{"/e/music-theory/motif-music/": {"t": "Motif (music)", "s": "Short musical idea that is the smallest thematic unit."}, "/e/music-theory/musical-composition/": {"t": "Musical composition", "s": "The art of creating original musical works."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/rhythm/": {"t": "Rhythm", "s": "Regular recurrence of strong and weak elements in time."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/harmony-music/": {"t": "Harmony (music)", "s": "Harmony combines sounds to create musical ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/orchestration/": {"t": "Orchestration", "s": "The art of assigning instruments to musical parts."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/der-ring-des-nibelungen/": {"t": "Der Ring des Nibelungen", "s": "A four-opera cycle of Germanic myth and music drama.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/der-ring-des-nibelungen.webp", "c": "Brioschi, Carlo (1826-1895). Dessinateur présumé Kautsky, Johann (1827-1896). De · Public domain"}, "/e/music-theory/melody/": {"t": "Melody", "s": "Linear succession of musical tones perceived as a single entity."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/chord-progression/": {"t": "Chord progression", "s": "Succession of chords forming the harmonic foundation of Western music."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/video-game-music/": {"t": "Video game music", "s": "The soundtracks that accompany video games, from chiptune origins to dynamic adaptive scores."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber/": {"t": "Carl Maria von Weber", "s": "German composer crucial to German Romantic opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber.webp", "c": "Caroline Bardua · via Wikipedia: Carl Maria von Weber · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/chord-music/": {"t": "Chord (music)", "s": "A chord is the simultaneous sound of two or more notes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/chord-music.webp", "c": "MyCatIsAChonk · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/psychosis/e/psychosis/id-e-fixe-psychology/": {"t": "Idée fixe (psychology)", "s": "A resistant fixation historically linked to monomania and Romanticism."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz/": {"t": "Hector Berlioz", "s": "French romantic composer, conductor and critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of works by Hector Berlioz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss/": {"t": "Richard Strauss", "s": "German composer and conductor of tone poems and operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss.webp", "c": "Joseph Gaylord Gessford · via Wikipedia: Richard Strauss · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/arnold-schoenberg/": {"t": "Arnold Schoenberg", "s": "Austrian-American composer."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/alban-berg/": {"t": "Alban Berg", "s": "Austrian composer of the Second Viennese School, known for blending Romantic lyricism with twelve-tone technique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/alban-berg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alban Berg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/theodor-w-adorno/": {"t": "Theodor W. Adorno", "s": "German philosopher and music critic of the Frankfurt School"}, "/e/music-theory/major-scale/": {"t": "Major scale", "s": "A seven-note diatonic scale with a major tonic triad."}, "/e/music-theory/minor-scale/": {"t": "Minor scale", "s": "A musical scale with a minor third above the tonic."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/paul-hindemith/": {"t": "Paul Hindemith", "s": "German and American composer, music theorist, teacher, violist, and conductor; advocate of the Neue Sachlichkeit style."}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/harry-partch/": {"t": "Harry Partch", "s": "American composer and instrument builder of microtonal music", "i": "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/img/electronic-and-experimental/harry-partch.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Harry Partch · see source"}, "/e/music-theory/mode-music/": {"t": "Mode (music)", "s": "A multifaceted concept in music theory spanning scale, melody, and rhythm."}, "/e/music-theory/dorian-mode/": {"t": "Dorian mode", "s": "A diatonic scale from D to D on white keys."}, "/e/music-theory/musical-note/": {"t": "Musical note", "s": "Fundamental unit of musical sound and notation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "/e/music-theory/lydian-mode/": {"t": "Lydian mode", "s": "A musical mode with a raised fourth scale degree."}, "/e/music-theory/mixolydian-mode/": {"t": "Mixolydian mode", "s": "A mode with ancient, medieval, and modern forms."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/common-practice-period/": {"t": "Common practice period", "s": "Era when tonal harmony was the sole compositional system."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/carnatic-music/": {"t": "Carnatic music", "s": "South Indian classical music system emphasizing vocal performance."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/accidental-music/": {"t": "Accidental (music)", "s": "Symbols indicating pitch alteration in musical notation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/accidental-music.webp", "c": "HeavyD14 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/circle-of-fifths/": {"t": "Circle of fifths", "s": "A cycle of perfect fifths organizing pitch classes and key signatures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/circle-of-fifths.webp", "c": "Original: Watchduck You can name the author as \"T. Piesk\", \"Tilman Piesk\" or \"Wa · Public domain"}, "/e/music-theory/double-harmonic-scale/": {"t": "Double harmonic scale", "s": "A seven-note scale with flattened second and sixth degrees."}, "/e/music-theory/leitmotif/": {"t": "Leitmotif", "s": "A recurring musical phrase tied to a person, place, or idea."}, "/e/music-theory/musical-form/": {"t": "Musical form", "s": "Musical form shapes compositions through structure and organization."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/timbre/": {"t": "Timbre", "s": "Timbre distinguishes sounds by source, even at same pitch and volume."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/20th-century-classical-music/": {"t": "20th-century classical music", "s": "A century of unprecedented stylistic diversity in Western art music."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/chromatic-scale/": {"t": "Chromatic scale", "s": "A twelve-pitch scale with semitone intervals, used in Western music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/chromatic-scale.webp", "c": "Hyacinth · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/music-genre/": {"t": "Music genre", "s": "Conventional category for shared musical traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/regional-musics/e/regional-musics/music-of-india/": {"t": "Music of India", "s": "Indian music spans millennia, from Vedic chants to global fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tala-music/": {"t": "Tala (music)", "s": "Tala is the rhythmic cycle foundational to Indian classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/time-signature/": {"t": "Time signature", "s": "Indicates how many note values fit into each measure."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/world-music/": {"t": "World music", "s": "A marketing category for non-Western traditional music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/leonard-bernstein/": {"t": "Leonard Bernstein", "s": "First American-born conductor to receive international acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/leonard-bernstein.webp", "c": "Jack Mitchell · via Wikipedia: Leonard Bernstein · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/gospel-quartets/e/gospel-quartets/the-blind-boys-of-alabama/": {"t": "The Blind Boys of Alabama", "s": "American gospel group founded in 1939 in Talladega, Alabama."}, "https://codexery.com/songs-compositions/e/songs-and-compositions/amazing-grace/": {"t": "Amazing Grace", "s": "Clergyman who wrote the enduring hymn \"Amazing Grace.\""}, "https://codexery.com/atlantic-records-artists/e/atlantic-records-artists/the-animals/": {"t": "The Animals", "s": "English rock band of the British Invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/ballads/e/ballads/ballad/": {"t": "Ballad", "s": "A narrative song form with roots in medieval dance and oral tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/waltz/": {"t": "Waltz", "s": "A turning dance in triple time from German-speaking Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/tango-music/": {"t": "Tango music", "s": "Tango music originated among European immigrants in Argentina and Uruguay."}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/frank-zappa/": {"t": "Frank Zappa", "s": "Innovative composer and guitarist known for eclectic, satirical music."}, "https://codexery.com/avant-garde-metal-musical-groups/e/avant-garde-metal-musical-groups/meshuggah/": {"t": "Meshuggah", "s": "Swedish extreme metal band known for complex polyrhythms and djent influence."}, "/e/music-theory/aeolian-mode/": {"t": "Aeolian mode", "s": "Diatonic scale identical to the natural minor scale."}, "/e/music-theory/phrygian-mode/": {"t": "Phrygian mode", "s": "A diatonic mode with a flattened second scale degree."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nikolai-rimsky-korsakov/": {"t": "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", "s": "Russian composer who shaped the nationalist style and trained generations."}, "https://codexery.com/english-musical-instruments/e/english-musical-instruments/ring-of-bells/": {"t": "Ring of bells", "s": "A set of bells hung for English full-circle ringing, enabling change ringing."}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/good-friday/": {"t": "Good Friday", "s": "Christian holy day commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus."}, "https://codexery.com/singer-songwriters/e/singer-songwriters/elton-john/": {"t": "Elton John", "s": "British singer, pianist, and EGOT-winning cultural icon."}, "/e/music-theory/note-value/": {"t": "Note value", "s": "Note values indicate relative duration in music notation."}, "/e/music-theory/major-and-minor/": {"t": "Major and minor", "s": "Major and minor define intervals, chords, scales, and keys."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/olivier-messiaen/": {"t": "Olivier Messiaen", "s": "French composer, organist, and ornithologist of the 20th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/olivier-messiaen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Olivier Messiaen · see source"}, "/e/music-theory/gregorian-mode/": {"t": "Gregorian mode", "s": "Eight pitch systems organizing Gregorian chant."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/tenor/": {"t": "Tenor", "s": "The highest male chest-voice type, bridging countertenor and baritone."}, "/e/music-theory/reciting-tone/": {"t": "Reciting tone", "s": "A repeated pitch central to chant formulas."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/e/musicologists-and-composers/guido-of-arezzo/": {"t": "Guido of Arezzo", "s": "Benedictine monk who developed staff notation and solmization."}, "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/e/musicologists-and-composers/franco-of-cologne/": {"t": "Franco of Cologne", "s": "German theorist and composer who helped revolutionize musical notation by associating note shapes with durations."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/pitch-music/": {"t": "Pitch (music)", "s": "Pitch is the subjective perception of sound frequency."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tonality/": {"t": "Tonality", "s": "System of musical organization centered on a tonic."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/voice-leading/": {"t": "Voice leading", "s": "Linear progression of melodic lines creating harmonies."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/c-sar-franck/": {"t": "César Franck", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and teacher of lasting influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/c-sar-franck.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: César Franck · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/march-music/": {"t": "March (music)", "s": "A musical genre with strong rhythm, originally for military marching."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/roger-scruton/": {"t": "Roger Scruton", "s": "English philosopher and conservative thinker who shaped modern aesthetics."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/joseph-haydn/": {"t": "Joseph Haydn", "s": "Father of the Symphony and String Quartet", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/joseph-haydn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Haydn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-5-beethoven/": {"t": "Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)", "s": "A symphony defined by its four-note fate motif."}, "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/e/musicologists-and-composers/hugo-riemann/": {"t": "Hugo Riemann", "s": "German musicologist and composer, founder of modern musicology."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern/": {"t": "Anton Webern", "s": "Austrian composer of radical atonal and twelve-tone music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anton Webern · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/e/musicologists-and-composers/heinrich-schenker/": {"t": "Heinrich Schenker", "s": "Austrian music theorist who developed Schenkerian analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semiotics/": {"t": "Semiotics", "s": "The study of signs and meaning-making across all domains."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/gy-rgy-ligeti/": {"t": "György Ligeti", "s": "Avant-garde composer known for micropolyphony and film music adaptations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/gy-rgy-ligeti.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: György Ligeti · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/oral-tradition/": {"t": "Oral tradition", "s": "A vital medium of human communication across generations."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-rite-of-spring/": {"t": "The Rite of Spring", "s": "A ballet and concert work that sparked a legendary premiere reaction."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/atonality/": {"t": "Atonality", "s": "Music lacking a tonal center, emerging in the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/milton-babbitt/": {"t": "Milton Babbitt", "s": "American composer, music theorist, mathematician, and teacher."}, "https://codexery.com/operas-set-in-mythological-places/e/operas-set-in-mythological-places/pell-as-et-m-lisande-opera/": {"t": "Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)", "s": "Debussy's only completed opera, a symbolist love triangle."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/dialectic/": {"t": "Dialectic", "s": "A method of reasoning that progresses through resolving contradictions."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony/": {"t": "Symphony", "s": "From ancient Greek 'agreement of sound' to a supreme orchestral form."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/orchestra/": {"t": "Orchestra", "s": "Large instrumental ensemble central to classical and romantic music."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/musical-theatre/": {"t": "Musical theatre", "s": "A theatrical form integrating song, dialogue, acting and dance."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-program/": {"t": "Computer program", "s": "A sequence of instructions executed by a computer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/karlheinz-stockhausen/": {"t": "Karlheinz Stockhausen", "s": "German composer and pioneer of electronic music (1928–2007)"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/aleatoric-music/": {"t": "Aleatoric music", "s": "Music where chance determines some element of composition or performance."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-cage/": {"t": "John Cage", "s": "American composer known for 4′33″ and chance-controlled music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-cage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Cage · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/morton-feldman/": {"t": "Morton Feldman", "s": "American composer and exponent of indeterminacy in music."}, "/e/music-theory/musical-improvisation/": {"t": "Musical improvisation", "s": "Spontaneous musical composition performed in the moment."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/suite-music/": {"t": "Suite (music)", "s": "Ordered set of dance pieces, central to Baroque music."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/ballet/": {"t": "Ballet", "s": "A highly technical performance dance originating in the Italian Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/sonata/": {"t": "Sonata", "s": "A multi-movement instrumental work that evolved from Baroque chamber and church forms to become a cornerstone of Classical and modern composition."}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-songs-albums/e/iconic-songs-and-albums/greensleeves/": {"t": "Greensleeves", "s": "Traditional English folk song registered in 1580, widely adapted."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/oratorio/": {"t": "Oratorio", "s": "Sacred musical drama with minimal staging, often performed in concert form."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rock-music/": {"t": "Rock music", "s": "Genre originating in 1940s–50s U.S., blending blues, R&B, and country."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/medieval-music/": {"t": "Medieval music", "s": "First and longest major era of Western classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music/": {"t": "Baroque music", "s": "Baroque music formalized common-practice tonality and saw the creation of the modern orchestra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music.webp", "c": "U. S. Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/george-frideric-handel/": {"t": "George Frideric Handel", "s": "German-British Baroque composer known for operas, oratorios, and anthems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/george-frideric-handel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Frideric Handel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/frederic-chopin/": {"t": "Frederic Chopin", "s": "Polish composer and pianist of the early Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/frederic-chopin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Heart of Frédéric Chopin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/franz-liszt/": {"t": "Franz Liszt", "s": "Hungarian composer and pianist of the Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/franz-liszt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Franz Liszt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/prelude-music/": {"t": "Prelude (music)", "s": "A short, improvisatory musical piece, often introductory or standalone."}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/harpsichord/": {"t": "Harpsichord", "s": "A plucked-keyboard instrument prominent in Renaissance and Baroque music."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ/": {"t": "The Pipe organ", "s": "A wind-driven keyboard instrument with ancient Greek origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/art-music/": {"t": "Art music", "s": "Music of high phonoaesthetic value, often contrasted with vernacular music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/art-music.webp", "c": "Savonnerie manufactory · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-inventions/e/indian-inventions/indian-classical-music/": {"t": "Indian classical music", "s": "Classical music of the Indian subcontinent with two major traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/johann-nepomuk-hummel/": {"t": "Johann Nepomuk Hummel", "s": "Austrian composer and pianist; a dominant transitional figure from the Classical era."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn/": {"t": "Felix Mendelssohn", "s": "German Romantic composer who revived Bach and wrote the 'Wedding March'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Felix Mendelssohn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi/": {"t": "Giuseppe Verdi", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Verdi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theatre/e/theatre/improvisation/": {"t": "Improvisation", "s": "Spontaneous creation without prior planning in arts and engineering."}, "/e/music-theory/musical-analysis/": {"t": "Musical analysis", "s": "Study of musical structure answering 'How does it work?'"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/time/": {"t": "Time", "s": "Time is the fourth dimension, measured by clocks and calendars."}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-songs-albums/e/iconic-songs-and-albums/happy-birthday-to-you/": {"t": "Happy Birthday to You", "s": "The most recognized English-language song, now in the public domain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/iconic-songs-albums/img/iconic-songs-and-albums/happy-birthday-to-you.webp", "c": "Bernd Schwabe in Hannover · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/sheet-music/": {"t": "Sheet music", "s": "Written musical notation enabling performance and study of music."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/boethius/": {"t": "Boethius", "s": "Roman philosopher and translator of Greek classics into Latin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/boethius.webp", "c": "Boethius · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomers/e/ancient-greek-astronomers/ptolemy/": {"t": "Ptolemy", "s": "Greco-Roman scholar who authored the Almagest and Geography."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-piano/": {"t": "The Piano", "s": "A haunting, unpredictable tale of love and sex told from a woman's point of view.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-piano.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-oboe/": {"t": "The Oboe", "s": "The double-reed woodwind that tunes the orchestra with its penetrating A.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-oboe.webp", "c": "Vincenz Kohlert & Sons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-clarinet/": {"t": "The Clarinet", "s": "Single-reed woodwind with cylindrical bore and flared bell.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-clarinet.webp", "c": "Auckland Museum Collections from Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/bass-guitar/": {"t": "Bass guitar", "s": "Lowest-pitched guitar-family instrument, often replacing double bass in popular music."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-double-bass/": {"t": "The Double bass", "s": "Largest and lowest-pitched chordophone in the modern symphony orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-violin/": {"t": "The Violin", "s": "A 2005 Mexican drama film directed by Francisco Vargas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-violin.webp", "c": "unknown, released with CC0 license by Smithsonian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-cello/": {"t": "The Cello", "s": "Bowed string instrument of the violin family, second largest in orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi/": {"t": "Antonio Vivaldi", "s": "Baroque composer, violinist, and impresario of Venice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Antonio Vivaldi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/bebop/": {"t": "Bebop", "s": "A complex, improvisation-driven jazz style developed in the 1940s."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/consonance-and-dissonance/": {"t": "Consonance and dissonance", "s": "Concepts defining musical stability and tension through mutual exclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/organ-music/": {"t": "Organ (music)", "s": "A keyboard instrument with pipes or electronic sound generation."}, "/e/music-theory/metre-music/": {"t": "Metre (music)", "s": "Metre organizes pulses into recurring patterns of strong and weak beats."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/jewish-folklorists/e/jewish-folklorists/abraham-zevi-idelsohn/": {"t": "Abraham Zevi Idelsohn", "s": "Pioneering ethnomusicologist who documented Jewish musical traditions worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/oral-literature/e/oral-literature/duma-epic/": {"t": "Duma (epic)", "s": "Oral epic poems of the Ukrainian Cossack era, sung by itinerant bards."}, "https://codexery.com/jewish-folklorists/e/jewish-folklorists/moisei-beregovsky/": {"t": "Moisei Beregovsky", "s": "Soviet Jewish folklorist who preserved klezmer and Yiddish music."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/klezmer/": {"t": "Klezmer", "s": "Instrumental music tradition of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/carpathian-mountains/": {"t": "Carpathian Mountains", "s": "Europe's third-longest mountain range, forming an arc across Central and Southeast Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/george-gershwin/": {"t": "George Gershwin", "s": "American composer and pianist of jazz, popular, and classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/irving-berlin/": {"t": "Irving Berlin", "s": "Russian-born American songwriter and composer whose music forms a large part of the Great American Songbook.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/irving-berlin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Irving Berlin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/kurt-weill/": {"t": "Kurt Weill", "s": "German-born American composer of stage works and Gebrauchsmusik.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/kurt-weill.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kurt Weill · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dmitri-shostakovich/": {"t": "Dmitri Shostakovich", "s": "Soviet-era composer and pianist, known for his complex relationship with the Soviet government and his 15 symphonies."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/george-enescu/": {"t": "George Enescu", "s": "Romanian composer, violinist, conductor and teacher, seen as his country's greatest musician.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/george-enescu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Enescu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/b-la-bart-k/": {"t": "Béla Bartók", "s": "Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist"}, "/e/music-theory/hypophrygian-mode/": {"t": "Hypophrygian mode", "s": "Plagal fourth mode of medieval church music."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phrygia/": {"t": "Phrygia", "s": "Ancient Anatolian kingdom of legendary kings and the Gordian Knot."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/ethos/": {"t": "Ethos", "s": "A Greek term for character and persuasive credibility."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/e/musicologists-and-composers/johannes-tinctoris/": {"t": "Johannes Tinctoris", "s": "Renaissance theorist and composer from the Low Countries who wrote the first dictionary of musical terms."}, "/e/music-theory/locrian-mode/": {"t": "Locrian mode", "s": "Seventh diatonic mode with a diminished tonic triad."}, "/e/music-theory/hypolydian-mode/": {"t": "Hypolydian mode", "s": "Plagal sixth church mode with F final and frequent B♭."}, "https://codexery.com/carrere-records-singles/e/carrere-records-singles/wild-thing-the-troggs-song/": {"t": "Wild Thing (The Troggs song)", "s": "Troggs hit that topped US charts and inspired many covers."}, "https://codexery.com/singer-songwriters/e/singer-songwriters/bob-dylan/": {"t": "Bob Dylan", "s": "American singer-songwriter and Nobel laureate in literature"}, "https://codexery.com/british-rock-music-supergroups/e/british-rock-music-supergroups/bad-company/": {"t": "Bad Company", "s": "English rock supergroup formed in London in 1973."}, "https://codexery.com/english-heavy-metal-musical-groups/e/english-heavy-metal-musical-groups/deep-purple/": {"t": "Deep Purple", "s": "British pioneers of heavy metal and hard rock.", "i": "https://codexery.com/english-heavy-metal-musical-groups/img/english-heavy-metal-musical-groups/deep-purple.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Deep Purple · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/miles-davis/": {"t": "Miles Davis", "s": "The most revered jazz trumpeter of all time, a pioneer of multiple jazz styles."}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-film-remakes/e/science-fiction-film-remakes/dune-2021-film/": {"t": "Dune (2021 film)", "s": ""}, "/e/music-theory/hypodorian-mode/": {"t": "Hypodorian mode", "s": "Plagal mode derived from ancient Greek octave species."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-gregory-i/": {"t": "Pope Gregory I", "s": "The 64th Bishop of Rome and a Father of the Church", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-gregory-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Gregory I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/song-forms/e/song-forms/ambrosian-chant/": {"t": "Ambrosian chant", "s": "The only surviving plainchant tradition besides Gregorian with official Church sanction."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/cadence/": {"t": "Cadence", "s": "A phrase-ending progression creating resolution or suspension."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tritone/": {"t": "Tritone", "s": "A dissonant interval of three whole tones, historically called the devil in music."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo/e/apollo/delphic-hymns/": {"t": "Delphic Hymns", "s": "Two ancient Greek hymns to Apollo, among the earliest notated music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/anton-bruckner/": {"t": "Anton Bruckner", "s": "Austrian composer and organist of expansive symphonies and sacred works."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-coltrane/": {"t": "John Coltrane", "s": "American jazz saxophonist and composer who pioneered modal and free jazz.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-coltrane.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Coltrane · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/antilles-records-artists/e/antilles-records-artists/ornette-coleman/": {"t": "Ornette Coleman", "s": "Principal founder of free jazz and a polarizing innovator.", "i": "https://codexery.com/antilles-records-artists/img/antilles-records-artists/ornette-coleman.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ornette Coleman · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/gospel/": {"t": "Gospel", "s": "Episodic narratives of Jesus's words, deeds, death, and resurrection."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/lord-s-prayer/": {"t": "Lord's Prayer", "s": "Central Christian prayer attributed to Jesus, with two gospel versions."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-psalms/": {"t": "Book of Psalms", "s": "Anthology of Hebrew hymns, central to Jewish and Christian liturgy."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/maurice-ravel/": {"t": "Maurice Ravel", "s": "French composer known for Boléro and masterful orchestration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/maurice-ravel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maurice Ravel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/igor-stravinsky/": {"t": "Igor Stravinsky", "s": "Russian composer whose ballets for Diaghilev reshaped twentieth-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/igor-stravinsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/karol-szymanowski/": {"t": "Karol Szymanowski", "s": "Polish composer of modernist and folk-inspired works", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/karol-szymanowski.webp", "c": "George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress) · via Wikipedia: Karol Szymanowski · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/northeast-region-brazil/": {"t": "Northeast Region, Brazil", "s": "Brazil's Northeast: where the coast meets the sertão, and history meets the future.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/northeast-region-brazil.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Northeast Region, Brazil · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/johannes-ockeghem/": {"t": "Johannes Ockeghem", "s": "Franco-Flemish composer and singer of early Renaissance music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/johannes-ockeghem.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Ockeghem · see source"}}