[{"n": "James II of England", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-ii-of-england/", "s": "Last Catholic monarch deposed in the Glorious Revolution."}, {"n": "James IV", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-iv/", "s": "King of Scotland who died at the Battle of Flodden."}, {"n": "James V", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-v/", "s": "King of Scotland who strengthened royal power and founded the College of Justice."}, {"n": "Joanna of Castile", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/joanna-of-castile/", "s": "Queen of Castile and Aragon whose reign was overshadowed by alleged madness and confinement."}, {"n": "Johann II of Liechtenstein", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/johann-ii-of-liechtenstein/", "s": "The Good Prince who reigned 70 years, refused Alaska, and never set foot in his principality."}, {"n": "John III of Portugal", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-iii-of-portugal/", "s": "King of Portugal who expanded the empire globally."}, {"n": "John II Casimir Vasa", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-ii-casimir-vasa/", "s": "Last Vasa king of Poland; reign marked by war and abdication."}, {"n": "John IV of Portugal", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-iv-of-portugal/", "s": "King who ended the Iberian Union and restored Portuguese independence."}, {"n": "John VI of Portugal", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-vi-of-portugal/", "s": "King of Portugal and Brazil, regent, and last absolute monarch."}, {"n": "Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/joseph-i-holy-roman-emperor/", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"n": "Kalākaua", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kal-kaua/", "s": "Last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi."}, {"n": "Kamehameha II", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kamehameha-ii/", "s": "Second king of Hawaii who abolished traditional religious laws."}, {"n": "Kamehameha III", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kamehameha-iii/", "s": "Third king of Hawaii; oversaw shift to constitutional monarchy."}, {"n": "Kamehameha IV", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kamehameha-iv/", "s": "Fourth monarch of Hawaii, diplomat, and founder of the Hawaii Reformed Catholic Church."}, {"n": "Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/leopold-ii-holy-roman-emperor/", "s": "Penultimate Holy Roman Emperor; abolished capital punishment in Tuscany."}, {"n": "Leopold III of Belgium", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/leopold-iii-of-belgium/", "s": "King of the Belgians whose wartime surrender sparked a constitutional crisis."}, {"n": "Liliʻuokalani", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/lili-uokalani/", "s": "Only queen regnant and last sovereign monarch of Hawaii."}, {"n": "Louis XII", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xii/", "s": "King of France who reduced taxes and reformed law."}, {"n": "Louis XIII", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xiii/", "s": "King of France and Navarre, known for ending noble revolts and establishing the Académie française with Cardin"}, {"n": "Louis XVIII", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xviii/", "s": "The constitutional monarch who restored the Bourbon dynasty after Napoleon."}, {"n": "Ludwig II of Bavaria", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/ludwig-ii-of-bavaria/", "s": "Bavarian king known for fairy-tale castles and disputed death."}, {"n": "Maria II of Portugal", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/maria-ii-of-portugal/", "s": "Queen of Portugal, deposed and restored amid civil war."}, {"n": "Maria I of Portugal", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/maria-i-of-portugal/", "s": "First undisputed queen regnant of Portugal and first monarch of Brazil."}, {"n": "Marie Antoinette", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-antoinette/", "s": "Queen of France, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, executed during the French Revolution."}, {"n": "Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-louise-duchess-of-parma/", "s": "Duchess of Parma, Empress of the French, and second wife of Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"n": "Mary II", "u": "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/mary-ii/", "s": "Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, joint ruler with William III."}]