{"/e/mongol-empire/borjigin/": {"t": "Borjigin", "s": "Mongol clan founded c. 900 AD, ancestral to Genghis Khan."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/giovanni-da-pian-del-carpine/": {"t": "Giovanni da Pian del Carpine", "s": "Franciscan envoy who reached the Mongol Great Khan's court."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate/": {"t": "Ilkhanate", "s": "Mongol khanate ruling Iran and West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate.webp", "c": "Ali Zifan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/mughal-empire/": {"t": "Mughal Empire", "s": "An early modern empire in South Asia, founded in 1526."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/state-polity/": {"t": "State (polity)", "s": "A political entity with sovereignty over a definite territory."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/dzungar-khanate/": {"t": "Dzungar Khanate", "s": "Last nomadic empire of the Oirat Mongols, spanning Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-folklore/e/ukrainian-folklore/bogatyr/": {"t": "Bogatyr", "s": "Stock character in medieval East Slavic legends, akin to a knight-errant."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-folklore/e/russian-folklore/bylina/": {"t": "Bylina", "s": "Russian oral epic poems blending history with fantasy."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kazakh-language/": {"t": "Kazakh language", "s": "Turkic language of Kazakhstan with vowel harmony and agglutinative structure."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/first-bulgarian-empire/": {"t": "First Bulgarian Empire", "s": "Medieval Balkan power that rivaled Byzantium and shaped Slavic culture."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/modu-chanyu/": {"t": "Modu Chanyu", "s": "Founder of the Xiongnu Empire and a formidable steppe conqueror."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/uzbek-language/": {"t": "Uzbek language", "s": "The official language of Uzbekistan, a Karluk Turkic language with over 36 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/ulaanbaatar/": {"t": "Ulaanbaatar", "s": "Coldest capital city; founded as a nomadic Buddhist monastery."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/pugachev-s-rebellion/": {"t": "Pugachev's Rebellion", "s": "Largest peasant revolt in Russian Empire history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/pugachev-s-rebellion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pugachev's Rebellion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey/": {"t": "Bey", "s": "A Turkic title for chieftains and aristocrats, used across Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey.webp", "c": "Bernard Gagnon · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/epic-poetry-myth/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/secret-history-of-the-mongols/": {"t": "Secret History of the Mongols", "s": "The oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolic languages, recounting the life and conquests of Genghis Khan."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/jami-al-tawarikh/": {"t": "Jami' al-tawarikh", "s": "First world history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "/e/mongol-empire/noyan/": {"t": "Noyan", "s": "Title for noble civil-military leaders in the Mongol Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/chagatai-khan/": {"t": "Chagatai Khan", "s": "Second son of Genghis Khan, first khan of the Chagatai Khanate."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/tengrism/": {"t": "Tengrism", "s": "Steppe belief system centered on the sky god Tengri."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/babur/": {"t": "Babur", "s": "Founder of the Mughal Empire and author of the Baburnama."}, "/e/mongol-empire/white-horde/": {"t": "White Horde", "s": "Eastern constituent of the Golden Horde under Orda's line."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/golden-horde/": {"t": "Golden Horde", "s": "The Mongol, later Turkic, khanate of the western steppe founded by Batu."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/cardinal-direction/": {"t": "Cardinal direction", "s": "Four main compass points used for navigation and orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/batu-khan/": {"t": "Batu Khan", "s": "Founder of the Golden Horde and conqueror of Eastern Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/sarai-city/": {"t": "Sarai (city)", "s": "Capital of the Golden Horde on the lower Volga.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/sarai-city.webp", "c": "Faqscl · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/kiev/": {"t": "Kiev", "s": "Capital of Kievan Rus' on the Dnieper."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/ural-river/": {"t": "Ural (river)", "s": "River forming the Europe-Asia boundary, third-longest in Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/ural-river.webp", "c": "Deniska000 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/carpathian-mountains/": {"t": "Carpathian Mountains", "s": "Europe's third-longest mountain range, forming an arc across Central and Southeast Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/byzantine-empire/": {"t": "Byzantine Empire", "s": "The Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople until 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "/e/mongol-empire/barlas/": {"t": "Barlas", "s": "Mongol tribe that founded the Timurid and Mughal dynasties."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/kalmykia/": {"t": "Kalmykia", "s": "The Buddhist heart of Europe on the Caspian steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-progenitors/e/legendary-progenitors/alan-gua/": {"t": "Alan Gua", "s": "Mongolian clan princess and mother of ancestral Mongol clans."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-japan/": {"t": "Sea of Japan", "s": "A marginal sea shaped by isolation, geology, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/dayan-khan/": {"t": "Dayan Khan", "s": "Reunifier of the Mongols under Chinggisid rule"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/altan-khan/": {"t": "Altan Khan", "s": "Leader of the Tümed Mongols, unifier of a tribal league, and patron of Tibetan Buddhism."}, "/e/mongol-empire/mongol-heartland/": {"t": "Mongol heartland", "s": "The historic core region of the Mongol people and empire."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/cyrillic-script/": {"t": "Cyrillic script", "s": "Third official script of the European Union.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/cyrillic-script.webp", "c": "Crissov , Gojdo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/karakorum/": {"t": "Karakorum", "s": "Ancient capital of the Mongol Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/karakorum.webp", "c": "The British Library · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/tolui/": {"t": "Tolui", "s": "Youngest son of Genghis Khan, regent of the Mongol Empire, and father of Möngke, Kublai, and Hulagu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/tolui.webp", "c": "Rashid-al-Din Hamadani · via Wikipedia: Tolui · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/law/": {"t": "Law", "s": "Rules enforced by institutions to regulate behavior."}, "/e/mongol-empire/paiza/": {"t": "Paiza", "s": "A Mongol tablet granting privileges and authority to officials."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/ghazan/": {"t": "Ghazan", "s": "Seventh Ilkhan who converted to Islam and reformed the state."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/price/": {"t": "Price", "s": "Price is payment for goods or services, shaped by supply and demand."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/graphical-user-interface/": {"t": "Graphical user interface", "s": "A visual interface for interacting with electronic devices."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/composite-bow/": {"t": "Composite bow", "s": "A laminated bow combining horn, sinew, and wood for power and compactness."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/mounted-archery/": {"t": "Mounted archery", "s": "Shooting arrows from horseback, a defining skill of Eurasian nomads."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/manchu-bow/": {"t": "Manchu bow", "s": "A heavy composite reflex bow with large siyahs and string bridges."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-mongol-conquests/": {"t": "The Mongol Conquests", "s": "Mongol conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/manchu-people/": {"t": "Manchu people", "s": "Tungusic people who founded the Qing dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/tendon/": {"t": "Tendon", "s": "Tough bands of dense fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to bone."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/thumb-ring/": {"t": "Thumb ring", "s": "A protective ring for the thumb, used in archery and as jewelry."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/assisi/": {"t": "Assisi", "s": "Birthplace of St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/giotto/": {"t": "Giotto", "s": "Italian painter and architect from Florence, known for his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel and as a key figure of the Proto-Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/giotto.webp", "c": "Unidentified painter · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustine-of-hippo/": {"t": "Augustine of Hippo", "s": "Influential Christian theologian and philosopher of the Patristic Period."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-gregory-i/": {"t": "Pope Gregory I", "s": "The 64th Bishop of Rome and a Father of the Church", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-gregory-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Gregory I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/basilica-of-saint-francis-of-assisi/": {"t": "Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi", "s": "Mother church of the Franciscan Order and UNESCO World Heritage site."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/quanzhou/": {"t": "Quanzhou", "s": "Quanzhou: Ancient port of the Maritime Silk Road."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/siena/": {"t": "Siena", "s": "Medieval Tuscan city with a historic centre and the Palio."}, "https://codexery.com/marian-visionaries/e/marian-visionaries/saint-lawrence/": {"t": "Saint Lawrence", "s": "Deacon of Rome martyred under Valerian; patron of archivists and librarians.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marian-visionaries/img/marian-visionaries/saint-lawrence.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saint Lawrence · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/e/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/pope-boniface-viii/": {"t": "Pope Boniface VIII", "s": "Pope who claimed supreme temporal power and was condemned by Dante.", "i": "https://codexery.com/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/img/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/pope-boniface-viii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Boniface VIII · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/tabriz/": {"t": "Tabriz", "s": "Major economic and cultural hub in northwestern Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/ljait/": {"t": "Öljaitü", "s": "Eighth Ilkhanid ruler who shifted between religions and built Soltaniyeh."}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/simone-martini/": {"t": "Simone Martini", "s": "Gothic painter of the Sienese School."}, "https://codexery.com/cryptids/e/cryptids-and-folklore/the-phoenix/": {"t": "The Phoenix", "s": "Legendary immortal bird reborn from its own ashes."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holy-land/": {"t": "Holy Land", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/nomad/": {"t": "Nomad", "s": "Mobile communities moving for food, pasture, or trade."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/mongolian-revolution-of-1921/": {"t": "Mongolian Revolution of 1921", "s": "Revolution that expelled White Guards and founded a Soviet satellite state."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/zanjan-iran/": {"t": "Zanjan, Iran", "s": "City in Iran, capital of Zanjan province, known for happiness and history."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/qazvin/": {"t": "Qazvin", "s": "Mirror of History & Natural of Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/ilkhanate/e/ilkhanate/maragheh/": {"t": "Maragheh", "s": "City in East Azerbaijan, Iran, site of a medieval observatory."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/ardabil/": {"t": "Ardabil", "s": "City of silk, carpets, and Safavid heritage in northwestern Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/jebe/": {"t": "Jebe", "s": "The arrow of Genghis Khan: Jebe, the greatest cavalry general in history."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/hulegu-khan/": {"t": "Hulegu Khan", "s": "Mongol conqueror who founded the Ilkhanate and sacked Baghdad."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/abbasid-caliphate/": {"t": "Abbasid Caliphate", "s": "The third Islamic caliphate, ruled from Baghdad from 762 to 1258."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/baydu/": {"t": "Baydu", "s": "Sixth Ilkhan, deposed his cousin Gaykhatu after a personal insult."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/hamadan/": {"t": "Hamadan", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, once capital of the Medes and Seljuks."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-and-fortresses-in-azerbaijan/e/castles-and-fortresses-in-azerbaijan/quadrangular-mardakan-fortress/": {"t": "Quadrangular Mardakan Fortress", "s": "A 12th-century quadrangular fortress with a five-tiered donjon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles-and-fortresses-in-azerbaijan/img/castles-and-fortresses-in-azerbaijan/quadrangular-mardakan-fortress.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Quadrangular Mardakan Fortress · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-and-fortresses-in-azerbaijan/e/castles-and-fortresses-in-azerbaijan/nardaran-fortress/": {"t": "Nardaran Fortress", "s": "A Shirvanshah-era fortress with a cylindrical central tower.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles-and-fortresses-in-azerbaijan/img/castles-and-fortresses-in-azerbaijan/nardaran-fortress.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nardaran Fortress · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/e/peninsulas-and-capes/absheron-peninsula/": {"t": "Absheron Peninsula", "s": "Peninsula in Azerbaijan, site of Baku and early oil production.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/img/peninsulas-and-capes/absheron-peninsula.webp", "c": "Pierre Markuse from Hamm, Germany · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/tulkus/e/tulkus/noyon-khutagt/": {"t": "Noyon Khutagt", "s": "Nyingma monk and reincarnate lama of the Mongolian Gobi."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/uyghurs/": {"t": "Uyghurs", "s": "Turkic ethnic group native to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwest China"}, "/e/mongol-empire/jarlig/": {"t": "Jarlig", "s": "Mongol and Chinggisid formal diploma for edicts and permissions."}, "/e/mongol-empire/yam-route/": {"t": "Yam (route)", "s": "Mongol postal and messenger relay system."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty/": {"t": "Liao dynasty", "s": "A Khitan-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 916 to 1125, controlling Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia and Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty.webp", "c": "SY · via Wikipedia: Liao dynasty · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-1115-1234/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "s": "The Jurchen-led Great Jin: gold, empire, and the first Chinese dynasty known in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/eastern-christianity/": {"t": "Eastern Christianity", "s": "Eastern Christianity encompasses diverse traditions originating in the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/eastern-christianity.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/muqali/": {"t": "Muqali", "s": "Mongol general and viceroy, undefeated in seven years of campaigning."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/chinese-buddhism/": {"t": "Chinese Buddhism", "s": "Sinicized Mahayana Buddhism, largest religion in mainland China."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/abaqa-khan/": {"t": "Abaqa Khan", "s": "Second Ilkhan of the Ilkhanate, reigned 1265–1282."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/armenian-apostolic-church/": {"t": "Armenian Apostolic Church", "s": "Ancient autocephalous church of Armenia, first state Christian church."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/church-of-the-east/": {"t": "Church of the East", "s": "Major Eastern Christian branch, once spanning Asia from Mesopotamia to China."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edward-gibbon/": {"t": "Edward Gibbon", "s": "Historian of Rome's Decline"}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/b-rte/": {"t": "Börte", "s": "First wife of Genghis Khan and Grand Empress of the Mongol Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/story/mongol-invasions-of-rus/": {"t": "Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'", "s": "Batu Khan's conquest of the Rus' principalities, 1236-1240."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/hindu-kush/": {"t": "Hindu Kush", "s": "Mountain range dividing the Amu Darya and Indus River valleys.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/hindu-kush.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hindu Kush · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/sexual-slavery/": {"t": "Sexual slavery", "s": "Sexual slavery is an abuse of human rights, encompassing forced sexual activities under ownership or coercion."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/aleppo/": {"t": "Aleppo", "s": "Ancient Syrian city, historic Silk Road hub, site of major conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/mamluks/": {"t": "Mamluk Sultanate", "s": "The slave-soldier sultanate of Egypt and Syria, 1250-1517."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-baghdad/": {"t": "Siege of Baghdad", "s": "The 1258 Mongol sack of Baghdad ended Abbasid rule and reshaped the Islamic world."}, "/e/mongol-empire/slave-trade-in-the-mongol-empire/": {"t": "Slave trade in the Mongol Empire", "s": "Massive slave trade network from Mongol conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/chickpea/": {"t": "Chickpea", "s": "A versatile legume, high in protein, central to cuisines from the Mediterranean to India."}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/fenugreek/": {"t": "Fenugreek", "s": "Annual plant used as herb, spice, and vegetable since antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/gaykhatu/": {"t": "Gaykhatu", "s": "Fifth Ilkhanate ruler who introduced paper money."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/william-of-rubruck/": {"t": "William of Rubruck", "s": "Franciscan friar who traveled to the Mongol Empire and wrote a travel account."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/": {"t": "Republic of Genoa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-black-death/": {"t": "The Black Death", "s": "The deadliest pandemic in recorded history, the Black Death reshaped Europe and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-black-death.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/gunpowder/": {"t": "Gunpowder", "s": "Earliest chemical explosive, used as propellant and blasting agent."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/mercantilism/": {"t": "Mercantilism", "s": "Economic policy maximizing exports and state power through trade regulation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/first-turkic-khaganate/": {"t": "First Turkic Khaganate", "s": "The first Central Asian transcontinental empire from Manchuria to the Black Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/first-turkic-khaganate.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sogdia/": {"t": "Sogdia", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilisation and key Silk Road intermediaries."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/g-kt-rks/": {"t": "Göktürks", "s": "Celestial Turks of the First Turkic Khaganate", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/g-kt-rks.webp", "c": "Hardcore-Mike · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/pannonian-avars/": {"t": "Pannonian Avars", "s": "Eurasian nomads who ruled the Carpathian Basin for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/pannonian-avars.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pannonian Avars · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sindh/": {"t": "Sindh", "s": "Sindh is a Pakistani province, cradle of the Indus Valley Civilisation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/sindh.webp", "c": "Baba66 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii/": {"t": "Constantine VII", "s": "Byzantine emperor and scholar who compiled key historical and agronomic works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii.webp", "c": "Classical Numismatic Group · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/wroc-aw/": {"t": "Wrocław", "s": "Historical capital of Silesia on the Oder River."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/blackletter/": {"t": "Blackletter", "s": "Medieval Gothic script family used in manuscripts and typefaces."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-legendary-figures/e/mythological-and-legendary-figures/sinbad-the-sailor/": {"t": "Sinbad the Sailor", "s": "Fictional mariner and hero of a story-cycle in One Thousand and One Nights."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-duos/e/mythological-duos/gog-and-magog/": {"t": "Gog and Magog", "s": "Eschatological figures from Hebrew Bible, New Testament, and Quran."}, "https://codexery.com/dhu-l-qarnayn/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/alexander-romance/": {"t": "Alexander Romance", "s": "A fantastical ancient novel about Alexander the Great.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dhu-l-qarnayn/img/dhu-l-qarnayn/alexander-romance.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Romance · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sultanate-of-rum/": {"t": "Sultanate of Rum", "s": "Turco-Persian Sunni sultanate in Anatolia, founded after Manzikert.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sultanate-of-rum.webp", "c": "Swordrist · via Wikipedia: Sultanate of Rum · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs/": {"t": "East Slavs", "s": "East Slavs formed Kievan Rus' and modern Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Slavs · see source"}, "/e/mongol-empire/blue-horde/": {"t": "Blue Horde", "s": "Eastern part of the Golden Horde, founded by Batu Khan."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/syr-darya/": {"t": "Syr Darya", "s": "Central Asian river, historically the Jaxartes, vital for irrigation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/syr-darya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Syr Darya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-balkhash/": {"t": "Lake Balkhash", "s": "Large Central Asian lake with fresh and saline halves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-balkhash.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Balkhash · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-founded-by-alexander-the-great/e/cities-founded-by-alexander-the-great/alexandria-in-opiania/": {"t": "Alexandria in Opiania", "s": "Founded by Alexander the Great in 329 BCE."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kazakh-khanate/": {"t": "Kazakh Khanate", "s": "Nomadic state that emerged from the fragmentation of the Golden Horde.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kazakh-khanate.webp", "c": "Акылбек Агыс · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/eurasian-steppe/": {"t": "Eurasian Steppe", "s": "Grassland corridor linking Europe and Asia for millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-nevsky/": {"t": "Alexander Nevsky", "s": "Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir, saint, and military leader."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh/": {"t": "Irtysh", "s": "Longest tributary river in the world, flowing through three countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh.webp", "c": "Sibom · Public domain"}}