{"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/archbishop-of-canterbury/": {"t": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "s": "Senior bishop and primate of the Church of England, spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/henri-de-la-tour-d-auvergne-viscount-of-turenne/": {"t": "Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne", "s": "French general and Marshal General of France."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/samuel-pepys/": {"t": "Samuel Pepys", "s": "English diarist and naval administrator of the Stuart Restoration", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/samuel-pepys.webp", "c": "John Hayls · via Wikipedia: Samuel Pepys · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/royal-african-company/": {"t": "Royal African Company", "s": "English monopoly company trading enslaved Africans, gold, and ivory."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/mercantilism/": {"t": "Mercantilism", "s": "Economic policy maximizing exports and state power through trade regulation."}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/new-netherland/": {"t": "New Netherland", "s": "Dutch colony on North America's East Coast, ceded to England in 1664.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/img/former-dutch-colonies/new-netherland.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Netherland · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/canadian-folklore/e/canadian-folklore/hudson-s-bay-company/": {"t": "Hudson's Bay Company", "s": "North America's oldest corporation, liquidated in 2025."}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-great-fire-of-london/": {"t": "The Great Fire of London", "s": "The Great Fire of London consumed the medieval heart of the capital, burning from Sunday 2 September to Wednesday 5 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"https://codexery.com/edinburgh-castle/e/edinburgh-castle/honours-of-scotland/": {"t": "Honours of Scotland", "s": "The oldest surviving crown jewels in the British Isles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pope-alexander-vi/": {"t": "Pope Alexander VI", "s": "The controversial Renaissance pope from the Borgia family."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/irish-people/": {"t": "Irish people", "s": "An ethnic group and nation native to the island of Ireland, with a rich history, unique culture, and global diaspora."}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-iv/": {"t": "James IV", "s": "King of Scotland who died at the Battle of Flodden."}, "https://codexery.com/people-of-stirling-castle/e/people-of-stirling-castle/mary-of-guise/": {"t": "Mary of Guise", "s": "Queen of Scots and regent for her daughter Mary."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating 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beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/edinburgh-castle/": {"t": "Edinburgh Castle", "s": "Historic castle on Castle Rock, site of 26 recorded sieges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles/img/castles/edinburgh-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edinburgh Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/notre-dame-de-paris/": {"t": "Notre-Dame de Paris", "s": "Medieval Gothic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in Paris.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/notre-dame-de-paris.webp", "c": "Jebulon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/crown-of-aragon/": {"t": "Crown of Aragon", "s": "A medieval Mediterranean thalassocracy of autonomous realms under one king."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/toledo-spain/": {"t": "Toledo, Spain", "s": "Historic city on the Tagus, former Visigothic capital and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-castile/": {"t": "Kingdom of Castile", "s": "Medieval Iberian kingdom that expanded southward and united with León."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ambrose/": {"t": "Ambrose", "s": "Roman governor turned bishop, defender of Nicene Christianity, and one of the four Great Latin Church Fathers."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-gregory-i/": {"t": "Pope Gregory I", "s": "The 64th Bishop of Rome and a Father of the Church", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-gregory-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Gregory I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/seneca-the-younger/": {"t": "Seneca the Younger", "s": "Stoic philosopher, dramatist, and advisor to Emperor Nero."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/equestrianism/": {"t": "Equestrianism", "s": "Horse riding spans work, sport, therapy, and tradition worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/maximilian-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Maximilian I, Holy Roman 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"https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation/": {"t": "German Confederation", "s": "An association of 39 German states from 1815 to 1866, created by the Congress of Vienna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Confederation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/russian-colonization-of-north-america/": {"t": "Russian colonization of North America", "s": "Russia's colonies on the Pacific coast, 1732–1867."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-czech/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-czech-republic/lednice-valtice-cultural-landscape/": {"t": "Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape", "s": "A designed cultural landscape shaped by the Liechtenstein family over centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/portuguese-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/manuel-i-of-portugal/": {"t": "Manuel I of Portugal", "s": "King of Portugal during the height of its maritime expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-portugal/e/world-heritage-sites-in-portugal/jer-nimos-monastery/": {"t": "Jerónimos Monastery", "s": "Former Hieronymite monastery and royal necropolis in Lisbon."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/catholic-monarchs-of-spain/": {"t": "Catholic Monarchs of Spain", "s": "Joint rulers who unified Spain and sponsored Columbus's voyage."}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/portuguese-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Portuguese colonization of the Americas", "s": "Portuguese territories in the Americas from Brazil to Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/colonial-brazil/": {"t": "Colonial Brazil", "s": "Portuguese colony in South America, 1500–1815, united by language and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/goa/": {"t": "Goa", "s": "India's smallest state by area, with a rich Portuguese heritage and vibrant biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/goa.webp", "c": "Fredericknoronha · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/portuguese-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/spice-trade/": {"t": "Spice trade", "s": "Ancient network linking Asia, Africa and Europe through spice exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/spices/e/profiles/nutmeg/": {"t": "Nutmeg", "s": "The seed of the fragrant nutmeg tree, native to the Banda Islands and mainly produced there, yields both nutmeg and mace spices."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands/": {"t": "Maluku Islands", "s": "The Spice Islands at the crossroads of Asia and Oceania.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maluku Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/astrology/": {"t": "Astrology", "s": "Divinatory practice interpreting celestial positions to discern earthly events."}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/joanna-of-castile/": {"t": "Joanna of Castile", "s": "Queen of Castile and Aragon whose reign was overshadowed by alleged madness and confinement."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/treaty-of-zaragoza/": {"t": "Treaty of Zaragoza", "s": "1529 treaty dividing Asian spheres between Portugal and Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lu-s-de-cam-es/": {"t": "Luís de Camões", "s": "Portuguese poet, author of the epic Os Lusíadas."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/francis-xavier/": {"t": "Francis Xavier", "s": "Navarrese Jesuit co-founder and missionary who carried Christianity to India, the Maluku Islands and Japan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/francis-xavier.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Francis Xavier · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/governorate-general-of-brazil/": {"t": "Governorate General of Brazil", "s": "Portuguese colonial administration uniting captaincies in present-day Brazil."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/genoa/": {"t": "Genoa", "s": "Capital of Liguria and historic maritime republic on the Gulf of Genoa."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bohdan-khmelnytsky/": {"t": "Bohdan 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liberation from the Kalmar Union."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/iberian-union/": {"t": "Iberian Union", "s": "Personal union of Spain and Portugal under Habsburg rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/img/colonialism-and-exploration/iberian-union.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iberian Union · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/dutch-portuguese-war/": {"t": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "s": "A global conflict for spice trade supremacy between the Dutch Republic and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola/": {"t": "Portuguese Angola", "s": "Portuguese colony in Africa from 1575 to 1975.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Angola · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/dutch-brazil/": {"t": "Dutch Brazil", "s": "A Dutch colony in northeastern Brazil, 1630–1654.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/img/former-dutch-colonies/dutch-brazil.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dutch Brazil · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/colombo/": {"t": "Colombo", "s": "Colombo is Sri Lanka's executive, judicial, and commercial capital."}, "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/e/natural-disasters/1755-lisbon-earthquake/": {"t": "1755 Lisbon earthquake", "s": "The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 7.7 or greater, devastated Lisbon and triggered a tsunami and fires, leading to the birth of modern s", "i": "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/img/natural-disasters/1755-lisbon-earthquake.webp", "c": "Elliott Bledsoe from Brisbane, Australia · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/giovanni-pierluigi-da-palestrina/": {"t": "Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina", "s": "Leading composer of late 16th-century Europe, central representative of the Roman School.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/giovanni-pierluigi-da-palestrina.webp", "c": "Sergio D'Afflitto · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/maria-i-of-portugal/": {"t": "Maria I of Portugal", "s": "First undisputed queen regnant of Portugal and first monarch of Brazil.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/img/monarchs-and-nobility/maria-i-of-portugal.webp", "c": "Attributed to Giuseppe Troni · via Wikipedia: Maria I of Portugal · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/carlota-joaquina-of-spain/": {"t": "Carlota Joaquina of Spain", "s": "Queen of Portugal and Brazil, known for political intrigues."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/sebasti-o-jos-de-carvalho-e-melo-1st-marquis-of-pombal/": {"t": "Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal", "s": "Portuguese statesman and dominant minister under King Joseph I, known for his autocratic reforms and management of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession and established Austrian hegemony over Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/eleonore-magdalene-of-neuburg/": {"t": "Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg", "s": "Holy Roman Empress, regent, and translator of the Bible."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/war-of-the-spanish-succession/": {"t": "War of the Spanish Succession", "s": "The war was driven by concerns over the balance of power, as the Spanish Empire, though weakened by decades of conflict, remained a prominent global force whose"}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/charles-vi-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who enacted the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-clement-xi/": {"t": "Pope Clement XI", "s": "Head of the Catholic Church from 1700 to 1721, patron of arts and science, and issuer of the bull Unigenitus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/john-churchill-1st-duke-of-marlborough/": {"t": "John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough", "s": "The general who never lost a battle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/john-churchill-1st-duke-of-marlborough.webp", "c": "Attributed to Michael Dahl · via Wikipedia: John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/outlaw/": {"t": "Outlaw", "s": "A person declared outside the protection of the law."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/letters-patent/": {"t": "Letters patent", "s": "Open royal decrees granting offices, rights, or titles."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/e/disorders-causing-seizures/hydrocephalus/": {"t": "Hydrocephalus", "s": "A condition of cerebrospinal fluid buildup causing skull pressure."}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/lili-uokalani/": {"t": "Liliʻuokalani", "s": "Only queen regnant and last sovereign monarch of Hawaii."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-ukulele/": {"t": "The Ukulele", "s": "A small Portuguese-Hawaiian instrument that sparked global musical movements."}, "https://codexery.com/dance-forms/e/dance-forms/hula/": {"t": "Hula", "s": "Hula is a Hawaiian dance form expressing chant or song."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/kamehameha-i/": {"t": "Kamehameha I", "s": "Conqueror and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/kamehameha-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: History of Hawaii · see source"}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kamehameha-iii/": {"t": "Kamehameha III", "s": "Third king of Hawaii; oversaw shift to constitutional monarchy."}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kamehameha-iv/": {"t": "Kamehameha IV", "s": "Fourth monarch of Hawaii, diplomat, and founder of the Hawaii Reformed Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hawaiian-language/": {"t": "Hawaiian language", "s": "The historic native language of the Hawaiian people, critically endangered but undergoing revival."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/mark-twain/": {"t": "Mark Twain", "s": "American writer, humorist, and essayist, author of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."}, "https://codexery.com/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/e/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/state-banquet/": {"t": "State banquet", "s": "Official banquet hosted by a head of state for diplomatic celebration."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/ulysses-s-grant/": {"t": "Ulysses S. Grant", "s": "18th U.S. President and Commanding General of the Union Army"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/thomas-edison/": {"t": "Thomas Edison", "s": "The Wizard of Menlo Park who lit up the world", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/thomas-edison.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thomas Edison · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ceremonies/e/ceremonies/cornerstone/": {"t": "Cornerstone", "s": "First stone set, ceremonial rite, symbolic of Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/taboo/e/taboo/ai-noa/": {"t": "ʻAi Noa", "s": "A period of taboo-breaking that ended the kapu system."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/polygamy/": {"t": "Polygamy", "s": "Practice of marrying multiple spouses, most commonly polygyny."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/pacific-northwest/": {"t": "Pacific Northwest", "s": "Bi-national region shaped by indigenous cultures and the Canada–U.S. border."}, "https://codexery.com/pirate-ships/e/pirate-ships/schooner/": {"t": "Schooner", "s": "A fore-and-aft rigged vessel with two or more masts."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-iv/": {"t": "George IV", "s": "Extravagant king and regent whose reign was tarnished by scandal."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/e/empire-of-brazil/empire-of-brazil/": {"t": "Empire of Brazil", "s": "A 19th-century constitutional monarchy in South America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/img/empire-of-brazil/empire-of-brazil.webp", "c": "Mendes, Cândido · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey/": {"t": "Westminster Abbey", "s": "A royal peculiar and national Valhalla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Westminster Abbey · see source"}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kamehameha-ii/": {"t": "Kamehameha II", "s": "Second king of Hawaii who abolished traditional religious laws."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/james-cook/": {"t": "James Cook", "s": "British Royal Navy officer who mapped much of the Pacific and Southern Oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/james-cook.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Cook · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/incest/": {"t": "Incest", "s": "Sexual relations between close relatives, widely taboo across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/mistress-lover/": {"t": "Mistress (lover)", "s": "A long-term female lover of a married man, often kept."}, "https://codexery.com/highest-points-of-united-states/e/highest-points-of-united-states-national-parks/mauna-loa/": {"t": "Mauna Loa", "s": "Earth's largest active volcano by both mass and volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/highest-points-of-united-states/img/highest-points-of-united-states-national-parks/mauna-loa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mauna Loa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-horn/": {"t": "Cape Horn", "s": "Southern headland of Tierra del Fuego, historic clipper route milestone.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-horn.webp", "c": "Nelson Hinds · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/piracy-in-the-atlantic-ocean/e/piracy-in-the-atlantic-ocean/filibuster-military/": {"t": "Filibuster (military)", "s": "Unauthorized military adventurers seeking to expand U.S. influence."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/congregationalism/": {"t": "Congregationalism", "s": "A Reformed tradition of self-governing congregations rooted in Puritanism."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/millard-fillmore/": {"t": "Millard Fillmore", "s": "13th U.S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/img/american-and-caribbean-leaders/millard-fillmore.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Phillips (pirate) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/anglicanism/": {"t": "Anglicanism", "s": "A Western Christian tradition rooted in the Church of England."}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kal-kaua/": {"t": "Kalākaua", "s": "Last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/francis-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Last non-Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor and husband of Maria Theresa."}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-antoinette/": {"t": "Marie Antoinette", "s": "Queen of France, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, executed during the French Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/img/monarchs-and-nobility/marie-antoinette.webp", "c": "Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun · via Wikipedia: Marie Antoinette · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/enlightened-absolutism/": {"t": "Enlightened absolutism", "s": "Absolute monarchs ruling with Enlightenment ideals to enhance power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/enlightened-absolutism.webp", "c": "Grnrchst · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Enlightened absolutist whose reforms faced opposition and partial failure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor.webp", "c": "After Willem Jacob Herreyns / Antoine Cardon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/torture/": {"t": "Torture", "s": "Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/torture.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "s": "The grand duchy experienced periods of economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, followed by a long economic decline.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany.webp", "c": "Euryrel · via Wikipedia: Grand Duchy of Tuscany · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/archduke-charles-joseph-of-austria-born-1745/": {"t": "Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (born 1745)", "s": "Favorite son of Maria Theresa who rivaled his brother Joseph II."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/maria-luisa-of-spain/": {"t": "Maria Luisa of Spain", "s": "Wife of Leopold II, last Holy Roman Empress to hold the title."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-disorders/e/mental-disorders/history-of-mental-disorders/": {"t": "History of mental disorders", "s": "Explanations for mental disorders have evolved from supernatural to biological and psychological models."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-activists/e/mental-health-activists/vincenzo-chiarugi/": {"t": "Vincenzo Chiarugi", "s": "Italian physician who pioneered humanitarian psychiatric reforms in Florence."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xvi/": {"t": "Louis XVI", "s": "Last king of France before the fall of the monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Last Holy Roman Emperor, first Emperor of Austria."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/saxe-coburg-and-gotha/": {"t": "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "s": "Ernestine duchy in Thuringia, ruled by a branch of the House of Wettin."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/wallonia/": {"t": "Wallonia", "s": "A region of Belgium with a rich industrial history and a diversified modern economy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/george-vi/": {"t": "George VI", "s": "King of the United Kingdom and last Emperor of India.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/george-vi.webp", "c": "Anonymous Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "s": "Elected lower house of the UK Parliament, holding government to account.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "©UK Parliament/Jessica Taylor · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/heinrich-himmler/": {"t": "Heinrich Himmler", "s": "Architect of the Holocaust and Reichsführer-SS"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saxony/": {"t": "Saxony", "s": "A German state with a long history as duchy, electorate, and kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-ii-of-belgium/": {"t": "Leopold II of Belgium", "s": "Second king of the Belgians and founder of the Congo Free State."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/grover-cleveland/": {"t": "Grover Cleveland", "s": "22nd and 24th U.S. president; first to serve nonconsecutive terms."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/measles/": {"t": "Measles", "s": "Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral disease."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/father-damien/": {"t": "Father Damien", "s": "Belgian priest who served lepers in Molokaʻi until his death.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/father-damien.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Father Damien · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/games-and-recreation/e/games-and-recreation/lottery/": {"t": "Lottery", "s": "A form of gambling with random number draws for prizes."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/opium/": {"t": "Opium", "s": "Dried latex from opium poppy, used for millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/sanford-b-dole/": {"t": "Sanford B. Dole", "s": "First and only elected president of the Republic of Hawaii, later first Governor of the Territory of Hawaii.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/img/american-and-caribbean-leaders/sanford-b-dole.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sanford B. Dole · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-viii-of-france/": {"t": "Charles VIII of France", "s": "King of France who invaded Italy and married Anne of Brittany."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xi/": {"t": "Louis XI", "s": "The Prudent King who spun webs of diplomacy"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/house-valois/": {"t": "House Valois", "s": "The Capetian cadet line that held the French crown from 1328 to 1589 and fought the Hundred Years' War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/factions/house-valois.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: House of Valois · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/italian-wars/": {"t": "Italian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts driven by French–Habsburg rivalry in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-milan/": {"t": "Duchy of Milan", "s": "A major Renaissance state contested by Habsburgs and France."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/godparent/": {"t": "Godparent", "s": "Christian sponsor for a child's baptism and spiritual guidance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/godparent.webp", "c": "U. 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Saarinen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-vii-of-france/": {"t": "Charles VII of France", "s": "King of France who ended the Hundred Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/salic-law/": {"t": "Salic law", "s": "The Frankish civil law code compiled around 500 AD by Clovis, containing early Old Dutch and influencing European legal traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-v-of-france/": {"t": "Charles V of France", "s": "King of France who reconquered territory from the English."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-bourbon/": {"t": "House of Bourbon", "s": "European dynasty ruling France, Spain, and other kingdoms since the 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/customary-law/": {"t": "Customary 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dental arch."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Catholic emperor whose policies intensified the Thirty Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/le-havre/": {"t": "Le Havre", "s": "Normandy port city rebuilt after WWII, now a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/nicolas-poussin/": {"t": "Nicolas Poussin", "s": "Leading painter of the classical French Baroque style", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/nicolas-poussin.webp", "c": "Nicolas Poussin · via Wikipedia: Nicolas Poussin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/ferdinand-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who centralized Habsburg rule and resisted Ottoman advances."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-prussia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Prussia", "s": "German state that unified Germany and dominated the German Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-philippe-i/": {"t": "Louis Philippe I", "s": "Last French king; abdicated in 1848 Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/palace-of-versailles/": {"t": "Palace of Versailles", "s": "Former royal residence and UNESCO World Heritage site near Paris."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism/": {"t": "Baptism", "s": "Christian rite of initiation using water, with varied modes and meanings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism.webp", "c": "Confidence24 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/le-de-france/": {"t": "Île-de-France", "s": "Most populous French region, containing Paris and a third of national GDP."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/neuschwanstein-castle/": {"t": "Neuschwanstein Castle", "s": "A 19th-century historicist palace in the Bavarian Alps, built for King Ludwig II as a retreat and tribute to Richard Wagner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/neuschwanstein-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Neuschwanstein Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/nymphenburg-palace/": {"t": "Nymphenburg Palace", "s": "Baroque summer palace of the Wittelsbachs, with a 632-meter facade."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/german-revolutions-of-1848-1849/": {"t": "German revolutions of 1848–1849", "s": "A series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the German Confederation, beginning with the March Revolution of 1848."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-ix-of-france/": {"t": "Louis IX of France", "s": "Saint Louis, the monk king who led crusades and reformed justice."}, "https://codexery.com/german-empire/e/german-empire/proclamation-of-the-german-empire/": {"t": "Proclamation of the German Empire", "s": "Proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor at Versailles in 1871."}, "https://codexery.com/german-folklore/e/german-folklore/1862-fairytale-maskenfest/": {"t": "1862 Fairytale Maskenfest", "s": "A German masquerade ball celebrating fairytales and folklore in 1862."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/empress-elisabeth-of-austria/": {"t": "Empress Elisabeth of Austria", "s": "Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, assassinated in 1898.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/empress-elisabeth-of-austria.webp", "c": "Hubertl · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/homosexuality/": {"t": "Homosexuality", "s": "A natural variation in human sexuality, documented across history and species."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/maria-leopoldina-of-austria/": {"t": "Maria Leopoldina of Austria", "s": "First Empress of Brazil and key figure in Brazilian Independence."}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-vi-of-portugal/": {"t": "John VI of Portugal", "s": "King of Portugal and Brazil, regent, and last absolute monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-nobility/e/brazilian-nobility/auguste-duke-of-leuchtenberg/": {"t": "Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg", "s": "First prince consort of Maria II of Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/klemens-von-metternich/": {"t": "Klemens von Metternich", "s": "Austrian foreign minister and chancellor who shaped post-Napoleonic Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/terceira-island/": {"t": "Terceira Island", "s": "Terceira: volcanic island of the Azores, home to Angra do Heroísmo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/galicia-spain/": {"t": "Galicia (Spain)", "s": "Northwest Spanish region with Celtic roots and self-government."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/major-depressive-disorder/": {"t": "Major depressive disorder", "s": "A mood disorder causing pervasive low mood and loss of interest."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/french-guiana/": {"t": "French Guiana", "s": "French Guiana, officially named Guyane, is an overseas department and region of France situated on the northern coast of South America within the Guianas region", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/french-guiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Politics of French Guiana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/e/portuguese-inventions/carrack/": {"t": "Carrack", "s": "A three- or four-masted ocean-going ship developed in 14th–15th century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/img/portuguese-inventions/carrack.webp", "c": "Gordon Grant (1875–1962); plates signed “G.G.” · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/dementia/": {"t": "Dementia", "s": "A progressive syndrome of cognitive decline affecting daily life."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/colonial-pact/": {"t": "Colonial pact", "s": "System regulating colonial trade and politics for colonizer profit."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington/": {"t": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington", "s": "British field marshal and prime minister who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/hofburg/": {"t": "Hofburg", "s": "Former Habsburg imperial palace, now Austrian presidential seat."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-legends/e/medieval-legends/all-souls-day/": {"t": "All Souls' Day", "s": "A Christian day of prayer for the faithful departed on 2 November."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-legends/e/medieval-legends/all-saints-day/": {"t": "All Saints' Day", "s": "Christian holy day honoring all saints, known and unknown.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-legends/img/medieval-legends/all-saints-day.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: All Saints' Day · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/sch-nbrunn-palace/": {"t": "Schönbrunn Palace", "s": "Former summer residence of the Habsburg rulers in Vienna."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/harpsichord/": {"t": "Harpsichord", "s": "A plucked-keyboard instrument prominent in Renaissance and Baroque music."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war/": {"t": "Seven Years' War", "s": "Global war that reshaped European and colonial power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war.webp", "c": "Blaue Max · via Wikipedia: Seven Years' War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/misquotations/e/misquotations/let-them-eat-cake/": {"t": "Let them eat cake", "s": "A misattributed phrase symbolizing royal obliviousness to peasant suffering."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/archduke-charles-duke-of-teschen/": {"t": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "s": "Austrian field marshal and reformer who handed Napoleon his first major defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/johann-nepomuk-hummel/": {"t": "Johann Nepomuk Hummel", "s": "Austrian composer and pianist; a dominant transitional figure from the Classical era."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/congress-of-vienna/": {"t": "Congress of Vienna", "s": "Congress reshaped Europe after Napoleon's defeat."}, "/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-ii-of-england/": {"t": "James II of England", "s": "Last Catholic monarch deposed in the Glorious Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/prince-rupert-of-the-rhine/": {"t": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "s": "Royalist cavalry commander, admiral, scientist, and colonial governor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/prince-rupert-of-the-rhine.webp", "c": "Peter Lely · via Wikipedia: Prince Rupert of the Rhine · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rotterdam/": {"t": "Rotterdam", "s": "Europe's largest seaport, gateway to a continent of over 500 million consumers."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/miscarriage/": {"t": "Miscarriage", "s": "Miscarriage is the most common complication of early pregnancy."}, "https://codexery.com/man-in-the-iron-mask/e/man-in-the-iron-mask/james-scott-duke-of-monmouth/": {"t": "James Scott, Duke of Monmouth", "s": "Illegitimate son of Charles II, executed for rebellion."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-religion/": {"t": "Freedom of religion", "s": "A fundamental human right protecting belief and practice."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/bill-of-rights-1689/": {"t": "Bill of Rights 1689", "s": "Act of Parliament establishing basic civil rights and succession rules."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/royal-prerogative/": {"t": "Royal prerogative", "s": "Customary authority of the sovereign exercised on ministerial advice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/royal-prerogative.webp", "c": "Martin Falbisoner · CC BY-SA 3.0"}}