{"https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/polarization-waves/": {"t": "Polarization (waves)", "s": "Property of transverse waves specifying oscillation orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/christiaan-huygens/": {"t": "Christiaan Huygens", "s": "Dutch polymath who advanced optics, mechanics, and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustin-jean-fresnel/": {"t": "Augustin-Jean Fresnel", "s": "French civil engineer and physicist who pioneered the wave theory of light and invented the Fresnel lens."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/aragonite/": {"t": "Aragonite", "s": "A metastable calcium carbonate mineral forming in diverse environments."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sonoran-desert/": {"t": "Sonoran Desert", "s": "North America's most tropical desert, the only wild home of the saguaro cactus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/img/deserts-and-drylands/sonoran-desert.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sonoran Desert · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/chihuahua-state/": {"t": "Chihuahua (state)", "s": "Largest Mexican state, known for Copper Canyon and Paquimé."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/habitat-destruction/": {"t": "Habitat destruction", "s": "Leading cause of biodiversity loss and species extinction worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/the-viking-age/the-longship/": {"t": "The longship", "s": "Clinker-built Norse warships used for raiding, exploration, and commerce.", "i": "https://codexery.com/vikingage/img/the-viking-age/the-longship.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. Ningyou assumed (based on copyright claims). · via Wikipedia: Longship · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/elizabethan-era/": {"t": "Elizabethan era", "s": "The golden age of English history under Queen Elizabeth I."}, "https://codexery.com/scottish-inventions/e/scottish-inventions/nicol-prism/": {"t": "Nicol prism", "s": "First polarizing prism, invented by William Nicol in 1828."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/cement/": {"t": "Cement", "s": "Binder that sets, hardens, and binds other materials together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/img/construction-and-materials/cement.webp", "c": "Nnnjens · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/concrete/": {"t": "Concrete", "s": "Second-most-used substance after water; most-manufactured material worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/american-steampunk-novels/e/american-steampunk-novels/against-the-day/": {"t": "Against the Day", "s": "An epic historical novel spanning the turn of the 20th century."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/monazite/": {"t": "Monazite", "s": "A phosphate mineral group and ore for rare-earth elements."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/ore/": {"t": "Ore", "s": "Natural rock containing economically viable minerals or metals."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-structure/": {"t": "Crystal structure", "s": "Ordered arrangement of particles in crystalline materials.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-structure.webp", "c": "Biochemlife · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/ferromagnetism/": {"t": "Ferromagnetism", "s": "Strongest type of magnetism, enabling permanent magnets and many technologies."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/magnetite/": {"t": "Magnetite", "s": "Most magnetic naturally occurring mineral, key to paleomagnetism and compasses."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/cornwall/": {"t": "Cornwall", "s": "A Celtic nation and ceremonial county in South West England."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/igneous-rock/": {"t": "Igneous rock", "s": "One of the three main rock types, formed from cooling magma or lava."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/metamorphic-rock/": {"t": "Metamorphic rock", "s": "Rock transformed by heat and pressure without melting."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/plagioclase/": {"t": "Plagioclase", "s": "A continuous solid solution series of feldspar minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/apatite/": {"t": "Apatite", "s": "A phosphate mineral group essential to biology and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mica/": {"t": "Mica", "s": "Micas are silicate minerals with perfect basal cleavage."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/amphibole/": {"t": "Amphibole", "s": "A group of double-chain silicate minerals forming prismatic crystals."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/diopside/": {"t": "Diopside", "s": "A pyroxene mineral found in mantle rocks and used as a diamond indicator."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/manganese/": {"t": "Manganese", "s": "Hard, brittle metal essential in alloys and human nutrition."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/limonite/": {"t": "Limonite", "s": "Limonite is an iron ore made up of a mix of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides, with a composition that can vary widely."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/potassium/": {"t": "Potassium", "s": "Soft alkali metal essential to life and widely used in fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/sulfate-mineral/": {"t": "Sulfate mineral", "s": "Minerals containing the sulfate ion, common in evaporites and hydrothermal settings."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/redox/": {"t": "Redox", "s": "Chemical reactions where oxidation states change via electron or atom transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydronium/": {"t": "Hydronium", "s": "The aqueous proton and its role in acidity"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/spirit-rover/": {"t": "Spirit (rover)", "s": "Mars rover that operated over twenty times longer than planned."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/opportunity-rover/": {"t": "Opportunity (rover)", "s": "A robotic rover that explored Mars from 2004 to 2018, far exceeding its planned lifespan."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/curiosity-rover/": {"t": "Curiosity (rover)", "s": "Mars rover exploring Gale crater and Mount Sharp since 2012."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/plate-tectonics/": {"t": "Plate tectonics", "s": "Scientific theory of Earth's moving lithospheric plates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/plate-tectonics.webp", "c": "Surachit · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/rubidium/": {"t": "Rubidium", "s": "The deep red alkali metal discovered by flame spectroscopy."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/thallium/": {"t": "Thallium", "s": "A toxic metal discovered via its green spectral line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/thallium.webp", "c": "Speedpera · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/vanadium/": {"t": "Vanadium", "s": "The colorful transition metal named after a Norse goddess."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saxony-anhalt/": {"t": "Saxony-Anhalt", "s": "A German state formed in 1945, re-established after reunification."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/anhydrite/": {"t": "Anhydrite", "s": "Anhydrous calcium sulfate mineral found in evaporite deposits."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula/": {"t": "Kamchatka Peninsula", "s": "Volcanic peninsula in the Russian Far East, part of the Ring of Fire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kamchatka Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mars-2020/e/mars-2020/gusev-martian-crater/": {"t": "Gusev (Martian crater)", "s": "Ancient crater explored by Spirit rover."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/mojave-desert/": {"t": "Mojave Desert", "s": "Smallest and driest of the four North American deserts."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/pegmatite/": {"t": "Pegmatite", "s": "Coarse-grained igneous rock hosting Earth's largest crystals."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sedimentary-rock/": {"t": "Sedimentary rock", "s": "Sedimentary rocks record Earth's history and provide vital resources."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-polymorphism/": {"t": "Crystal polymorphism", "s": "A compound can crystallize into more than one crystal structure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-polymorphism.webp", "c": "Perditax · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/andalusite/": {"t": "Andalusite", "s": "Aluminosilicate index mineral used as a refractory and gemstone."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-crust/": {"t": "Earth's crust", "s": "Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, comprising less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/earth-s-crust.webp", "c": "User:Zakapedia · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/staurolite/": {"t": "Staurolite", "s": "A cross-shaped mineral used to gauge metamorphic conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/hornblende/": {"t": "Hornblende", "s": "A dark amphibole series common in igneous and metamorphic rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/corundum/": {"t": "Corundum", "s": "A hard, crystalline mineral forming rubies and sapphires."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/pyrophyllite/": {"t": "Pyrophyllite", "s": "A soft phyllosilicate used in carving and industrial applications."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/kaolinite/": {"t": "Kaolinite", "s": "A widely used clay mineral in porcelain and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/appalachian-mountains/": {"t": "Appalachian Mountains", "s": "Ancient mountain range spanning eastern North America."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/porcelain/": {"t": "Porcelain", "s": "A high-fired ceramic prized for strength, whiteness, and translucence."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/chemical-decomposition/": {"t": "Chemical decomposition", "s": "Chemical decomposition breaks one reactant into multiple products.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/chemical-decomposition.webp", "c": "Alice13281 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/fused-quartz/": {"t": "Fused quartz", "s": "A high-purity glass used in optics, semiconductors, and high-temperature applications."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/olivine/": {"t": "Olivine", "s": "A common mantle mineral that drives plate tectonics and weathers rapidly."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/sodium/": {"t": "Sodium", "s": "Soft, reactive alkali metal essential for life."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/iridescence/": {"t": "Iridescence", "s": "Color that shifts with angle, caused by light interference.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/iridescence.webp", "c": "Furnaminaly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/anorthite/": {"t": "Anorthite", "s": "Calcium endmember of plagioclase feldspar, rare on Earth but abundant on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-twinning/": {"t": "Crystal twinning", "s": "Symmetrical intergrowth of crystals sharing lattice points."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/silicate-mineral/": {"t": "Silicate mineral", "s": "Silicate minerals form 90% of Earth's crust."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/lapis-lazuli/": {"t": "Lapis lazuli", "s": "A deep-blue metamorphic rock prized since antiquity for its intense color and use in ultramarine pigment."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrochloric-acid/": {"t": "Hydrochloric acid", "s": "A strong acid essential in digestion, industry, and laboratory chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/calcite/": {"t": "Calcite", "s": "A common carbonate mineral and stable polymorph of calcium carbonate."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/forsterite/": {"t": "Forsterite", "s": "Magnesium-rich end-member of the olivine solid solution series."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/muscovite/": {"t": "Muscovite", "s": "Common mica with perfect cleavage, used historically as window glass."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal/": {"t": "Lake Baikal", "s": "World's deepest and oldest freshwater lake by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Baikal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/spodumene/": {"t": "Spodumene", "s": "A pyroxene mineral and major source of lithium."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/e/battery-inventors/robert-bunsen/": {"t": "Robert Bunsen", "s": "German chemist who discovered caesium and rubidium, co-invented the Bunsen burner, and pioneered spectrum analysis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/img/battery-inventors/robert-bunsen.webp", "c": "Unknown (Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial Collection, Department of Special Co · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gustav-kirchhoff/": {"t": "Gustav Kirchhoff", "s": "German physicist and mathematician known for Kirchhoff's circuit laws, spectroscopy, and black-body radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/tourmaline/": {"t": "Tourmaline", "s": "A crystalline silicate mineral group with a wide variety of colors, known historically as the 'Ceylonese Magnet'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/tourmaline.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/cassiterite/": {"t": "Cassiterite", "s": "Tin oxide mineral, chief tin ore since ancient times."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/minas-gerais/": {"t": "Minas Gerais", "s": "Land of gold, coffee, and colonial heritage", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/minas-gerais.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Minas Gerais · see source"}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/jarosite/": {"t": "Jarosite", "s": "A sulfate mineral linking Earth's geology to Mars exploration."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/ochre/": {"t": "Ochre", "s": "Natural clay pigment used for art, ritual, and medicine since prehistory."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/density/": {"t": "Density", "s": "Mass per unit volume, an intensive property of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/x-ray-diffraction/": {"t": "X-ray diffraction", "s": "Elastic scattering of X-rays by electrons produces diffraction patterns."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/siderite/": {"t": "Siderite", "s": "Carbonate iron ore with historical steel-making significance."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/galena/": {"t": "Galena", "s": "Primary ore of lead and silver, widely distributed sulfide mineral."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/blast-furnace/": {"t": "Blast furnace", "s": "Furnace for smelting iron ore into pig iron."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/greenschist/": {"t": "Greenschist", "s": "A green, foliated metamorphic rock from low-grade regional metamorphism."}, "https://codexery.com/mars-2020/e/mars-2020/jezero-crater/": {"t": "Jezero (crater)", "s": "Ancient lakebed crater on Mars, landing site of Perseverance rover."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/carbonates-on-mars/": {"t": "Carbonates on Mars", "s": "Carbonates on Mars record past water and atmospheric conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/fayalite/": {"t": "Fayalite", "s": "Iron-rich olivine end-member stable with quartz at low pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/dolomite-mineral/": {"t": "Dolomite (mineral)", "s": "A carbonate mineral with a complex formation history and wide industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/endorheic-basin/": {"t": "Endorheic basin", "s": "Closed drainage basins with no outflow to oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/turquoise/": {"t": "Turquoise", "s": "An opaque blue-to-green gemstone prized for millennia, with classic Persian turquoise from Iran setting the standard for quality.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/turquoise.webp", "c": "Tess Mattew · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sculptors-architects/e/sculptors-and-architects/isamu-noguchi/": {"t": "Isamu Noguchi", "s": "American artist known for sculpture, furniture, and public works."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/cubic-crystal-system/": {"t": "Cubic crystal system", "s": "A crystal system with a cubic unit cell, common in minerals and metals."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/ilmenite/": {"t": "Ilmenite", "s": "Primary ore of titanium and source of white pigment."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/quartz/": {"t": "Quartz", "s": "A hard, abundant mineral used in jewelry and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Earth's magnetic field", "s": "Earth's magnetic field, generated by a geodynamo in the outer core, protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/phase-transition/": {"t": "Phase transition", "s": "Physical process of transition between states of a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/north-island/": {"t": "North Island", "s": "The most populous of New Zealand's two main islands."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-york-state/": {"t": "New York (state)", "s": "The Empire State: A global node of creativity, entrepreneurship, and natural wonder."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/compass/": {"t": "Compass", "s": "Instrument indicating direction relative to geographic cardinal points."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/orthoclase/": {"t": "Orthoclase", "s": "A key feldspar mineral forming igneous rocks and gemstones."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/feldspar/": {"t": "Feldspar", "s": "A group of rock-forming minerals comprising most of Earth's crust."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/colorado/": {"t": "Colorado", "s": "A landlocked state with mountains, plains, and a history of gold rushes."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/phosphate-mineral/": {"t": "Phosphate mineral", "s": "Minerals containing phosphate anion, key to fertilizers and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/scheelite/": {"t": "Scheelite", "s": "Calcium tungstate mineral, ore of tungsten, named after Carl Wilhelm Scheele."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/baryte/": {"t": "Baryte", "s": "Baryte is the main source of barium and a key drilling mud additive."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/north-carolina/": {"t": "North Carolina", "s": "Southern state known for first flight and early independence call."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/radium/": {"t": "Radium", "s": "Radioactive alkaline earth metal discovered by the Curies."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/douglas-mawson/": {"t": "Douglas Mawson", "s": "Australian geologist and Antarctic explorer of the Heroic Age."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/bastn-site/": {"t": "Bastnäsite", "s": "A key rare-earth fluorocarbonate mineral and major cerium source."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lanthanum/": {"t": "Lanthanum", "s": "Lanthanum, atomic number 57 and symbol La, is a silvery-white metal that is soft and ductile."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/neodymium/": {"t": "Neodymium", "s": "A rare-earth metal used in powerful magnets and lasers."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/elasticity-physics/": {"t": "Elasticity (physics)", "s": "Elasticity describes a material's ability to recover its original shape."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/topaz/": {"t": "Topaz", "s": "A durable gemstone with a rich history and a range of colors, often treated to enhance its appearance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/topaz.webp", "c": "Eric Polk · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/kyanite/": {"t": "Kyanite", "s": "A blue aluminosilicate mineral indicating high-pressure metamorphism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/chlorite-group/": {"t": "Chlorite group", "s": "Green phyllosilicate minerals common in low-grade metamorphic rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/biotite/": {"t": "Biotite", "s": "A common dark mica group, formerly a mineral species."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/upper-peninsula-of-michigan/": {"t": "Upper Peninsula of Michigan", "s": "Northern Michigan landmass with strong regional identity and mining history."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-superior/": {"t": "Lake Superior", "s": "Largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-superior.webp", "c": "Phizzy ( talk ) · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/hematite/": {"t": "Hematite", "s": "Iron oxide mineral used as ore, pigment, and in jewelry."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gypsum/": {"t": "Gypsum", "s": "A soft sulfate mineral used in plaster and drywall, with notable crystal varieties and widespread industrial applications.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/gypsum.webp", "c": "PePeEfe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tin/": {"t": "Tin", "s": "A soft, silvery-white post-transition metal with the largest number of stable isotopes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tin.webp", "c": "Farmers' Trading Company · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/bitumen/": {"t": "Bitumen", "s": "Viscous petroleum constituent used mainly in road construction."}, "https://codexery.com/human-evolution/e/human-evolution/neanderthal/": {"t": "Neanderthal", "s": "Extinct archaic humans who inhabited Europe and Western and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-paleolithic/": {"t": "Middle Paleolithic", "s": "Second subdivision of the Paleolithic, defined by the coexistence of archaic and anatomically modern humans."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/cave-of-altamira/": {"t": "Cave of Altamira", "s": "Prehistoric cave complex with first recognized Paleolithic paintings in Europe."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/orpiment/": {"t": "Orpiment", "s": "A toxic golden-yellow arsenic sulfide mineral used historically as a pigment."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gemstone/": {"t": "Gemstone", "s": "Mineral crystals and organic materials used for jewelry and adornment."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/peridot/": {"t": "Peridot", "s": "The olive-green gem of the mantle, born in molten rock and prized since antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metalworking/": {"t": "Metalworking", "s": "Shaping metals from prehistory to modern precision industry."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/mole-unit/": {"t": "Mole (unit)", "s": "SI base unit for amount of substance."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nickel/": {"t": "Nickel", "s": "Silvery-white metal, ferromagnetic, key to stainless steel and batteries."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/bravais-lattice/": {"t": "Bravais lattice", "s": "Infinite array of points generated by discrete translations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/bravais-lattice.webp", "c": "GreatStellatedDodecahedron · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/spinel/": {"t": "Spinel", "s": "A gemstone mineral often mistaken for ruby."}, "https://codexery.com/sample-return-missions/e/sample-return-missions/stardust-spacecraft/": {"t": "Stardust (spacecraft)", "s": "NASA's first sample return mission to collect comet and cosmic dust."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/rock-geology/": {"t": "Rock (geology)", "s": "Naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/rock-geology.webp", "c": "Adrian Diack · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/cross-bedding/": {"t": "Cross-bedding", "s": "Inclined layers in rock reveal ancient flow directions."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-england/e/world-heritage-sites-in-england/bath-somerset/": {"t": "Bath, Somerset", "s": "Roman-built spa city with Georgian architecture and UNESCO status.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-england/img/world-heritage-sites-in-england/bath-somerset.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bath, Somerset · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/idaho/": {"t": "Idaho", "s": "The Gem State", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/idaho.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/snake-river-plain/": {"t": "Snake River Plain", "s": "A volcanic plain shaping Idaho's geography and climate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/snake-river-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Snake River Plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/indiana/": {"t": "Indiana", "s": "Midwestern state known as the Hoosier State, admitted in 1816.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/indiana.webp", "c": "Riker, Dorothy Lois, 1904; Indiana. Governor · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania/": {"t": "Pennsylvania", "s": "The Keystone State", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania.webp", "c": "Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)\npermission=\n\n\n\nInsignia\n\nThis image shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia. The  · via Wikipedia: Pennsylvania · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maryland/": {"t": "Maryland", "s": "A Mid-Atlantic state with diverse geography and high median income.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maryland.webp", "c": "Michael Wheeler · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/west-virginia/": {"t": "West Virginia", "s": "Mountain state admitted as a free state during the Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/sulfide-mineral/": {"t": "Sulfide mineral", "s": "Class of minerals with sulfide or disulfide as major anion."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/fumarole/": {"t": "Fumarole", "s": "Volcanic vents that emit steam and gases, occasionally with small amounts of liquid or fine solid particles."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/hot-spring/": {"t": "Hot spring", "s": "A spring produced by geothermally heated groundwater.", "i": "https://codexery.com/volcanology/img/volcanology/hot-spring.webp", "c": "Continental Stereoscopic Company · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/realgar/": {"t": "Realgar", "s": "A historic arsenic sulfide mineral used as pigment and poison."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/eastern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Eastern Hemisphere", "s": "Half of Earth east of the prime meridian, encompassing Afro-Eurasia and Australia."}, "https://codexery.com/non-timber-forest-products/e/non-timber-forest-products/lacquer/": {"t": "Lacquer", "s": "A hard coating from tree sap or synthetic polymers, used since antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/raphael/": {"t": "Raphael", "s": "High Renaissance painter and architect, known for clarity and harmony."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/sistine-madonna/": {"t": "Sistine Madonna", "s": "Raphael's altarpiece, famed for its putti and German Romantic influence."}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/microcline/": {"t": "Microcline", "s": "A potassium-rich feldspar with distinctive twinning and atmospheric ice-nucleating properties."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/moonstone/": {"t": "Moonstone", "s": "Feldspar gemstone known for its pearly, opalescent schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/albite/": {"t": "Albite", "s": "Sodium endmember of the plagioclase feldspar series."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/obsidian/": {"t": "Obsidian", "s": "Volcanic glass used for sharp tools since prehistory."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/ceramic/": {"t": "Ceramic", "s": "Hard, brittle, heat-resistant materials made from fired inorganic substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/img/construction-and-materials/ceramic.webp", "c": "Goterrestrial · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/minerals-and-gems/labradorite/": {"t": "Labradorite", "s": "A feldspar mineral known for its iridescent labradorescence."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineralogy/": {"t": "Mineralogy", "s": "Scientific study of minerals, their properties, and crystal structures."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zirconium/": {"t": "Zirconium", "s": "A corrosion-resistant transition metal used in nuclear and aerospace applications."}}