anthems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/george-frideric-handel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Frideric Handel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-marriage-of-figaro/": {"t": "The Marriage of Figaro", "s": "The Marriage of Figaro (Italian: Le nozze di Figaro, pronounced [le ˈnɔttse di ˈfiːɡaro]), K."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/don-giovanni/": {"t": "Don Giovanni", "s": "Mozart and Da Ponte's opera about a libertine's supernatural downfall.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/don-giovanni.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Don Giovanni · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-magic-flute/": {"t": "The Magic Flute", "s": "Mozart's last opera, a Singspiel with spoken dialogue."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi/": {"t": "Giuseppe Verdi", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Verdi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss/": {"t": "Richard Strauss", "s": "German composer and conductor of tone poems and operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss.webp", "c": "Joseph Gaylord Gessford · via Wikipedia: Richard Strauss · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/tragedy/": {"t": "Tragedy", "s": "A dramatic genre invoking catharsis through human suffering."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/mantua/": {"t": "Mantua", "s": "City of the Gonzaga court, birthplace of Virgil, and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/francesco-algarotti/": {"t": "Francesco Algarotti", "s": "Italian polymath, Newtonian popularizer, and opera reformer", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/francesco-algarotti.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Age of Enlightenment · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/cavalleria-rusticana/": {"t": "Cavalleria rusticana", "s": "A verismo masterpiece of love, betrayal, and Easter morning in Sicily.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/cavalleria-rusticana.webp", "c": "Unknown · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/commedia-dell-arte/e/commedia-dell-arte/pagliacci/": {"t": "Pagliacci", "s": "An opera about clowns who bring tragedy to the stage."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-piano/": {"t": "The Piano", "s": "A haunting, unpredictable tale of love and sex told from a woman's point of view.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-piano.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ/": {"t": "The Pipe organ", "s": "A wind-driven keyboard instrument with ancient Greek origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/celesta/": {"t": "Celesta", "s": "A keyboard-operated struck idiophone with a heavenly, bell-like tone."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-guitar/": {"t": "The Guitar", "s": "A chordophone from the reference compendium."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music/": {"t": "Baroque music", "s": "Baroque music formalized common-practice tonality and saw the creation of the modern orchestra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music.webp", "c": "U. S. Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/theatre-of-ancient-greece/": {"t": "Theatre of ancient Greece", "s": "Ancient Greek theatre originated tragedy, comedy, and satyr play."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz/": {"t": "Hector Berlioz", "s": "French romantic composer, conductor and critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of works by Hector Berlioz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/das-rheingold/": {"t": "Das Rheingold", "s": "First music drama of Wagner's Ring cycle, premiered 1869.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/das-rheingold.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Das Rheingold · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-harmonica/": {"t": "The Harmonica", "s": "Free reed wind instrument used across many musical genres."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/tianjin/": {"t": "Tianjin", "s": "A dual-core port city on the Hai River and Bohai Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution/": {"t": "Cultural Revolution", "s": "A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution.webp", "c": "闫恩铭／Enming Yan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-taiping-rebellion/": {"t": "The Taiping Rebellion", "s": "A 14-year civil war that devastated Qing China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-taiping-rebellion.webp", "c": "Unknown. Probably commisioned by Tianjing merchants as a souvenir to Prince Sang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/empress-dowager-cixi/": {"t": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "s": "Manchu noblewoman who ruled Qing China as empress dowager."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/chinese-civil-war/": {"t": "Chinese Civil War", "s": "Civil war between KMT and CCP, ending in Communist victory."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jiang-qing/": {"t": "Jiang Qing", "s": "Revolutionary, actress, and fourth wife of Mao Zedong."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizu-of-song/": {"t": "Emperor Taizu of Song", "s": "Founding emperor of the Song dynasty who reunified most of China."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/scott-joplin/": {"t": "Scott Joplin", "s": "American composer and pianist, King of Ragtime.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/scott-joplin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Janis Joplin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-songs-albums/e/iconic-songs-and-albums/maple-leaf-rag/": {"t": "Maple Leaf Rag", "s": "Early ragtime piece that defined a genre and its composer."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/sheet-music/": {"t": "Sheet music", "s": "Written musical notation enabling performance and study of music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/erik-satie/": {"t": "Erik Satie", "s": "French composer and pianist"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/igor-stravinsky/": {"t": "Igor Stravinsky", "s": "Russian composer whose ballets for Diaghilev reshaped twentieth-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/igor-stravinsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-musical-instruments/e/english-musical-instruments/fiddle/": {"t": "Fiddle", "s": "A bowed string instrument synonymous with the violin in folk styles."}, "https://codexery.com/dance-forms/e/dance-forms/jig/": {"t": "Jig", "s": "Lively folk dance and tune in compound metre, popular since the 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/e/french-colonization-of-the-americas/saint-domingue/": {"t": "Saint-Domingue", "s": "French colony that became Haiti after a slave rebellion."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-improvisation/": {"t": "Musical improvisation", "s": "Spontaneous musical composition performed in the moment."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/john-philip-sousa/": {"t": "John Philip Sousa", "s": "American composer and conductor known as 'The March King'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/john-philip-sousa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Philip Sousa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/metre-music/": {"t": "Metre (music)", "s": "Metre organizes pulses into recurring patterns of strong and weak beats."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/emotion/": {"t": "Emotion", "s": "Emotions are complex states with no single agreed definition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emotions/img/emotions/emotion.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/cadence/": {"t": "Cadence", "s": "A phrase-ending progression creating resolution or suspension."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/timbre/": {"t": "Timbre", "s": "Timbre distinguishes sounds by source, even at same pitch and volume."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/pitch-music/": {"t": "Pitch (music)", "s": "Pitch is the subjective perception of sound frequency."}, "https://codexery.com/griots/e/griots/griot/": {"t": "Griot", "s": "West African oral historian, musician, and mediator of tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/a-cappella/": {"t": "A cappella", "s": "Vocal music performed without instrumental accompaniment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/a-cappella.webp", "c": "Bernard Gagnon · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/racism/": {"t": "Racism", "s": "Belief in racial superiority driving discrimination and political systems."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/poverty/": {"t": "Poverty", "s": "A condition of lacking financial resources and essentials for basic living."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-multiple-myeloma/e/people-with-multiple-myeloma/h-rap-brown/": {"t": "H. Rap Brown", "s": "Black power activist and SNCC chairman turned Muslim cleric."}, "https://codexery.com/oral-literature/e/oral-literature/spoken-word/": {"t": "Spoken word", "s": "Oral poetic performance art emphasizing sound and live recitation."}, "https://codexery.com/american-political-music-groups/e/american-political-music-groups/the-last-poets/": {"t": "The Last Poets", "s": "Pioneering politically charged poetry collective that shaped hip-hop."}, "https://codexery.com/atco-records-artists/e/atco-records-artists/fatback-band/": {"t": "Fatback Band", "s": "American funk and disco band with early hip hop milestone."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/music-genre/": {"t": "Music genre", "s": "Conventional category for shared musical traditions."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rhythm-and-blues/": {"t": "Rhythm and blues", "s": "A genre originating in African American communities in the 1940s."}, "https://codexery.com/vocal-harmony-groups/e/vocal-harmony-groups/toots-and-the-maytals/": {"t": "Toots and the Maytals", "s": "Jamaican vocal group that coined the term 'reggae'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/vocal-harmony-groups/img/vocal-harmony-groups/toots-and-the-maytals.webp", "c": "User:Carstor · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/bass-guitar/": {"t": "Bass guitar", "s": "Lowest-pitched guitar-family instrument, often replacing double bass in popular music."}, "https://codexery.com/sacred-languages/e/sacred-languages/iyaric/": {"t": "Iyaric", "s": "A constructed dialect challenging colonial English through altered vocabulary."}, "https://codexery.com/argo-records-artists/e/argo-records-artists/johnny-nash/": {"t": "Johnny Nash", "s": "American singer and songwriter known for reggae and pop."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rock-music/": {"t": "Rock music", "s": "Genre originating in 1940s–50s U.S., blending blues, R&B, and country."}, "https://codexery.com/rhythm-and-blues-record-labels/e/rhythm-and-blues-record-labels/island-records/": {"t": "Island Records", "s": "Founded in Jamaica, influential in UK progressive music."}, "https://codexery.com/ska-record-labels/e/ska-record-labels/trojan-records/": {"t": "Trojan Records", "s": "British label that popularized Jamaican music globally."}, "https://codexery.com/reggae-duos/e/reggae-duos/the-maytones/": {"t": "The Maytones", "s": "Jamaican reggae duo active from the late 1960s to 1980."}, "https://codexery.com/luke-combs/e/places/paul-simon/": {"t": "Paul Simon", "s": "American singer-songwriter known for folk-rock and global influences."}, "https://codexery.com/rock-alternative/e/rock-and-alternative/the-clash/": {"t": "The Clash", "s": "English punk band that fused reggae, ska, and rockabilly."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and Mardi Gras grew up together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/supernatural/img/world/new-orleans-louisiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/oppression/": {"t": "Oppression", "s": "Oppression is unjust treatment or power over a group."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rock-and-roll/": {"t": "Rock and roll", "s": "Genre of popular music evolving in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/contemporary-r-b/": {"t": "Contemporary R&B", "s": "Genre blending R&B with pop, hip-hop, and electronic elements."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/billboard-magazine/": {"t": "Billboard (magazine)", "s": "The bible of the recording industry", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/billboard-magazine.webp", "c": "Billboard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/columbia-records/e/columbia-records/okeh-records/": {"t": "Okeh Records", "s": "American record label founded in 1918, now a jazz imprint."}, "https://codexery.com/american-swing-musical-groups/e/american-swing-musical-groups/tympany-five/": {"t": "Tympany Five", "s": "Louis Jordan's influential R&B and jazz dance band founded in 1938."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/james-brown/": {"t": "James Brown", "s": "The Godfather of Soul and pioneer of funk music."}, "https://codexery.com/brunswick-records-artists/e/brunswick-records-artists/lavern-baker/": {"t": "LaVern Baker", "s": "R&B singer with three million-selling singles in the 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-rock-roll/e/pioneers-of-rock-and-roll/fats-domino/": {"t": "Fats Domino", "s": "Pioneering rock and roll pianist and singer from New Orleans."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/little-richard/": {"t": "Little Richard", "s": "American singer-songwriter and pianist called the \"Architect of Rock and Roll\"", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/little-richard.webp", "c": "Ian Dryden, Los Angeles Times · via Wikipedia: Little Richard · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/doo-wop-groups/e/doo-wop-groups/billy-ward-and-his-dominoes/": {"t": "Billy Ward and his Dominoes", "s": "R&B vocal group that launched Clyde McPhatter and Jackie Wilson."}, "https://codexery.com/scat-singers/e/scat-singers/cab-calloway/": {"t": "Cab Calloway", "s": "Master of scat singing and the Hi-de-ho man of jazz."}, "https://codexery.com/rock-and-roll-record-labels/e/rock-and-roll-record-labels/imperial-records/": {"t": "Imperial Records", "s": "American label founded 1947, revived multiple times."}, "https://codexery.com/rock-and-roll-record-labels/e/rock-and-roll-record-labels/chess-records/": {"t": "Chess Records", "s": "America's greatest blues label, per critic Cub Koda."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/chord-progression/": {"t": "Chord progression", "s": "Succession of chords forming the harmonic foundation of Western music."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-double-bass/": {"t": "The Double bass", "s": "Largest and lowest-pitched chordophone in the modern symphony orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-drum-kit/": {"t": "The Drum kit", "s": "A single-player percussion ensemble central to modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-drum-kit.webp", "c": "Stephan Czuratis ( Jazz-face ) · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-armstrong/": {"t": "Louis Armstrong", "s": "The pioneering jazz trumpeter and vocalist who reshaped music and crossed cultural boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/dot-records-artists/e/dot-records-artists/lonnie-donegan/": {"t": "Lonnie Donegan", "s": "British skiffle pioneer who shaped a generation of musicians."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elvis-presley/": {"t": "Elvis Presley", "s": "The King of Rock and Roll"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-rock-roll/e/pioneers-of-rock-and-roll/jerry-lee-lewis/": {"t": "Jerry Lee Lewis", "s": "American rock and roll, country, and gospel singer-songwriter; one of the pioneers of rockabilly.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-rock-roll/img/pioneers-of-rock-and-roll/jerry-lee-lewis.webp", "c": "photographer:Maurice Seymour, Chicago · via Wikipedia: Jerry Lee Lewis · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-rock-roll/e/pioneers-of-rock-and-roll/bill-haley/": {"t": "Bill Haley", "s": "American rock and roll musician who popularized the genre."}, "/e/musical-forms-and-genres/music-of-africa/": {"t": "Music of Africa", "s": "African music is highly rhythmic, communal, and passed through oral tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/time-signature/": {"t": "Time signature", "s": "Indicates how many note values fit into each measure."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/new-wave-music/": {"t": "New wave music", "s": "Pop-oriented genre branching from punk, popularized by MTV."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/alternative-rock/": {"t": "Alternative rock", "s": "A category of rock music from the independent underground."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/britpop/": {"t": "Britpop", "s": "A 1990s British movement reacting against grunge and shoegaze."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/dorian-mode/": {"t": "Dorian mode", "s": "A diatonic scale from D to D on white keys."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/mixolydian-mode/": {"t": "Mixolydian mode", "s": "A mode with ancient, medieval, and modern forms."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-records-artists/e/apollo-records-artists/wynonie-harris/": {"t": "Wynonie Harris", "s": "Blues shouter and early rock and roll pioneer."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-records-artists/e/chess-records-artists/jackie-brenston/": {"t": "Jackie Brenston", "s": "Singer and saxophonist who recorded \"Rocket 88\" with Ike Turner's band."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/british-rhythm-and-blues-musical-groups/e/british-rhythm-and-blues-musical-groups/them-band/": {"t": "Them (band)", "s": "Northern Irish rock band known for \"Gloria\" and Van Morrison."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/latin-americans/": {"t": "Latin Americans", "s": "A pan-ethnicity of diverse ancestries and cultures across the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-music-icons/e/latin-music-icons/celia-cruz/": {"t": "Celia Cruz", "s": "The Queen of Salsa who brought Afro-Cuban rhythms to the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-music-icons/img/latin-music-icons/celia-cruz.webp", "c": "Ibrahim Arce (Narcy Studios photographer), most likely · via Wikipedia: Celia Cruz · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/charly-records-artists/e/charly-records-artists/johnny-pacheco/": {"t": "Johnny Pacheco", "s": "Dominican musician who shaped salsa as Fania Records founder."}, "https://codexery.com/global-pop-folk-legends/e/global-pop-and-folk-legends/machito/": {"t": "Machito", "s": "Latin jazz musician who shaped Afro-Cuban jazz and Cubop.", "i": "https://codexery.com/global-pop-folk-legends/img/global-pop-and-folk-legends/machito.webp", "c": "The Library of Congress · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-and-condiments/e/cuisine-and-condiments/sauce/": {"t": "Sauce", "s": "A liquid, cream, or semi-solid food used to enhance other dishes."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-percussionists/e/jazz-percussionists/roger-dawson/": {"t": "Roger Dawson", "s": "Jazz percussionist, conga drummer, bandleader, and salsa radio pioneer."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/bahia/": {"t": "Bahia", "s": "I rise through the hardship", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/bahia.webp", "c": "Diocleciano Ramos · via Wikipedia: Bahia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro-state/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro (state)", "s": "State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's second-largest economy."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/colonial-brazil/": {"t": "Colonial Brazil", "s": "Portuguese colony in South America, 1500–1815, united by language and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/e/empire-of-brazil/empire-of-brazil/": {"t": "Empire of Brazil", "s": "A 19th-century constitutional monarchy in South America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/img/empire-of-brazil/empire-of-brazil.webp", "c": "Mendes, Cândido · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/bossa-nova/": {"t": "Bossa nova", "s": "A relaxed samba style from late 1950s Rio de Janeiro."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-inventions/e/spanish-inventions/classical-guitar/": {"t": "Classical guitar", "s": "Acoustic nylon-string guitar established by 19th-century Spanish luthier Antonio de Torres Jurado."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/pernambuco/": {"t": "Pernambuco", "s": "Land of frevo, maracatu, and the Lion of the North."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/recife/": {"t": "Recife", "s": "The Venice of Brazil"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/northeast-region-brazil/": {"t": "Northeast Region, Brazil", "s": "Brazil's Northeast: where the coast meets the sertão, and history meets the future.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/northeast-region-brazil.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Northeast Region, Brazil · see source"}}