{"/e/military-history-of-qajar-iran/persian-cossack-brigade/": {"t": "Persian Cossack Brigade", "s": "Russian-officered cavalry unit of Qajar Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/tabriz/": {"t": "Tabriz", "s": "Major economic and cultural hub in northwestern Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mashhad/": {"t": "Mashhad", "s": "Second-largest Iranian city and major Shia pilgrimage center."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/jungle-movement-of-gilan/": {"t": "Jungle Movement of Gilan", "s": "Rebellion in Gilan against monarchy and foreign interference, later declaring a Soviet republic."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/gilan-province/": {"t": "Gilan province", "s": "A Caspian province with ancient roots and a history of independence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/gilan-province.webp", "c": "Mahdi Almasi · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/persian-socialist-soviet-republic/": {"t": "Persian Socialist Soviet Republic", "s": "A short-lived Soviet republic in north-west Persia, 1920–1921."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/rasht/": {"t": "Rasht", "s": "City of Silver Rain, Iran's Caspian gateway."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/homeland/e/world/tehran/": {"t": "Tehran", "s": "Iran's capital, scene of Brody's last mission."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/mazandaran-province/": {"t": "Mazandaran province", "s": "Iranian province on the Caspian Sea with rich history and natural resources."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/khuzestan-province/": {"t": "Khuzestan province", "s": "Southwest Iranian province, ancient Elam, key strategic region."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/iranian-revolution/": {"t": "Iranian Revolution", "s": "Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty and establishment of an Islamic republic."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1904-sasun-uprising/": {"t": "1904 Sasun uprising", "s": "Armenian self-defense against Ottoman forces in 1904 Sasun.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1904-sasun-uprising.webp", "c": "Yerevanci · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/hungarian-language/": {"t": "Hungarian language", "s": "A Ugric language of the Uralic family, spoken by 14 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/johann-strauss-ii/": {"t": "Johann Strauss II", "s": "Austrian composer known as 'The Waltz King'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/johann-strauss-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johann Strauss II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/radetzky-march/": {"t": "Radetzky March", "s": "March composed by Johann Strauss Sr. for a military victory."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/urmia/": {"t": "Urmia", "s": "Historically diverse Iranian city near Lake Urmia."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "Capetian capital on the Seine."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "/e/military-history-of-qajar-iran/iranian-gendarmerie/": {"t": "Iranian Gendarmerie", "s": "Swedish-officered paramilitary force in Qajar Iran."}, "/e/military-history-of-qajar-iran/south-persia-rifles/": {"t": "South Persia Rifles", "s": "British-raised Persian force in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/e/early-soviet-republics/soviet-central-asia/": {"t": "Soviet Central Asia", "s": "Region of Central Asia under Soviet rule from 1918 to 1991.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/img/early-soviet-republics/soviet-central-asia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Soviet Central Asia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/hamadan/": {"t": "Hamadan", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, once capital of the Medes and Seljuks."}, "https://codexery.com/tel-megiddo/e/tel-megiddo/battle-of-megiddo-1918/": {"t": "Battle of Megiddo (1918)", "s": "Final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/bandar-abbas/": {"t": "Bandar Abbas", "s": "Strategic port city on the Strait of Hormuz and headquarters of the Iranian Navy."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/kermanshah/": {"t": "Kermanshah", "s": "Ancient city in western Iran, capital of Kermanshah province."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mosul/": {"t": "Mosul", "s": "Major northern Iraqi city on the Tigris, near ancient Nineveh."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/the-tower-of-london/": {"t": "The Tower of London", "s": "A historic citadel and castle on the north bank of the River Thames, founded in 1066."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/qazvin/": {"t": "Qazvin", "s": "Mirror of History & Natural of Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/shiraz/": {"t": "Shiraz", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, trade center, and home to poets Hafez and Saadi."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/finnish-civil-war/": {"t": "Finnish Civil War", "s": "A 1918 civil war for control of newly independent Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/safavid-dynasty/": {"t": "Safavid dynasty", "s": "Iranian dynasty that established Twelver Shi'ism as state religion."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/martyr/": {"t": "Martyr", "s": "A witness who suffers death for a religious or political cause."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/husayn-ibn-ali/": {"t": "Husayn ibn Ali", "s": "Third Imam in Shia Islam, grandson of Muhammad, and central figure of the Battle of Karbala."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/isfahan/": {"t": "Isfahan", "s": "The third-most populous city in Iran, a historic crossroads of culture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/khorasan/": {"t": "Khorasan", "s": "Historical eastern region of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia."}, "/e/military-history-of-qajar-iran/nezam-e-jadid/": {"t": "Nezam-e Jadid", "s": "Qajar military reform project to build a modern army."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/agha-mohammad-khan-qajar/": {"t": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "s": "Founder of the Qajar dynasty who reunified Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/fars-province/": {"t": "Fars province", "s": "Ancient Persian homeland, cradle of Achaemenid and Sasanian empires.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/fars-province.webp", "c": "Bryn Pinzgauer · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/ardabil/": {"t": "Ardabil", "s": "City of silk, carpets, and Safavid heritage in northwestern Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bremen/": {"t": "Bremen", "s": "A historic Hanseatic port city and cultural hub of Northern Germany."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/bushehr/": {"t": "Bushehr", "s": "Port city and capital of Bushehr province, Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-russian-emperors/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-michael-nikolaevich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia", "s": "Russian field marshal and Governor General of Caucasia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/failed-state/": {"t": "Failed state", "s": "A state lacking control, legitimacy, and basic functions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-speech-disorders/e/people-with-speech-disorders/winston-churchill/": {"t": "Winston Churchill", "s": "British prime minister during the Second World War."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/yazd/": {"t": "Yazd", "s": "Ancient desert city of windcatchers, bicycles, and Zoroastrian heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/iranian-languages/": {"t": "Iranian languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Iranian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/16th-century-in-iran/e/16th-century-in-iran/battle-of-chaldiran/": {"t": "Battle of Chaldiran", "s": "Ottoman victory halted Safavid westward expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/ismail-i/": {"t": "Ismail I", "s": "Founder of Safavid Iran, crowned shah in 1501 while still a teenager.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/ismail-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ismail I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/people-from-herat/e/people-from-herat/abbas-the-great/": {"t": "Abbas the Great", "s": "Fifth Safavid shah who restored Iran's power and built Isfahan."}, "https://codexery.com/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/e/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/zand-iran/": {"t": "Zand Iran", "s": "18th-century Iranian state under the Zand dynasty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/img/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/zand-iran.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Zand Iran · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/arak-iran/": {"t": "Arak, Iran", "s": "Industrial capital of Iran, founded as Soltan Abad in 1808."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-inventions/e/turkish-inventions/military-band/": {"t": "Military band", "s": "Military bands provide ceremonial music and battlefield communication."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cannon/": {"t": "Cannon", "s": "A heavy artillery weapon that evolved from the fire-lance."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/dromedary/": {"t": "Dromedary", "s": "Tallest camel species, domesticated for millennia in arid lands."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/bactrian-camel/": {"t": "Bactrian camel", "s": "Two-humped camel of Central Asia, key to Silk Road caravans."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/carriage/": {"t": "Carriage", "s": "Horse-drawn vehicle for passengers, once a principal road transport."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/nizami-ganjavi/": {"t": "Nizami Ganjavi", "s": "12th-century Persian poet, master of romantic epic."}, "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/e/persian-and-central-asian-poets/amir-khusrau/": {"t": "Amir Khusrau", "s": "Indo-Persian Sufi poet, musician, and scholar of the Delhi Sultanate", "i": "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/img/persian-and-central-asian-poets/amir-khusrau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amir Khusrau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}}