{"https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/depression-mood/": {"t": "Depression (mood)", "s": "A mental state of low mood and aversion to activity."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/ivan-pavlov/": {"t": "Ivan Pavlov", "s": "Russian physiologist known for classical conditioning and Nobel Prize-winning digestion research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/img/psychologists-and-education-theorists/ivan-pavlov.webp", "c": "Vibha C Kashyap · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/b-f-skinner/": {"t": "B. F. Skinner", "s": "Pioneer of operant conditioning and radical behaviorism."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/classical-conditioning/": {"t": "Classical conditioning", "s": "A behavioral procedure pairing stimuli to produce automatic responses."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-psychoanalysts/e/psychologists-and-psychoanalysts/martin-seligman/": {"t": "Martin Seligman", "s": "Psychologist known for learned helplessness and positive psychology."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/": {"t": "Cognitive behavioral therapy", "s": "Psychotherapy combining cognitive and behavioral principles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/cognitive-behavioral-therapy.webp", "c": "Urstadt · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mind-control/e/mind-control/behavior-modification/": {"t": "Behavior modification", "s": "A conditioning-based approach to altering behavior through reinforcement and punishment."}, "/e/mood-disorders/bipolar-disorder/": {"t": "Bipolar disorder", "s": "A lifelong mood disorder with manic and depressive episodes."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/mood-disorder/": {"t": "Mood disorder", "s": "A group of mental disorders with mood disturbance as the core feature."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-signaling/": {"t": "Cell signaling", "s": "Biological process by which cells interact with themselves, others, and environment."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/heritability/": {"t": "Heritability", "s": "Statistic estimating genetic contribution to trait variation in a population."}, "https://codexery.com/genetic-epidemiology/e/genetic-epidemiology/genome-wide-association-study/": {"t": "Genome-wide association study", "s": "A hypothesis-free scan for genetic variants linked to traits."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/major-depressive-disorder/": {"t": "Major depressive disorder", "s": "A mood disorder causing pervasive low mood and loss of interest."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/cell-potency/": {"t": "Cell potency", "s": "A cell's capacity to differentiate into other cell types."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/dna-damage-naturally-occurring/": {"t": "DNA damage (naturally occurring)", "s": "Naturally occurring DNA damage arises from metabolic and hydrolytic processes daily."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions-related-to-obesity/e/medical-conditions-related-to-obesity/cushing-s-disease/": {"t": "Cushing's disease", "s": "A pituitary disorder causing excess cortisol production."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/dementia/": {"t": "Dementia", "s": "A progressive syndrome of cognitive decline affecting daily life."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/e/disorders-causing-seizures/huntington-s-disease/": {"t": "Huntington's disease", "s": "Fatal inherited neurodegenerative disorder with motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-urinary-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-urinary-system/uremia/": {"t": "Uremia", "s": "High blood urea from kidney failure, causing systemic symptoms."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/circadian-rhythm/": {"t": "Circadian rhythm", "s": "Endogenous 24-hour cycles coordinating life with the environment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/img/ecology-and-behavior/circadian-rhythm.webp", "c": "Srruhh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/e/medications-and-drugs/lithium-medication/": {"t": "Lithium (medication)", "s": "Lithium salts are mood stabilizers used for bipolar disorder and depression."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia/": {"t": "Schizophrenia", "s": "A chronic mental disorder with psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia.webp", "c": "cometstarmoon · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/teratogens/e/teratogens/valproate/": {"t": "Valproate", "s": "Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer with severe teratogenic risks."}, "https://codexery.com/mitochondrial-diseases/e/mitochondrial-diseases/mitochondrial-disease/": {"t": "Mitochondrial disease", "s": "Genetic disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction affecting energy production."}, "/e/mood-disorders/dysphoria/": {"t": "Dysphoria", "s": "A profound state of unease, opposite to euphoria."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/inflammation/": {"t": "Inflammation", "s": "Biological defence response of body tissues to harmful stimuli."}, "https://codexery.com/metabolic-disorders/e/metabolic-disorders/hypothyroidism/": {"t": "Hypothyroidism", "s": "Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder from low thyroid hormone."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/type-i-and-type-ii-errors/": {"t": "Type I and type II errors", "s": "Two fundamental errors in statistical hypothesis testing."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/allele/": {"t": "Allele", "s": "A variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location on a DNA molecule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/allele.webp", "c": "user:toony · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-diseases/e/cardiovascular-diseases/apolipoprotein-e/": {"t": "Apolipoprotein E", "s": "Apolipoprotein E transports lipids and influences Alzheimer's and cardiovascular risk."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/sleep/": {"t": "Sleep", "s": "A conserved behavioral state essential for restoration and brain cleansing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/sleep.webp", "c": "Tungster24 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-biology-and-behavior/e/animal-biology-and-behavior/rapid-eye-movement-sleep/": {"t": "Rapid eye movement sleep", "s": "REM sleep is a paradoxical phase of sleep linked to dreaming."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/dream/": {"t": "Dream", "s": "Dreams are involuntary sequences of images and emotions during sleep."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/neurotransmitter/": {"t": "Neurotransmitter", "s": "Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons or to target cells."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/norepinephrine/": {"t": "Norepinephrine", "s": "A catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter that mobilizes the body for action."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/fight-or-flight-response/": {"t": "Fight-or-flight response", "s": "Physiological reaction to perceived threats, first described by Walter Cannon."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor/": {"t": "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor", "s": "SSRIs block serotonin reuptake to treat depression and anxiety."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/central-nervous-system/": {"t": "Central nervous system", "s": "Central nervous system integrates and coordinates body activity."}, "https://codexery.com/antibiotic-drugs/e/antibiotic-drugs/dextroamphetamine/": {"t": "Dextroamphetamine", "s": "Dextrorotatory amphetamine enantiomer used as a stimulant."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/phenylalanine/": {"t": "Phenylalanine", "s": "Essential amino acid, precursor to neurotransmitters and melanin."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/emotion/": {"t": "Emotion", "s": "Emotions are complex states with no single agreed definition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emotions/img/emotions/emotion.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/mood-disorders/limbic-system/": {"t": "Limbic system", "s": "Brain structures central to emotion, memory, and motivation."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/e/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/anhedonia/": {"t": "Anhedonia", "s": "A deficit in experiencing or anticipating pleasure."}, "/e/mood-disorders/interpersonal-and-social-rhythm-therapy/": {"t": "Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy", "s": "Therapy stabilizing daily rhythms and interpersonal relationships for bipolar disorder."}, "/e/mood-disorders/mood-swing/": {"t": "Mood swing", "s": "Sudden mood changes can be normal or signal a disorder."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-disorders/e/mental-disorders/mental-disorder/": {"t": "Mental disorder", "s": "A mental pattern causing distress or impaired functioning."}, "https://codexery.com/psychosis/e/psychosis/psychosis/": {"t": "Psychosis", "s": "Psychosis is the inability to distinguish reality from unreality."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/hypomania/": {"t": "Hypomania", "s": "A less severe manic state without psychotic features or functional impairment."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/self-harm/": {"t": "Self-harm", "s": "Intentional tissue damage usually without suicidal intent."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-trauma/e/types-of-trauma/traumatic-bonding/": {"t": "Traumatic bonding", "s": "Emotional bond between victim and abuser through cycles of abuse."}, "/e/mood-disorders/bipolar-i-disorder/": {"t": "Bipolar I disorder", "s": "A mood disorder defined by at least one manic episode."}, "/e/mood-disorders/bipolar-ii-disorder/": {"t": "Bipolar II disorder", "s": "A chronic bipolar spectrum disorder with hypomania and recurrent depression."}, "/e/mood-disorders/cyclothymia/": {"t": "Cyclothymia", "s": "A chronic mood disorder with alternating hypomanic and depressive symptoms."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/e/medications-and-drugs/mood-stabilizer/": {"t": "Mood stabilizer", "s": "Medications that stabilize mood shifts in bipolar and related disorders."}, "https://codexery.com/epilepsy/e/epilepsy/anticonvulsant/": {"t": "Anticonvulsant", "s": "Drugs that suppress seizures and prevent their spread in the brain."}, "https://codexery.com/psychosis/e/psychosis/delusion/": {"t": "Delusion", "s": "A fixed belief unshaken by conflicting evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/hallucination/": {"t": "Hallucination", "s": "A perception in the absence of an external stimulus, with the compelling sense of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/e/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/emotional-lability/": {"t": "Emotional lability", "s": "Exaggerated mood shifts that feel uncontrollable."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-in-the-united-kingdom/e/mental-health-in-the-united-kingdom/community-mental-health-service/": {"t": "Community mental health service", "s": "Community-based care for mental disorders outside psychiatric hospitals."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/": {"t": "Coronary artery disease", "s": "The most common cardiovascular disease, caused by plaque buildup in heart arteries."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/hepatitis-c/": {"t": "Hepatitis C", "s": "A viral liver infection that can become chronic and is curable.", "i": "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/img/viral-infections/hepatitis-c.webp", "c": "Our World In Data · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/mood-disorders/major-depressive-episode/": {"t": "Major depressive episode", "s": "A period of depressed mood or lost interest lasting at least two weeks."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/psychiatry/": {"t": "Psychiatry", "s": "Medical specialty treating mental disorders via diagnosis and therapy."}, "https://codexery.com/suicide/e/suicide/suicidal-ideation/": {"t": "Suicidal ideation", "s": "Thoughts of ending one's life, from fleeting ideas to detailed plans."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medication/": {"t": "Medication", "s": "Substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/medication.webp", "c": "Samsule2 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/suicide/e/suicide/suicide-attempt/": {"t": "Suicide attempt", "s": "A nonfatal act of trying to kill oneself."}, "https://codexery.com/epidemiology/e/epidemiology/comorbidity/": {"t": "Comorbidity", "s": "Simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions in a patient."}, "https://codexery.com/psychosis/e/psychosis/delusional-disorder/": {"t": "Delusional disorder", "s": "A chronic psychotic disorder with non-bizarre delusions and preserved functioning."}, "https://codexery.com/nutrition-and-diet/e/nutrition-and-diet/folate/": {"t": "Folate", "s": "Essential B vitamin for DNA synthesis and fetal development."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/electrocardiogram/": {"t": "Electrocardiograph", "s": "Device that records the heart's electrical activity as an ECG."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-tests/e/medical-tests/ct-scan/": {"t": "CT scan", "s": "Cross-sectional X-ray imaging for detailed internal views."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/magnetic-resonance-imaging/": {"t": "Magnetic resonance imaging", "s": "Medical imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/magnetic-resonance-imaging.webp", "c": "UCSF Health · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/diagnostic-and-statistical-manual-of-mental-disorders/": {"t": "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", "s": "Standard classification of mental disorders by the American Psychiatric Association."}, "https://codexery.com/psychopathological-syndromes/e/psychopathological-syndromes/catatonia/": {"t": "Catatonia", "s": "Neuropsychiatric syndrome with motor and behavioral abnormalities."}, "/e/mood-disorders/melancholia/": {"t": "Melancholia", "s": "Historical concept of depressed mood linked to black bile."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy/": {"t": "Life expectancy", "s": "A statistical measure of average remaining years of life at a given age, most commonly at birth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy.webp", "c": "Lady3mlnm · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/general-health-and-wellness/e/general-health-and-wellness/diet-nutrition/": {"t": "Diet (nutrition)", "s": "Sum of food consumed; key to health, weight, and culture."}, "/e/mood-disorders/history-of-bipolar-disorder/": {"t": "History of bipolar disorder", "s": "A history of bipolar disorder from ancient humors to modern classification."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms/e/symptoms/fatigue/": {"t": "Fatigue", "s": "A prolonged state of low energy, both medical and normal."}, "https://codexery.com/genetic-epidemiology/e/genetic-epidemiology/gene-environment-correlation/": {"t": "Gene–environment correlation", "s": "Genotype influences environmental exposure, confounding disease risk."}, "https://codexery.com/sleep-disorders/e/sleep-disorders/hypersomnia/": {"t": "Hypersomnia", "s": "A neurological disorder of excessive sleepiness and prolonged sleep."}, "https://codexery.com/organizations-associated-with-the/e/organizations-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic/world-health-organization/": {"t": "World Health Organization", "s": "UN agency coordinating global health responses and standards."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-endocrinology-nutriti/e/symptoms-and-signs-endocrinology-nutrition-and-metabolism/polyphagia/": {"t": "Polyphagia", "s": "A symptom of abnormal hunger, often linked to diabetes."}, "https://codexery.com/hallucinations/e/hallucinations/psychotic-depression/": {"t": "Psychotic depression", "s": "Depression with psychotic features, often involving delusions or hallucinations."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/postpartum-depression/": {"t": "Postpartum depression", "s": "A mood disorder affecting pregnant and postpartum women, with symptoms including extreme sadness, anxiety, and changes in sleep or eating."}, "https://codexery.com/disability/e/disability/disability/": {"t": "Disability", "s": "Disability is a complex social identity shaped by history, theory, and activism."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/gallipoli/": {"t": "Gallipoli", "s": "Historic peninsula between Europe and Asia, site of ancient cities."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/fall-of-singapore/": {"t": "Fall of Singapore", "s": "Japan captured Singapore from Britain in February 1942.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/fall-of-singapore.webp", "c": "Moheen Reeyad · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ecuadorian-cuisine/e/ecuadorian-cuisine/guinea-pig/": {"t": "Guinea pig", "s": "A domesticated rodent from the Andes, kept as food, pet, and research subject."}, "https://codexery.com/toxic-effects-of-metals/e/toxic-effects-of-metals/lithium-toxicity/": {"t": "Lithium toxicity", "s": "Condition of excessive lithium causing neurological, renal, and gastrointestinal symptoms."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/patent/": {"t": "Patent", "s": "A legal right excluding others from an invention for a limited time."}, "https://codexery.com/molecular-biology/e/molecular-biology/biochemistry/": {"t": "Biochemistry", "s": "Study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms."}, "https://codexery.com/sleep-disorders/e/sleep-disorders/sleep-disorder/": {"t": "Sleep disorder", "s": "A medical disorder disrupting sleep patterns, affecting health and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cerebellum/": {"t": "Cerebellum", "s": "The cerebellum fine-tunes movement and supports cognitive functions."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/psychological-trauma/": {"t": "Psychological trauma", "s": "An emotional response to severe distressing events, studied in psychotraumatology."}, "https://codexery.com/genetic-epidemiology/e/genetic-epidemiology/gene-environment-interaction/": {"t": "Gene–environment interaction", "s": "Different genotypes respond differently to the same environment."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/physical-examination/": {"t": "Physical examination", "s": "A medical checkup for signs or symptoms of disease.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/physical-examination.webp", "c": "Harris & Ewing, photographer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/neurological-disorders/e/neurological-disorders/neurological-disorder/": {"t": "Neurological disorder", "s": "Disorders of the nervous system affecting billions globally."}, "https://codexery.com/epilepsy/e/epilepsy/catalepsy/": {"t": "Catalepsy", "s": "A neurological condition of rigidity and pain insensitivity."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/e/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/echolalia/": {"t": "Echolalia", "s": "Automatic repetition of another's speech, seen in several disorders."}, "https://codexery.com/tourette-syndrome/e/tourette-syndrome/echopraxia/": {"t": "Echopraxia", "s": "Involuntary imitation of others' actions, often seen in Tourette syndrome."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/eating-disorder/": {"t": "Eating disorder", "s": "Understanding eating disorders: types, prevalence, and recovery."}, "https://codexery.com/ailments-of-unknown-cause/e/ailments-of-unknown-cause/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/": {"t": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", "s": "A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/consanguinity/": {"t": "Consanguinity", "s": "Blood relationship affecting marriage, inheritance, and genetic risk."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/personality-disorder/": {"t": "Personality disorder", "s": "Enduring maladaptive patterns impairing self and interpersonal functioning."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/cognitive-bias/": {"t": "Cognitive bias", "s": "Systematic deviations from rational judgment in human decision-making.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/cognitive-bias.webp", "c": "BiblioMorphosis · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/e/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/automatic-negative-thoughts/": {"t": "Automatic negative thoughts", "s": "Involuntary negative thoughts about the self."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/metabolism/": {"t": "Metabolism", "s": "Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions sustaining life."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/dysthymia/": {"t": "Dysthymia", "s": "A chronic form of depression lasting two years or more."}, "https://codexery.com/addictive-substances-medications/e/addictive-substances-and-medications/fluoxetine/": {"t": "Fluoxetine", "s": "An SSRI antidepressant used for depression, anxiety, and bulimia."}, "https://codexery.com/alzheimer-s-disease/e/alzheimer-s-disease/milnacipran/": {"t": "Milnacipran", "s": "SNRI used for fibromyalgia and depression with unique enantiomer potential."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/probability-and-statistics/randomized-controlled-trial/": {"t": "Randomized controlled trial", "s": "A statistical experiment using random allocation to reduce bias."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/sertraline/": {"t": "Sertraline", "s": "SSRI antidepressant used for depression, anxiety, and OCD."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/e/medications-and-drugs/imipramine/": {"t": "Imipramine", "s": "First marketed tricyclic antidepressant, used for depression and enuresis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/img/medications-and-drugs/imipramine.webp", "c": "Jynto ( talk ) · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/suffering/e/suffering/abandonment-emotional/": {"t": "Abandonment (emotional)", "s": "A state of feeling rejected and cut off from emotional sustenance."}, "https://codexery.com/addictive-substances-medications/e/addictive-substances-and-medications/hallucinogen/": {"t": "Hallucinogen", "s": "A diverse class of drugs inducing altered perception and mood."}, "https://codexery.com/substance-related-disorders/e/substance-related-disorders/drug-withdrawal/": {"t": "Drug withdrawal", "s": "Symptoms from stopping a drug after dependence develops."}, "https://codexery.com/suffering/e/suffering/suffering/": {"t": "Suffering", "s": "Suffering is the negative core of affective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/metabolic-disorders/e/metabolic-disorders/metabolic-disorder/": {"t": "Metabolic disorder", "s": "Disorders that disrupt the body's processing of macronutrients."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/heredity/": {"t": "Heredity", "s": "Passing of traits from parents to offspring via DNA."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/correlation/": {"t": "Correlation", "s": "Correlation measures linear relationships but does not imply causation."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genotype/": {"t": "Genotype", "s": "Genotype is the complete set of genetic material of an organism."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/psychoactive-drug/": {"t": "Psychoactive drug", "s": "Substances that alter brain function and consciousness across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-disorders/e/mental-disorders/impulse-control-disorder/": {"t": "Impulse-control disorder", "s": "Psychiatric disorders involving failure to resist urges or impulses."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/alzheimer-s-disease/": {"t": "Alzheimer's disease", "s": "A progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/e/disorders-causing-seizures/alcohol-withdrawal-syndrome/": {"t": "Alcohol withdrawal syndrome", "s": "A set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in or cessation of alcohol use after a period of excessive use."}, "https://codexery.com/addictive-substances-medications/e/addictive-substances-and-medications/gabapentin/": {"t": "Gabapentin", "s": "Anticonvulsant used for neuropathic pain and seizures."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/": {"t": "Obsessive–compulsive disorder", "s": "Chronic mental disorder with obsessions and compulsions impairing function."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/propranolol/": {"t": "Propranolol", "s": "Beta blocker used for hypertension, anxiety, and migraine prevention."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/oppositional-defiant-disorder/": {"t": "Oppositional defiant disorder", "s": "A childhood disorder marked by defiant and hostile behavior toward authority."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/toxoplasma-gondii/": {"t": "Toxoplasma gondii", "s": "Parasite that alters host behavior to favor feline predation."}, "/e/mood-disorders/post-stroke-depression/": {"t": "Post-stroke depression", "s": "Depression after stroke impairs recovery and quality of life."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/geriatrics/": {"t": "Geriatrics", "s": "Medical specialty focused on older adults' health needs.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/geriatrics.webp", "c": "Ashashyou · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/clinical-psychology/": {"t": "Clinical psychology", "s": "Integration of science and practice to relieve psychological distress.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/clinical-psychology.webp", "c": "Aasif14 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/deng-xiaoping/": {"t": "Deng Xiaoping", "s": "Architect of modern China and paramount leader from 1978 to 1989"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/hypertension/": {"t": "Hypertension", "s": "Persistently elevated arterial blood pressure, often symptomless, causing major health risks."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/one-child-policy/": {"t": "One-child policy", "s": "A population control policy restricting many families to one child."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-disorders/e/mental-disorders/classification-of-mental-disorders/": {"t": "Classification of mental disorders", "s": "Psychiatric taxonomy organizes mental disorders into recognized diagnostic categories."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-social-scientists/e/psychologists-and-social-scientists/emil-kraepelin/": {"t": "Emil Kraepelin", "s": "German psychiatrist who shaped modern psychiatric classification."}, "https://codexery.com/psychosis/e/psychosis/karl-jaspers/": {"t": "Karl Jaspers", "s": "Psychiatrist and philosopher who distinguished primary from secondary delusions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychosis/img/psychosis/karl-jaspers.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Karl Jaspers · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/homeland/e/world/tehran/": {"t": "Tehran", "s": "Iran's capital, scene of Brody's last mission."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/daniel-dennett/": {"t": "Daniel Dennett", "s": "American philosopher and cognitive scientist"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/ohio/": {"t": "Ohio", "s": "Midwestern U.S. state, birthplace of seven presidents and aviation."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/pfizer/": {"t": "Pfizer", "s": "An American multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporation headquartered at The Spiral in Manhattan."}, "/e/mood-disorders/kay-redfield-jamison/": {"t": "Kay Redfield Jamison", "s": "Clinical psychologist and writer on bipolar disorder."}, "/e/mood-disorders/john-cade/": {"t": "John Cade", "s": "Australian psychiatrist who discovered lithium's mood-stabilizing effects."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hippocrates/": {"t": "Hippocrates", "s": "Father of Medicine who separated medicine from religion and emphasized natural causes of disease."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/humorism/": {"t": "Humorism", "s": "An ancient medical theory of four bodily fluids whose balance was thought to determine health and temperament."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/psychosis/e/psychosis/kraepelinian-dichotomy/": {"t": "Kraepelinian dichotomy", "s": "A foundational division of psychoses into schizophrenia and bipolar disorder."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/barbiturate/": {"t": "Barbiturate", "s": "Depressant drugs derived from barbituric acid, used medically and recreationally."}, "/e/mood-disorders/karl-leonhard/": {"t": "Karl Leonhard", "s": "German psychiatrist who classified psychotic illnesses into detailed subtypes."}, "https://codexery.com/children-s-games/e/childrens-games/seesaw/": {"t": "Seesaw", "s": "A lever-based playground fixture with a back-and-forth motion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/children-s-games/img/childrens-games/seesaw.webp", "c": "Quincy Morgan , Temaki contributors · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/galen/": {"t": "Galen", "s": "Roman and Greek physician whose medical theories dominated for over 1,300 years."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms/e/symptoms/phrenitis/": {"t": "Phrenitis", "s": "Ancient term for acute inflammation with fever and delirium."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/avicenna/": {"t": "Avicenna", "s": "Preeminent philosopher and physician of the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/hypochondria/": {"t": "Hypochondria", "s": "A condition of excessive worry about serious illness."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-tourette-syndrome/e/people-with-tourette-syndrome/samuel-johnson/": {"t": "Samuel Johnson", "s": "English lexicographer and man of letters with Tourette syndrome."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/suffering/e/suffering/broken-heart/": {"t": "Broken heart", "s": "The pain of heartbreak is registered like physical pain."}, "https://codexery.com/words-and-phrases-derived-from-greek/e/words-and-phrases-derived-from-greek-mythology/narcissism/": {"t": "Narcissism", "s": "Excessive self-focus named after a figure from Greek myth."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/humanistic-psychology/": {"t": "Humanistic psychology", "s": "A psychological perspective emphasizing human potential and holistic understanding."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/abraham-maslow/": {"t": "Abraham Maslow", "s": "Psychologist who argued humans no longer have instincts."}, "https://codexery.com/general-health-and-wellness/e/general-health-and-wellness/breastfeeding/": {"t": "Breastfeeding", "s": "Breastfeeding provides essential nutrition and immune benefits to infants and mothers."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/pediatrics/": {"t": "Pediatrics", "s": "Branch of medicine for the medical care of children and young adults."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-psychoanalysts/e/psychologists-and-psychoanalysts/john-bowlby/": {"t": "John Bowlby", "s": "British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst known for attachment theory"}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/malnutrition/": {"t": "Malnutrition", "s": "A disease category including undernutrition and overnutrition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/malnutrition.webp", "c": "HCUP Outreach2016 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/behavioral-addiction/e/behavioral-addiction/food-addiction/": {"t": "Food addiction", "s": "Compulsive overeating of highly rewarding foods despite adverse consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/neurological-disorders-in-children/e/neurological-disorders-in-children/stereotypic-movement-disorder/": {"t": "Stereotypic movement disorder", "s": "A childhood motor disorder of repetitive, impairing movements."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/e/symptoms-and-signs-of-mental-disorders/emotional-dysregulation/": {"t": "Emotional dysregulation", "s": "Inability to flexibly manage emotional states, causing intense reactions."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/apoptosis/": {"t": "Apoptosis", "s": "Programmed cell death: a regulated process essential for life and implicated in disease."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/ester/": {"t": "Ester", "s": "Esters are organyl derivatives of acids with varied uses."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/amino-acid/": {"t": "Amino acid", "s": "The building blocks of proteins, with 20 standard α-amino acids directly encoded by the genetic code and two rare ones incorporated via recoding."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/pharmacotherapy/": {"t": "Pharmacotherapy", "s": "Medical treatment using pharmaceutical drugs for symptoms, conditions, or prevention."}, "/e/mood-disorders/frederick-k-goodwin/": {"t": "Frederick K. Goodwin", "s": "Psychiatrist and researcher specializing in bipolar disorder."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/journalists-commentators/e/journalists-and-commentators/charlie-rose/": {"t": "Charlie Rose", "s": "Longtime PBS interviewer and CBS This Morning co-anchor, dismissed by all three networks in 2017.", "i": "https://codexery.com/journalists-commentators/img/journalists-and-commentators/charlie-rose.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charlie Rose · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/william-styron/": {"t": "William Styron", "s": "William Clark Styron Jr."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lord-byron/": {"t": "Lord Byron", "s": "British Romantic poet and satirist, known for Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/lord-byron.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: Lord Byron · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/behavioral-neuroscience/": {"t": "Behavioral neuroscience", "s": "Studies biological and neural substrates of behavior and experience.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/behavioral-neuroscience.webp", "c": "Michael Barera · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-bavaria/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "s": "A German kingdom ruled by the Wittelsbachs from 1806 to 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/aktion-t4/": {"t": "Aktion T4", "s": "Nazi involuntary euthanasia program targeting the disabled and mentally ill.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/aktion-t4.webp", "c": "Qwertzu111111 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/monster/e/lore/east-germany/": {"t": "East Germany", "s": "The divided Germany behind Monster: the East that ran Kinderheim 511 and the West the Lieberts fled to."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cerebrum/": {"t": "Cerebrum", "s": "Largest brain part controlling voluntary actions and higher functions."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-anatomy/e/physiology-and-anatomy/sense-of-smell/": {"t": "Sense of smell", "s": "The sense through which odors are perceived."}, "https://codexery.com/addiction/e/addiction/nucleus-accumbens/": {"t": "Nucleus accumbens", "s": "A brain region central to reward, motivation, and addiction."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cerebral-cortex/": {"t": "Cerebral cortex", "s": "Outer neural layer of the cerebrum, key to higher cognition."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/brainstem/": {"t": "Brainstem", "s": "Posterior brain part connecting cerebrum to spinal cord.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/brainstem.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/endocrine-system/": {"t": "Endocrine system", "s": "Hormonal messenger system regulating distant organs via feedback loops."}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/sexual-arousal/": {"t": "Sexual arousal", "s": "Physiological and psychological responses to sexual stimuli."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/recreational-drug-use/": {"t": "Recreational drug use", "s": "Use of psychoactive drugs for pleasure or pastime."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrode/": {"t": "Electrode", "s": "Electrodes are conductors contacting nonmetallic circuit parts in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/e/portuguese-inventions/lobotomy/": {"t": "Lobotomy", "s": "Discredited brain surgery that severed prefrontal cortex connections.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/img/portuguese-inventions/lobotomy.webp", "c": "Bjoertvedt · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/mood-disorders/history-of-depression/": {"t": "History of depression", "s": "From humoral imbalance to modern diagnostic category."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/suicide/": {"t": "Suicide", "s": "The act of intentionally causing one's own death, with complex risk factors and prevention strategies."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-current/": {"t": "Electric current", "s": "Flow of charged particles through a conductor or space."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/spirit-possession/e/spirit-possession/spirit-possession/": {"t": "Spirit possession", "s": "An altered state of control by a spirit across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/astrology/": {"t": "Astrology", "s": "Divinatory practice interpreting celestial positions to discern earthly events."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/saturn/": {"t": "Saturn", "s": "Saturn is a gas giant with rings and the lowest density in the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-gregory-i/": {"t": "Pope Gregory I", "s": "The 64th Bishop of Rome and a Father of the Church", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-gregory-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Gregory I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/pontormo/": {"t": "Pontormo", "s": "Italian Mannerist painter known for twining poses and ambiguous perspective.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/pontormo.webp", "c": "Sailko · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/parmigianino/": {"t": "Parmigianino", "s": "Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker known for elongated forms."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/michelangelo/": {"t": "Michelangelo", "s": "Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/michelangelo.webp", "c": "Attributed to Daniele da Volterra · via Wikipedia: Michelangelo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/allegory/": {"t": "Allegory", "s": "A narrative device using symbolism for moral or political meaning."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albrecht-d-rer/": {"t": "Albrecht Dürer", "s": "German Renaissance painter, printmaker, and theorist of Nuremberg."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/melencolia-i/": {"t": "Melencolia I", "s": "An enigmatic engraving of melancholic genius."}, "https://codexery.com/magic-symbols/e/magic-symbols/magic-square/": {"t": "Magic square", "s": "Square array where rows, columns, and diagonals sum equally."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/john-dowland/": {"t": "John Dowland", "s": "English Renaissance composer of melancholy lute songs and consort music."}, "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/e/plays-and-drama/hamlet/": {"t": "Hamlet", "s": "A tragedy of revenge, madness, and moral uncertainty."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/interpersonal-relationship/": {"t": "Interpersonal relationship", "s": "Social association or connection between two or more people."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/hope/": {"t": "Hope", "s": "Hope is an optimistic expectation of desirable outcomes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emotions/img/emotions/hope.webp", "c": "Kang Ri Ya · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pain/e/pain/endorphins/": {"t": "Endorphins", "s": "Endogenous peptides that block pain and promote well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/euphoria/": {"t": "Euphoria", "s": "A state of intense pleasure and well-being.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emotions/img/emotions/euphoria.webp", "c": "Sindhu Haridas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/sexual-intercourse/": {"t": "Sexual intercourse", "s": "An intimate activity with varied definitions and cultural significance."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/oxytocin/": {"t": "Oxytocin", "s": "Hormone involved in childbirth, bonding, and social behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/oscillation/": {"t": "Oscillation", "s": "Repetitive variation about a central value across many scientific fields."}, "https://codexery.com/autoimmune-diseases/e/autoimmune-diseases/coeliac-disease/": {"t": "Coeliac disease", "s": "An autoimmune reaction to gluten damages the small intestine."}, "https://codexery.com/origin-myths/e/origin-myths/etiology/": {"t": "Etiology", "s": "Study of causes, origins, or reasons behind phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/light-emitting-diode/": {"t": "Light-emitting diode", "s": "Semiconductor device converting electricity into light via electroluminescence."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/aaron-beck/": {"t": "Aaron Beck", "s": "American psychiatrist who founded cognitive therapy and CBT.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/img/psychologists-and-education-theorists/aaron-beck.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aaron Beck · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/neurotrauma/e/neurotrauma/excitotoxicity/": {"t": "Excitotoxicity", "s": "Neuronal injury from excessive glutamate receptor stimulation."}}