{"/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/italian-front-world-war-i/": {"t": "Italian front (World War I)", "s": "World War I theatre between Italy and Austria-Hungary."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/sinai-and-palestine-campaign/": {"t": "Sinai and Palestine campaign", "s": "World War I campaign from Suez to Syria."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/battle-of-asiago/": {"t": "Battle of Asiago", "s": "Austro-Hungarian offensive in Trentino, May–June 1916."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/second-battle-of-the-piave-river/": {"t": "Second Battle of the Piave River", "s": "Italy's decisive victory that began the end of Austria-Hungary."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/battle-of-vittorio-veneto/": {"t": "Battle of Vittorio Veneto", "s": "Italian victory that ended the war on the Italian Front."}, "https://codexery.com/wilhelm-german-crown-prince/e/wilhelm-german-crown-prince/hundred-days-offensive/": {"t": "Hundred Days Offensive", "s": "Allied offensives that ended the First World War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wilhelm-german-crown-prince/img/wilhelm-german-crown-prince/hundred-days-offensive.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hundred Days Offensive · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antalya/": {"t": "Antalya", "s": "Ancient Attaleia, now Turkey's leading tourism hub on the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/victor-emmanuel-iii/e/victor-emmanuel-iii/victor-emmanuel-iii/": {"t": "Victor Emmanuel III", "s": "King of Italy during two world wars and the Fascist period."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/adriatic-sea/": {"t": "Adriatic Sea", "s": "Northernmost arm of the Mediterranean, separating Italy from the Balkans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/adriatic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Adriatic Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/karst/": {"t": "Karst", "s": "A topography formed from dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/carcano/": {"t": "Carcano", "s": "Italian bolt-action rifle used in both World Wars and the Kennedy assassination."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/schwarzlose-machine-gun/": {"t": "Schwarzlose machine gun", "s": "A simple, robust delayed-blowback machine gun of World War I.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/schwarzlose-machine-gun.webp", "c": "Thomas Quine · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/fourth-battle-of-the-isonzo/": {"t": "Fourth Battle of the Isonzo", "s": "Brief Italian offensive on the Isonzo front in late 1915."}, "https://codexery.com/wilhelm-german-crown-prince/e/wilhelm-german-crown-prince/german-spring-offensive/": {"t": "German spring offensive", "s": "A series of German offensives in 1918 that failed to win the war."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/e/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-libya/": {"t": "Italian Libya", "s": "Italian colony in North Africa, 1934–1943, with major infrastructure and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/img/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-libya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Italian Libya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/e/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-somaliland/": {"t": "Italian Somaliland", "s": "Italian colony in Somalia from late 1800s to 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/img/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-somaliland.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Italian Somaliland · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/vittorio-emanuele-orlando/": {"t": "Vittorio Emanuele Orlando", "s": "Italian premier who led victory in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/palace-of-versailles/": {"t": "Palace of Versailles", "s": "Former royal residence and UNESCO World Heritage site near Paris."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/duce/": {"t": "Duce", "s": "Title of Benito Mussolini as fascist leader of Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/italian-fascism/": {"t": "Italian 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"/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/fifth-battle-of-the-isonzo/": {"t": "Fifth Battle of the Isonzo", "s": "A diversionary offensive on the Isonzo front in March 1916."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/franz-conrad-von-h-tzendorf/": {"t": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "s": "Austria-Hungary's Chief of the General Staff who pushed for war with Serbia and led the army into 1914.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/franz-conrad-von-h-tzendorf.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/belluno/": {"t": "Belluno", "s": "Historic city in the Eastern Dolomites, capital of Belluno province."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-von-falkenhayn/": {"t": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "s": "German general and Ottoman Field Marshal, Chief of the German General Staff."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/congress-of-vienna/": {"t": "Congress of Vienna", "s": "Congress reshaped Europe after Napoleon's defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/land-mine/": {"t": "Land mine", "s": "Concealed explosive weapon that endangers civilians long after conflict ends."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/bombard-weapon/": {"t": "Bombard (weapon)", "s": "Large medieval siege cannon firing stone projectiles."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/machine-gun/": {"t": "Machine gun", "s": "A fully automatic firearm for sustained direct fire support.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/machine-gun.webp", "c": "Nafis Fuad Ayon · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/battle/": {"t": "Battle", "s": "A military engagement between opposing forces with defined objectives."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/ravenna/": {"t": "Ravenna", "s": "Capital of the Western Roman Empire and mosaics."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/first-battle-of-the-isonzo/": {"t": "First Battle of the Isonzo", "s": "First major Italian offensive on the Isonzo front, June–July 1915."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-and-alpine-reserves/e/mountain-and-alpine-reserves/dolomites/": {"t": "Dolomites", "s": "The Dolomites, also known as the Pale Mountains, are a mountain range in northeastern Italy, forming part of the Southern Limestone Alps."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/second-battle-of-the-isonzo/": {"t": "Second Battle of the Isonzo", "s": "A costly Italian offensive on the Karst Plateau."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/podgora-hill/": {"t": "Podgora (hill)", "s": "Fortified hill west of Gorizia, captured by Italy in August 1916."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/monte-san-michele/": {"t": "Monte San Michele", "s": "Heavily fortified hill on the Karst, bitterly contested in the Isonzo battles."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/eleventh-battle-of-the-isonzo/": {"t": "Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo", "s": "Italian tactical victory that exhausted Austro-Hungarian forces."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/third-battle-of-the-isonzo/": {"t": "Third Battle of the Isonzo", "s": "Third Italian offensive on the Isonzo front in 1915."}, "https://codexery.com/wilhelm-german-crown-prince/e/wilhelm-german-crown-prince/battle-of-verdun/": {"t": "Battle of Verdun", "s": "Longest battle of the First World War on the Western Front."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/ninth-battle-of-the-isonzo/": {"t": "Ninth Battle of the Isonzo", "s": "Italian offensive on the Isonzo, 1–4 November 1916, ended in failure."}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/monte-ermada/": {"t": "Monte Ermada", "s": "Austro-Hungarian bulwark on the Karst, never taken by Italian assaults."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/armistice-of-villa-giusti/": {"t": "Armistice of Villa Giusti", "s": "Armistice ending World War I hostilities with Austria-Hungary."}, "https://codexery.com/victor-emmanuel-iii/e/victor-emmanuel-iii/italo-turkish-war/": {"t": "Italo-Turkish War", "s": "A 1911–1912 conflict that gave Italy Libya and saw first aerial combat."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/nitroglycerin/": {"t": "Nitroglycerin", "s": "A powerful explosive and lifesaving heart medication.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/img/chemical-substances-and-materials/nitroglycerin.webp", "c": "Unbekannte Autoren und Grafiker; Scan vom EDHAC e.V. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/flint/": {"t": "Flint", "s": "A cryptocrystalline quartz used for tools, fire, and firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/suez-canal/": {"t": "Suez Canal", "s": "Artificial waterway connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/helmuth-von-moltke-the-younger/": {"t": "Helmuth von Moltke the Younger", "s": "German general and Chief of the Great German General Staff during the opening months of World War I.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/helmuth-von-moltke-the-younger.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Helmuth von Moltke the Younger · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/enver-pasha/": {"t": "Enver Pasha", "s": "Ottoman war minister, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal."}, "https://codexery.com/victor-emmanuel-iii/e/victor-emmanuel-iii/italian-invasion-of-libya/": {"t": "Italian invasion of Libya", "s": "Italy's 1911 invasion of Ottoman Libya sparked the Italo-Turkish War."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/french-algeria/": {"t": "French Algeria", "s": "French colony and later integral part of France until 1962.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/img/former-french-colonies/french-algeria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Algeria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/gallipoli/": {"t": "Gallipoli", "s": "Historic peninsula between Europe and Asia, site of ancient cities."}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/siwa-oasis/": {"t": "Siwa Oasis", "s": "Ancient oasis of Amun-Ra in Egypt's Western Desert"}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/dakhla-oasis/": {"t": "Dakhla Oasis", "s": "One of the seven oases of Egypt's Western Desert, rich in history from prehistoric times to the Byzantine period."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-ludendorff/": {"t": "Erich Ludendorff", "s": "German general and politician who dominated World War I strategy and later promoted nationalist myths.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-ludendorff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Erich Ludendorff · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/verona/": {"t": "Verona", "s": "Ancient Roman city, UNESCO site, and setting for Shakespeare's plays."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/brescia/": {"t": "Brescia", "s": "Ancient Roman city and industrial hub in Lombardy."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/command-and-control/": {"t": "Command and control", "s": "A set of processes for mission accomplishment through authority and resources."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/ferdinand-foch/": {"t": "Ferdinand Foch", "s": "Supreme Allied Commander who coordinated the final Allied offensives in 1918.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/ferdinand-foch.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ferdinand Foch · see source"}, "/e/military-history-of-italy-during-world-war-i/battle-of-gorizia-1916/": {"t": "Battle of Gorizia (1916)", "s": "The most successful Italian offensive on the Isonzo front."}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/kargil-war/": {"t": "Kargil War", "s": "Kargil War is the most recent example of high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain and one of only two instances of conventional warfare between nuclear-arme", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/kargil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kargil War order of battle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/padua/": {"t": "Padua", "s": "Ancient city, home to a 1222 university and the world's oldest botanical garden."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt/": {"t": "Arab Revolt", "s": "Hashemite-led uprising against Ottoman rule in World War I.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt.webp", "c": "Maurice Bauche (1878–1956) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula/": {"t": "Sinai Peninsula", "s": "Peninsula in Egypt and a land bridge between Africa and Asia", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula.webp", "c": "CIA · via Wikipedia: Sinai Peninsula · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/tel-megiddo/e/tel-megiddo/battle-of-megiddo-1918/": {"t": "Battle of Megiddo (1918)", "s": "Final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/league-of-nations-mandate/": {"t": "League of Nations mandate", "s": "Post-WWI territories administered under League of Nations supervision."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/history-of-egypt-under-the-british/": {"t": "History of Egypt under the British", "s": "British occupation of Egypt from 1882 to 1956."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/nile/": {"t": "Nile", "s": "Longest river in the world, central to African history and civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/herbert-kitchener-1st-earl-kitchener/": {"t": "Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener", "s": "British field marshal and colonial administrator, key in Sudan and First World War."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "World's largest peninsula, roughly comparable in size to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula.webp", "c": "SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE · via Wikipedia: Arabian Peninsula · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/amman/": {"t": "Amman", "s": "Jordan's capital and largest city, ancient and modern center."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/david-lloyd-george/": {"t": "David Lloyd George", "s": "Liberal PM who led Britain through WWI and social reform."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/vittorio-veneto/": {"t": "Vittorio Veneto", "s": "City formed from Ceneda and Serravalle, site of a 1918 battle."}, "https://codexery.com/victor-emmanuel-iii/e/victor-emmanuel-iii/march-on-rome/": {"t": "March on Rome", "s": "Coup that brought Mussolini to power in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/lombardy/": {"t": "Lombardy", "s": "The most populous region of Italy, second-most populous in the EU, and a global centre for business, fashion, and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/spanish-flu/": {"t": "Spanish flu", "s": "A deadly global pandemic misnamed after Spain due to wartime censorship."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/feltre/": {"t": "Feltre", "s": "Hill town in Veneto, site of a 1943 Hitler-Mussolini meeting."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/people-s-state-of-bavaria/": {"t": "People's State of Bavaria", "s": "A short-lived socialist republic in revolutionary Bavaria."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/kingdom-of-hungary/": {"t": "Kingdom of Hungary", "s": "The Árpád kingdom founded by Stephen I around 1000."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/": {"t": "German revolution of 1918–1919", "s": "Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/kiel-mutiny/": {"t": "Kiel mutiny", "s": "Sailors' revolt that sparked the German Revolution of 1918–1919."}}