Klezmer
Instrumental music tradition of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe.
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Klezmer is an instrumental musical tradition of the Ashkenazi Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, encompassing dance tunes, ritual melodies, and virtuosic improvisations performed at weddings and other social functions. The genre drew from a wide array of influences, including Ottoman music (particularly Greek and Romanian), Baroque music, German and Slavic folk dances, and religious Jewish music. As klezmer migrated to the United States, it shed some of its traditional ritual elements and absorbed elements of American big band and popular music.
Key European-born figures who popularized the genre in America during the 1910s and 1920s included Dave Tarras and Naftule Brandwein, followed by American-born musicians such as Max Epstein, Sid Beckerman, and Ray Musiker. After the destruction of Jewish life in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust, and a general fall in the popularity of klezmer music in the United States, the music began to be popularized again in the late 1970s in the so-called Klezmer Revival. During the 1980s and onward, musicians explored both traditional and experimental forms, releasing fusion albums that blended klezmer with jazz, punk, and other styles. This American revival spread to Europe by the 1980s and 1990s, sparking renewed interest in Germany, France, Poland, and Russia.
A parallel tradition continued in Israel, represented by figures such as Moussa Berlin. The term “klezmer” itself originally referred to musicians, not the music; it derived from Hebrew words meaning “tools of melody.” Over time, its usage shifted to describe professional Jewish musicians, particularly after they formed guilds in Bohemia and Poland. Only in the late 20th century did “klezmer” become a common English term for the musical genre itself, a change popularized by revival bands in the late 1970s.
Lore & Background
Klezmer is an instrumental musical tradition of the Ashkenazi Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, encompassing dance tunes, ritual melodies, and virtuosic improvisations historically performed at weddings and social functions. The style incorporates elements from Ottoman music (especially Greek and Romanian), Baroque music, German and Slavic folk dances, and religious Jewish music. In the United States, it lost some traditional ritual elements and adopted aspects of American big band and popular music. The traditional playing style is distinguished by its tone, cadences, and ornamentation, which set it apart from other genres.
Musicians learned through apprenticeship rather than conservatory training, inheriting a rich tradition with advanced techniques. Ornaments include imitations of sighing or laughing derived from cantorial and Hasidic vocal styles, as well as trills, grace notes, glissandos, bent notes, string harmonics, and distinctive cadences drawn from religious Jewish music. The term "klezmer" itself derives from Hebrew "klei zemer," meaning "musical instruments," but in Yiddish it came to describe musicians, first in Bohemia in the second half of the sixteenth century and then in Poland, possibly as musicians formed professional guilds. In the late 20th century, the word shifted through metonymy to refer to the musical genre, a meaning it had not held in Yiddish; earlier recordings referred to it as Hebrew, Jewish, or Yiddish dance music, or "Freilech music."
Reader's Guide
Klezmer's significance lies in its synthesis of diverse musical influences—Ottoman, Baroque, German, Slavic, and religious Jewish—into a distinctive style characterized by vocal-like ornaments such as krekhts (groan), kneytsh (wrinkle), and kvetsh (stress), as well as trills, glissandos, and typical cadences drawn from cantorial and Hasidic music. The repertoire includes dances like the freylekhs, bulgar, sher, kosher-tants, khosidl, hora, kolomeike, and skotshne, each tied to specific social functions. After the Holocaust and a decline in popularity, the Klezmer Revival of the late 1970s rekindled interest, leading to fusion with jazz, punk, and other styles, and spreading from the United States to Europe and Israel.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Klezmer known for?
Klezmer is known for its energetic dance tunes, liturgical melodies, and virtuosic free improvisations that could shift between Ottoman, Baroque, Slavic, and German musical flavors. It served as the soundtrack for joyous celebrations and communal gatherings rather than concert-hall performance.
Who are Klezmer's key figures?
Early pioneers like Dave Tarras and Naftule Brandwein helped define the genre's sound in the early twentieth century. The late-1970s revival was championed by figures such as Walter Zev Feldman and Andy Statman, who reconnected modern audiences with the tradition.
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Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Klezmer (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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