{"https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-zahir-shah/": {"t": "Mohammad Zahir Shah", "s": "Last king of Afghanistan, reigned nearly 40 years."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/afghan-civil-war-1989-1992/": {"t": "Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)", "s": "Post-Soviet withdrawal civil war among mujahideen and government forces."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/afghan-civil-war-1992-1996/": {"t": "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)", "s": "A civil war between the Taliban and the United Front, ending with the U.S. invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/afghan-civil-war-1996-2001/": {"t": "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)", "s": "Conflict between Taliban and Northern Alliance before U.S. invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-and-activists/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-activists/osama-bin-laden/": {"t": "Osama bin Laden", "s": "Founder and first general emir of al-Qaeda"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hafizullah-amin/": {"t": "Hafizullah Amin", "s": "Afghan revolutionary and communist head of state, assassinated in 1979.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hafizullah-amin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hafizullah Amin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/counterinsurgency/": {"t": "Counterinsurgency", "s": "State action against irregular forces, blending military and political means."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/pashtuns/": {"t": "Pashtuns", "s": "Pashtuns are a tribal ethnic group primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with significant diaspora communities in India and elsewhere."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/french-algeria/": {"t": "French Algeria", "s": "French colony and later integral part of France until 1962."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/metropolitan-france/": {"t": "Metropolitan France", "s": "European portion of France, including mainland and Corsica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/metropolitan-france.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Metropolitan France · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-legends/e/medieval-legends/all-saints-day/": {"t": "All Saints' Day", "s": "Christian holy day honoring all saints, known and unknown.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-legends/img/medieval-legends/all-saints-day.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: All Saints' Day · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/algiers/": {"t": "Algiers", "s": "Capital of Algeria, historic Mediterranean port and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/charles-de-gaulle/": {"t": "Charles de Gaulle", "s": "French general and statesman who led Free France and founded the Fifth Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/emir-abdelkader/": {"t": "Emir Abdelkader", "s": "Arab Algerian religious and military leader who led a 17-year struggle against French colonial invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/apostasy/": {"t": "Apostasy", "s": "Formal renunciation of a religion or belief."}, "/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-ii/": {"t": "World War II", "s": "World War II, also called the Second World War, lasted from September 1, 1939, to September 2, 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/vichy-france/": {"t": "Vichy France", "s": "French rump state headed by Philippe Pétain during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/tirailleur/": {"t": "Tirailleur", "s": "Colonial light infantry of the French Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/war/": {"t": "War", "s": "Armed conflict between states or organized groups, often for political aims."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-indochina-war/": {"t": "First Indochina War", "s": "A conflict from 1946 to 1954 between France and the Viet Minh, ending with French withdrawal and the division of Vietnam."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/resistance-members-against-imperial/e/resistance-members-against-imperial-japan/ho-chi-minh/": {"t": "Ho Chi Minh", "s": "Vietnamese communist revolutionary who led independence from Japanese occupation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/v-nguy-n-gi-p/": {"t": "Võ Nguyên Giáp", "s": "Vietnamese general and communist revolutionary"}, "https://codexery.com/vietnamese-independence-movement/e/vietnamese-independence-movement/battle-of-dien-bien-phu/": {"t": "Battle of Dien Bien Phu", "s": "Decisive Viet Minh victory that ended French rule in Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/angola/": {"t": "Angola", "s": "A southern African nation shaped by Portuguese colonization and civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/angolan-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Angolan War of Independence", "s": "The Angolan War of Independence (1961–1974), known in Angola as the Armed Struggle of National Liberation, was a conflict fought by the nationalist movements MP"}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/luanda/": {"t": "Luanda", "s": "Capital and largest city of Angola, a major Atlantic port."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-congo-war/": {"t": "Second Congo War", "s": "A major conflict drawing nine African nations and 25 armed groups."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-border-war/": {"t": "South African Border War", "s": "Asymmetric conflict between SADF and PLAN, ending with Namibian independence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-border-war.webp", "c": "Aeroprints.com · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/land-mine/": {"t": "Land mine", "s": "Concealed explosive weapon that endangers civilians long after conflict ends."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/kongo-people/": {"t": "Kongo people", "s": "Bantu ethnic group primarily defined as speakers of Kikongo, with a rich history of kingdoms, early Portuguese contact, and resistance to slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/josip-broz-tito/": {"t": "Josip Broz Tito", "s": "Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, leader of the Partisans and longtime president."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mobutu-sese-seko/": {"t": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "s": "First and only president of Zaire, known for totalitarian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/colonial-brazil/": {"t": "Colonial Brazil", "s": "Portuguese colony in South America, 1500–1815, united by language and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world/": {"t": "Arab world", "s": "A region of diverse peoples united by Arabic language and culture, spanning West Asia and North Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world.webp", "c": "Qbox673 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict/": {"t": "Israeli–Palestinian conflict", "s": "Ongoing conflict over land and self-determination in former Mandatory Palestine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict.webp", "c": "Nizzan Cohen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/occupied-enemy-territory-administration/": {"t": "Occupied Enemy Territory Administration", "s": "Post-WWI joint military rule over former Ottoman Levantine provinces."}, "/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-mandatory-palestine/e/history-of-mandatory-palestine/intercommunal-conflict-in-mandatory-palestine/": {"t": "Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine", "s": "Sectarian clashes evolved into revolts and open war."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/1948-arab-israeli-war/": {"t": "1948 Arab–Israeli War", "s": "The 1948 Arab–Israeli War: the conflict that reshaped Palestine and established the State of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/palestine-liberation-organization/": {"t": "Palestine Liberation Organization", "s": "Palestinian nationalist coalition and internationally recognized representative of the Palestinian people."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/second-intifada/": {"t": "Second Intifada", "s": "The Second Intifada, also called the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major Palestinian uprising against Israel and its occupation that began in 2000.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/img/cold-war-conflicts/second-intifada.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Timeline of the Cold War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/bah-faith/": {"t": "Baháʼí Faith", "s": "Concept in the Baháʼí Faith referring to prophets as perfect mirrors of God's attributes."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/tel-aviv/": {"t": "Tel Aviv", "s": "The economic and technological center of Israel, a global high-tech hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/t-e-lawrence/": {"t": "T. E. Lawrence", "s": "British officer, archaeologist, and writer known as Lawrence of Arabia."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/david-lloyd-george/": {"t": "David Lloyd George", "s": "Liberal PM who led Britain through WWI and social reform."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-mandatory-palestine/e/history-of-mandatory-palestine/aliyah/": {"t": "Aliyah", "s": "Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel, central to Zionism."}, "https://codexery.com/resistance-to-the-british-empire/e/resistance-to-the-british-empire/izz-ad-din-al-qassam/": {"t": "Izz ad-Din al-Qassam", "s": "Syrian preacher who led armed resistance against British and French rule."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-mandatory-palestine/e/history-of-mandatory-palestine/black-hand-mandatory-palestine/": {"t": "Black Hand (Mandatory Palestine)", "s": "Anti-Zionist and anti-British Jihadist militant group in Mandatory Palestine."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/1936-1939-arab-revolt-in-palestine/": {"t": "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine", "s": "A Palestinian Arab uprising against British rule and Zionist immigration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/1936-1939-arab-revolt-in-palestine.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/jordan-river/": {"t": "Jordan River", "s": "A 251 km endorheic river flowing through the Levant, sacred to three major religions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/jordan-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jordan River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula/": {"t": "Sinai Peninsula", "s": "Peninsula in Egypt and a land bridge between Africa and Asia", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula.webp", "c": "CIA · via Wikipedia: Sinai Peninsula · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/self-determination/": {"t": "Self-determination", "s": "A people's right to form its own political entity."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/air-supremacy/": {"t": "Air supremacy", "s": "Highest level of aerial control, preventing effective enemy interference."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partition-of-india/": {"t": "Partition of India", "s": "The partition of India in 1947 divided British India into two independent dominions: the Union of India (today the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakist"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/urdu/": {"t": "Urdu", "s": "Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and national lingua franca of Pakistan."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/punjabis/": {"t": "Punjabis", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group from the Punjab region."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/ulama/": {"t": "Ulama", "s": "Guardians and interpreters of Islamic doctrine and law."}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/chittagong/": {"t": "Chittagong", "s": "Second-largest city and busiest port of Bangladesh."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/tropical-cyclone/": {"t": "Tropical cyclone", "s": "A rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure area, strong winds, and spiral thunderstorms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/tropical-cyclone.webp", "c": "Vyacheslav Argenberg · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/indira-gandhi/": {"t": "Indira Gandhi", "s": "India's first and only female prime minister"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/retreat-of-the-government-of-the-republic-of-china-to-taiwan/": {"t": "Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan", "s": "Retreat of ROC government to Taiwan after civil war defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan/": {"t": "Surrender of Japan", "s": "Japan's surrender ended World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan.webp", "c": "Harry Beanham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/taiwan-strait/": {"t": "Taiwan Strait", "s": "Strait separating Taiwan from mainland Asia, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution/": {"t": "1911 Revolution", "s": "The uprising that ended millennia of imperial rule in China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1911 Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-icons/sun-yat-sen/": {"t": "Sun Yat-sen", "s": "Founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai/": {"t": "Yuan Shikai", "s": "Chinese general and statesman who briefly declared himself emperor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yuan Shikai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/shanghai-massacre/": {"t": "Shanghai massacre", "s": "Violent suppression of communists in Shanghai by KMT forces."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-sevastopol-1854-1855/": {"t": "Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)", "s": "The 1854–1855 siege of the tsar's Black Sea Fleet home port, culminating in the fall of Sevastopol."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/white-sea/": {"t": "White Sea", "s": "Southern inlet of the Barents Sea, key to Russian maritime trade."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldavia/": {"t": "Moldavia", "s": "Historical principality that united with Wallachia to form Romania."}, "https://codexery.com/gunpowder/e/gunpowder/shell-projectile/": {"t": "Shell (projectile)", "s": "A projectile with explosive, incendiary, or chemical filling fired from artillery."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telegraph/": {"t": "Telegraph", "s": "Long-distance text transmission using symbolic codes, not physical exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/a-j-p-taylor/": {"t": "A. J. P. Taylor", "s": "English historian and broadcaster, known for his television lectures and expertise in European diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Greek War of Independence", "s": "From 1821 to 1829, Greek revolutionaries fought a successful war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, known as the Greek War of Independence, the Greek ", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence.webp", "c": "George E. Koronaios · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mahmud-ii/": {"t": "Mahmud II", "s": "Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 to 1839, known for extensive reforms and the abolition of the Janissary Corps.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mahmud-ii.webp", "c": "Henry Guillaume Schlesinger · via Wikipedia: Mahmud II · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/auspicious-incident/": {"t": "Auspicious Incident", "s": "Forced disbandment of the janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/military/": {"t": "Military", "s": "A heavily armed, highly organized force for warfare.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/military.webp", "c": "Solomon203 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/che-guevara/": {"t": "Che Guevara", "s": "Memorial in Santa Clara, Cuba, housing the remains of Che Guevara and 29 fellow combatants.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/che-guevara.webp", "c": "Alberto Korda, restored by Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Che Guevara · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/battle/": {"t": "Battle", "s": "A military engagement between opposing forces with defined objectives."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/scandal/": {"t": "Scandal", "s": "Social outrage from perceived norm violations, often amplified by media."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/bribery/": {"t": "Bribery", "s": "Bribery is the corrupt exchange of favors for official action."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/nepotism/": {"t": "Nepotism", "s": "Favoring family in positions of power, from papal courts to Hollywood."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/organized-crime/": {"t": "Organized crime", "s": "Centralized enterprises profiting from illegal activities and racketeering."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/eritrea/": {"t": "Eritrea", "s": "Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, sits in the Horn of Africa on the eastern side of the continent."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/haile-selassie/": {"t": "Haile Selassie", "s": "Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, modernizer and key figure in African unity."}, "https://codexery.com/haile-selassie/e/haile-selassie/1974-ethiopian-coup-d-tat/": {"t": "1974 Ethiopian coup d'état", "s": "Military junta deposed Emperor Haile Selassie on 12 September 1974."}, "https://codexery.com/african-wars-of-independence/e/african-wars-of-independence/eritrean-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Eritrean War of Independence", "s": "The Eritrean War of Independence was a guerrilla insurgency fought to secure self-determination and break away from Ethiopian control."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/addis-ababa/": {"t": "Addis Ababa", "s": "The political capital of Africa and highest capital on the continent."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/land-reform/": {"t": "Land reform", "s": "Reforms altering land ownership, use, and tenure systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/land-reform.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/haile-selassie/e/haile-selassie/ethiopian-revolution/": {"t": "Ethiopian Revolution", "s": "A 1974 upheaval that ended Haile Selassie's rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/haile-selassie/img/haile-selassie/ethiopian-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ethiopian Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/haile-selassie/e/haile-selassie/princess-ijigayehu-amha-selassie/": {"t": "Princess Ijigayehu Amha Selassie", "s": "Eldest granddaughter of Emperor Haile Selassie, died in Derg imprisonment."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/torture/": {"t": "Torture", "s": "Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/torture.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/developing-country/": {"t": "Developing country", "s": "A country with a less-developed industrial base and lower HDI, though definitions vary widely."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/iranian-revolution/": {"t": "Iranian Revolution", "s": "Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty and establishment of an Islamic republic."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/theocracy/": {"t": "Theocracy", "s": "Government by divine guidance or religious officials."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi/": {"t": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", "s": "Last Shah of Iran, overthrown in the Islamic Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi.webp", "c": "Ghazarians · via Wikipedia: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/khuzestan-province/": {"t": "Khuzestan province", "s": "Southwest Iranian province, ancient Elam, key strategic region."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ahvaz/": {"t": "Ahvaz", "s": "City in southwestern Iran, capital of Khuzestan province."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/korea-under-japanese-rule/e/korea-under-japanese-rule/korea-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Korea under Japanese rule", "s": "Japanese colonial rule over Korea from 1910 to 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-il-sung/": {"t": "Kim Il-sung", "s": "Founder and eternal leader of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-il-sung.webp", "c": "David Clayton Ellsworth · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/pyongyang/": {"t": "Pyongyang", "s": "Capital and largest city of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/pyongyang.webp", "c": "(stephan) · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/armoured-warfare/": {"t": "Armoured warfare", "s": "Armoured warfare restored manoeuvre to battle after trench warfare stalemate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/armoured-warfare.webp", "c": "Министерство обороны РФ · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/jet-aircraft/": {"t": "Jet aircraft", "s": "Aircraft propelled by jet engines, enabling high-speed flight."}, "/e/modern-conflicts/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/korea-under-japanese-rule/e/korea-under-japanese-rule/japan-korea-treaty-of-1910/": {"t": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910", "s": "1910 treaty that began Japanese rule in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/korea-under-japanese-rule/e/korea-under-japanese-rule/provisional-government-of-the-republic-of-korea/": {"t": "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea", "s": "Korean government-in-exile during Japanese colonial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchism/": {"t": "Monarchism", "s": "Advocacy of monarchy as a system of government."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/fascist-italy/": {"t": "Fascist Italy", "s": "Italian totalitarian regime under Mussolini, 1922–1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/img/italian-fascism/fascist-italy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fascist Italy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-government-title/": {"t": "President (government title)", "s": "Title for head of state in most republics."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/strike-action/": {"t": "Strike action", "s": "A form of direct action in which employees collectively refuse to work, usually in response to grievances."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-nationalism/e/religious-nationalism/v-lkisch-movement/": {"t": "Völkisch movement", "s": "Pan-German ethno-nationalist movement emphasizing blood and soil."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/miguel-de-unamuno/": {"t": "Miguel de Unamuno", "s": "Spanish essayist, novelist, and philosopher of modernist literature."}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/emilio-mola/": {"t": "Emilio Mola", "s": "Emilio Mola y Vidal was a Spanish military officer who played a central role in the July 1936 revolt that initiated the Spanish Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/canary-islands/": {"t": "Canary Islands", "s": "The Fortunate Isles: a subtropical archipelago linking Africa, Europe, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/e/first-indochina-war/north-vietnam/": {"t": "North Vietnam", "s": "Communist state that fought France and later South Vietnam.", "i": "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/img/first-indochina-war/north-vietnam.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: North Vietnam · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-thailand/": {"t": "Gulf of Thailand", "s": "Shallow inlet between Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/french-union/": {"t": "French Union", "s": "Postwar French entity replacing the colonial empire."}, "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/e/first-indochina-war/1954-geneva-conference/": {"t": "1954 Geneva Conference", "s": "Conference that partitioned Vietnam and ended the First Indochina War."}, "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/e/first-indochina-war/vietnamese-demilitarized-zone/": {"t": "Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone", "s": "Buffer zone dividing North and South Vietnam from 21 July 1954 to 2 July 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/img/first-indochina-war/vietnamese-demilitarized-zone.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/vietnamese-independence-movement/e/vietnamese-independence-movement/viet-minh/": {"t": "Viet Minh", "s": "Communist-led coalition that proclaimed Vietnamese independence in 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/vietnamese-independence-movement/e/vietnamese-independence-movement/viet-cong/": {"t": "Viet Cong", "s": "Communist-led insurgency and front in the Vietnam War."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/tet-offensive/": {"t": "Tet Offensive", "s": "Surprise 1968 offensive that shifted U.S. public opinion on Vietnam.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/img/cold-war-conflicts/tet-offensive.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vietnam War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/teratogens/e/teratogens/agent-orange/": {"t": "Agent Orange", "s": "Herbicide used in Vietnam War linked to birth defects and cancers."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/sino-vietnamese-war/": {"t": "Sino-Vietnamese War", "s": "The Sino-Vietnamese War, also referred to as the Third Indochina War, erupted in early 1979 when China launched a surprise offensive into northern Vietnam."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/spanish-flu/": {"t": "Spanish flu", "s": "A deadly global pandemic misnamed after Spain due to wartime censorship."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/machine-gun/": {"t": "Machine gun", "s": "A fully automatic firearm for sustained direct fire support.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/machine-gun.webp", "c": "Nafis Fuad Ayon · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/arms-race/": {"t": "Arms race", "s": "A competition between states for superior armed forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/arms-race.webp", "c": "Amitchell125 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/great-power/": {"t": "Great power", "s": "Sovereign state with global influence and recognized power status."}, "https://codexery.com/infamous-criminals-and-outlaws/e/infamous-criminals-and-outlaws/gavrilo-princip/": {"t": "Gavrilo Princip", "s": "Bosnian Serb student whose assassination sparked World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/treaty-of-brest-litovsk/": {"t": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "s": "Separate peace ending Russia's role in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/armistice-of-villa-giusti/": {"t": "Armistice of Villa Giusti", "s": "Armistice ending World War I hostilities with Austria-Hungary."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/": {"t": "German revolution of 1918–1919", "s": "Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/anti-aircraft-warfare/": {"t": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "s": "Measures to nullify or reduce hostile air action.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/anti-aircraft-warfare.webp", "c": "AceDouble · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/genocide/": {"t": "Genocide", "s": "The intentional destruction of a human group, in whole or in part.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/genocide.webp", "c": "Aleksey Chalabyan (a.k.a. Xelgen) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/nuremberg-trials/": {"t": "Nuremberg trials", "s": "International trials of Nazi leaders for aggression and atrocities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/nuremberg-trials.webp", "c": "Office of the Military Government, United States · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-military-tribunal-for-the-far-east/": {"t": "International Military Tribunal for the Far East", "s": "Post-WWII tribunal for Japanese war crimes leaders."}, "/e/modern-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "Civil war between Republicans and Nationalists in Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/balkans-campaign-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Balkans campaign (World War II)", "s": "Axis conquest of the Balkans in 1940–1941."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Eastern Front (World War II)", "s": "The decisive theatre of World War II where the Axis powers were defeated on the Eastern Front.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "FOTO:Fortepan — ID 27693 : Adományozó/Donor: Konok Tamás id. archive copy at the · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/nation-state/": {"t": "Nation state", "s": "A political entity where state and nation are congruent."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/revanchism/": {"t": "Revanchism", "s": "A policy of revenge for territorial losses, often fueling nationalist movements and conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/piracy/e/piracy/false-flag/": {"t": "False flag", "s": "Deceptive acts to disguise responsibility and blame others."}}