{"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/flavius-aetius/": {"t": "Flavius Aetius", "s": "Roman general and statesman, dominant figure in the Western Empire for two decades (433–454), victor at the Catalaunian Plains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/flavius-aetius.webp", "c": "Giovanni Dall'Orto · via Wikipedia: Flavius Aetius · Attribution"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/characters/alaric-i/": {"t": "Alaric I", "s": "First king of the Visigoths and the man who sacked Rome in 410."}, "https://codexery.com/maximian/e/maximian/bagaudae/": {"t": "Bagaudae", "s": "Peasant insurgents in late Roman Gaul and Hispania."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/e/sons-of-roman-emperors/valentinian-ii/": {"t": "Valentinian II", "s": "Youngest Western Roman emperor, ruled as a figurehead under generals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/img/sons-of-roman-emperors/valentinian-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Valentinian II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/executed-roman-emperors/e/executed-roman-emperors/avitus/": {"t": "Avitus", "s": "Gallic senator and emperor deposed by Ricimer and Majorian."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-roman-emperors/galla-placidia/": {"t": "Galla Placidia", "s": "Daughter, queen, empress, and regent of the Western Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/carus/": {"t": "Carus", "s": "Emperor who campaigned successfully but died under mysterious circumstances."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/sassanid-empire/": {"t": "Sassanid Empire", "s": "The Sasanian Empire: Iran's late antique power, from 224 to 651 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/e/sons-of-roman-emperors/carinus/": {"t": "Carinus", "s": "Eldest son of Carus, co-emperor of the West."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/numerian/": {"t": "Numerian", "s": "Roman emperor who died mysteriously during a retreat from Persia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/diocletian/": {"t": "Diocletian", "s": "Roman emperor who stabilized the empire, initiated the Tetrarchy, and abdicated voluntarily."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/severus-alexander/": {"t": "Severus Alexander", "s": "Last Severan emperor, assassinated after a 13-year reign."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/valerian-emperor/": {"t": "Valerian (emperor)", "s": "First Roman emperor captured in battle, by Persia."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/gallienus/": {"t": "Gallienus", "s": "Roman emperor whose reforms shaped the later Dominate."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/gallic-empire/": {"t": "Gallic Empire", "s": "A breakaway Roman state in the West, 260–274."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/probus-emperor/": {"t": "Probus (emperor)", "s": "Roman emperor who restored frontier defenses and respected the Senate."}, "/e/military-campaigns-involving-the-roman-empire/odaenathus-sasanian-campaigns/": {"t": "Odaenathus' Sasanian campaigns", "s": "Palmyrene prince recovers Roman east after Valerian's capture."}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/hormizd-i/": {"t": "Hormizd I", "s": "Third Sasanian King of Kings, reigned May 270 to June 271.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/img/shahnameh-characters/hormizd-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hormizd I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/bahram-i/": {"t": "Bahram I", "s": "Fourth Sasanian king who ended tolerance of Manichaeism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/img/shahnameh-characters/bahram-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bahram I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/bahram-ii/": {"t": "Bahram II", "s": "Fifth Sasanian king who faced rebellions and a Roman invasion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/img/shahnameh-characters/bahram-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bahram II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/franks/": {"t": "Franks", "s": "The Germanic people of the Rhine who came to rule much of Western Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sarmatians/": {"t": "Sarmatians", "s": "Iranian equestrian nomads who dominated the Pontic steppe for nearly a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/kushan-empire/": {"t": "Kushan Empire", "s": "Syncretic empire that spread Buddhism and linked Rome and China."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/nicomedia/": {"t": "Nicomedia", "s": "Ancient Greek city, Roman eastern capital, center of Christian persecution."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/julian-of-pannonia/": {"t": "Julian of Pannonia", "s": "Roman usurper who rebelled against Carinus or Maximian."}, "/e/military-campaigns-involving-the-roman-empire/trajan-s-parthian-campaign/": {"t": "Trajan's Parthian campaign", "s": "Roman invasion of Parthia ended by revolts and Trajan's death."}, "/e/military-campaigns-involving-the-roman-empire/septimius-severus-parthian-campaigns/": {"t": "Septimius Severus' Parthian campaigns", "s": "Roman campaigns that annexed northern Mesopotamia and sacked Ctesiphon."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/elbe/": {"t": "Elbe", "s": "One of the major rivers of Central Europe, flowing from the Giant Mountains to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/elbe.webp", "c": "Roy Zuo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/military-campaigns-involving-the-roman-empire/roman-campaigns-in-germania-12-bc-ad-16/": {"t": "Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)", "s": "Roman campaigns in Germania, 12 BC–AD 16."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/e/ancient-roman-government/princeps/": {"t": "Princeps", "s": "Latin title for 'first citizen', used by Roman emperors until Diocletian."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/tiberius/": {"t": "Tiberius", "s": "Second Roman emperor and successful general who expanded the northern frontier."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/foot-unit/": {"t": "Foot (unit)", "s": "A forgotten unit born from rods and rain, not left feet."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/claudius/": {"t": "Claudius", "s": "Fourth Julio-Claudian emperor, conquered Britain, expanded bureaucracy."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/castra/": {"t": "Castra", "s": "Roman military camps and forts that shaped empire and city foundations."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-the-teutoburg-forest/": {"t": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest", "s": "A Germanic ambush destroyed three Roman legions, halting Roman expansion into Germania."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-lost-ninth-legion/": {"t": "The Lost Ninth Legion", "s": "Legio IX Hispana, also known as Legio VIIII Hispana, was a unit of the Imperial Roman army active from the 1st century BC until at least AD 120."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/vespasian/": {"t": "Vespasian", "s": "Founder of the Flavian dynasty and restorer of stability."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-israel/e/castles-in-israel/caesarea-maritima/": {"t": "Caesarea Maritima", "s": "Ancient port city and Roman capital on the Israeli coast", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles-in-israel/img/castles-in-israel/caesarea-maritima.webp", "c": "מיכל פריימן · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/josephus/": {"t": "Josephus", "s": "Roman–Jewish historian and military leader, author of The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-and-fortifications-of-the/e/castles-and-fortifications-of-the-knights-hospitaller/mount-tabor/": {"t": "Mount Tabor", "s": "Biblical hill of battle and Transfiguration in Galilee.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles-and-fortifications-of-the/img/castles-and-fortifications-of-the-knights-hospitaller/mount-tabor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mount Tabor · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/suetonius/": {"t": "Suetonius", "s": "Roman historian and biographer of the Twelve Caesars"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/acre-israel/": {"t": "Acre, Israel", "s": "Ancient port city, Crusader bastion, and UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/archaeological-sites-in-israel/e/sites/sepphoris/": {"t": "Sepphoris", "s": "Ancient Galilean city with diverse cultural and religious layers."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-artificial-waterways/e/canals-and-artificial-waterways/corinth-canal/": {"t": "Corinth Canal", "s": "A narrow Greek canal connecting two seas, now a tourist attraction."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/jish/": {"t": "Jish", "s": "Ancient Galilean village with a layered Jewish, Christian, and Muslim heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/jaffa/": {"t": "Jaffa", "s": "Ancient Levantine port city with millennia of history."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/germanicus/": {"t": "Germanicus", "s": "Roman general who avenged Teutoburg Forest and recovered legionary eagles."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio/": {"t": "Cassius Dio", "s": "Roman historian and senator who wrote an 80-volume history of Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Cassius Dio · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/domitian/": {"t": "Domitian", "s": "Last of the Flavians: Ruthless autocrat who expanded Rome's borders and rebuilt the city, but was assassinated and condemned by the Senate."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/e/sons-of-roman-emperors/drusus-julius-caesar/": {"t": "Drusus Julius Caesar", "s": "Son of Tiberius and heir to the Roman Empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/img/sons-of-roman-emperors/drusus-julius-caesar.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Drusus Julius Caesar · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/livy/": {"t": "Livy", "s": "Roman historian who wrote Ab Urbe Condita, a monumental history of Rome from its founding through the reign of Augustus."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/seneca-the-younger/": {"t": "Seneca the Younger", "s": "Stoic philosopher, dramatist, and advisor to Emperor Nero."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edward-gibbon/": {"t": "Edward Gibbon", "s": "Historian of Rome's Decline"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/zenobia/": {"t": "Zenobia", "s": "Third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire who challenged Rome and became a symbol of Syrian patriotism."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/corycus/": {"t": "Corycus", "s": "Ancient city with twin castles and a mythological cave."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/palmyra/": {"t": "Palmyra", "s": "Ancient Syrian oasis city, Silk Road hub, and short-lived empire."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia/": {"t": "Cappadocia", "s": "Historical region in central Turkey with unique rock formations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia.webp", "c": "Peretz Partensky from San Francisco, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/aurelian/": {"t": "Aurelian", "s": "Restored the Roman Empire's territorial integrity through military victories."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/caracalla/": {"t": "Caracalla", "s": "Roman emperor who granted citizenship to all free inhabitants."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/macrinus/": {"t": "Macrinus", "s": "First Roman emperor from the equestrian class and of Berber origin."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/marcus-vipsanius-agrippa/": {"t": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa", "s": "Roman general, statesman, and right-hand man of Augustus", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/marcus-vipsanius-agrippa.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow), 2009 · via Wikipedia: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/band-of-brothers/e/world/holland-netherlands/": {"t": "Netherlands", "s": "Holland: Market Garden and 'the Island'."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/lower-saxony/": {"t": "Lower Saxony", "s": "Fourth-largest German state by area, with diverse landscapes from coast to mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ovid/": {"t": "Ovid", "s": "Roman poet exiled for a poem and a mistake."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/gangrene/": {"t": "Gangrene", "s": "Tissue death from lack of blood supply, often requiring surgical removal."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/lucius-domitius-ahenobarbus-consul-16-bc/": {"t": "Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)", "s": "Roman consul and general who crossed the Elbe."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/marcus-aurelius/": {"t": "Marcus Aurelius", "s": "Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher, last of the Five Good Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/septimius-severus/": {"t": "Septimius Severus", "s": "Founder of the Severan dynasty and the first provincial emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/antonine-wall/": {"t": "Antonine Wall", "s": "Roman turf wall across Scotland, northern frontier of the empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/img/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/antonine-wall.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Antonine Wall · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/genocide/": {"t": "Genocide", "s": "The intentional destruction of a human group, in whole or in part.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/genocide.webp", "c": "Aleksey Chalabyan (a.k.a. Xelgen) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/antoninus-pius/": {"t": "Antoninus Pius", "s": "Roman emperor whose reign was the most peaceful of the Principate."}, "https://codexery.com/miracle-workers/e/miracle-workers/alexander-of-abonoteichus/": {"t": "Alexander of Abonoteichus", "s": "Greek mystic and oracle who founded the Glycon cult."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-cannae/": {"t": "Battle of Cannae", "s": "Hannibal encircled and destroyed a larger Roman army at Cannae."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hadrian/": {"t": "Hadrian", "s": "Roman emperor from 117 to 138, builder of Hadrian's Wall and a promoter of philhellenism."}, "https://codexery.com/economy-of-ancient-rome/e/economy-of-ancient-rome/comes/": {"t": "Comes", "s": "Roman title for imperial companions, later medieval counts."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/apulia/": {"t": "Apulia", "s": "Region forming the heel of Italy's boot, with ancient Greek and Roman heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/ephesus/": {"t": "Ephesus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the Ionian coast, home to the Temple of Artemis and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/smyrna/": {"t": "Smyrna", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the Aegean coast, now İzmir.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/smyrna.webp", "c": "Johann Andreas Thelot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/phidias/": {"t": "Phidias", "s": "Ancient Greek sculptor of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia."}, "https://codexery.com/temple-of-artemis/e/temple-of-artemis/praxiteles/": {"t": "Praxiteles", "s": "Attic sculptor of the 4th century BC, first to carve the nude female form."}, "https://codexery.com/culture-of-ancient-rome/e/culture-of-ancient-rome/bread-and-circuses/": {"t": "Bread and circuses", "s": "A phrase for appeasing the populace with food and entertainment."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/medes/": {"t": "Medes", "s": "Iron Age Iranian people of Media, known from foreign sources and archaeology."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/roman-persian-wars/": {"t": "Roman–Persian wars", "s": "Seven centuries of inconclusive Roman–Persian conflict.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/roman-persian-wars.webp", "c": "Roman-Persian Frontier, 565 AD-pt.svg : Renato de carvalho ferreira ( talk · con · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i/": {"t": "Ardashir I", "s": "Founder of the Sasanian Empire and unifier of Iran.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/img/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of conflicts in the Near East · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/executed-roman-emperors/e/executed-roman-emperors/didius-julianus/": {"t": "Didius Julianus", "s": "Purchased the Roman throne in a Praetorian Guard auction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/executed-roman-emperors/img/executed-roman-emperors/didius-julianus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Didius Julianus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "/e/military-campaigns-involving-the-roman-empire/roman-parthian-war-of-161-166/": {"t": "Roman–Parthian War of 161–166", "s": "Roman victory over Parthia, sacking Ctesiphon."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/danubian-limes/": {"t": "Danubian Limes", "s": "Roman frontier along the Danube, fortified with camps and towers."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bosporus/": {"t": "Bosporus", "s": "The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and dividing Europe from Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phrygia/": {"t": "Phrygia", "s": "Ancient Anatolian kingdom of legendary kings and the Gordian Knot."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/harran/": {"t": "Harran", "s": "Ancient Mesopotamian city of the moon-god Sin."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/babylon/": {"t": "Babylon", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, heart of Babylonia and home of wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/constantine-the-great/e/constantine-the-great/anonymus-valesianus/": {"t": "Anonymus Valesianus", "s": "Compilation of two unrelated late antique chronicles."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/feriale-duranum/": {"t": "Feriale Duranum", "s": "Roman military calendar of religious observances from Dura-Europos."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/pertinax/": {"t": "Pertinax", "s": "Roman emperor for 87 days in 193."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/caesar-title/": {"t": "Caesar (title)", "s": "From cognomen to imperial title: the evolution of Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/caesar-title.webp", "c": "Justus van Egmont · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/gordian-iii/": {"t": "Gordian III", "s": "Teenaged emperor whose reign saw Persian war and earthquake response."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/philip-the-arab/": {"t": "Philip the Arab", "s": "Roman emperor who celebrated Rome's millennium and was later called a Christian."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-chess/e/rules-of-chess/stalemate/": {"t": "Stalemate", "s": "A draw when a player has no legal move and is not in check."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/e/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/bosra/": {"t": "Bosra", "s": "Ancient Nabatean and Roman city in southern Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-founded-by-alexander-the-great/e/cities-founded-by-alexander-the-great/alexandria-in-susiana/": {"t": "Alexandria in Susiana", "s": "Hellenistic port and capital of Characene, founded by Alexander."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/gilan-province/": {"t": "Gilan province", "s": "A Caspian province with ancient roots and a history of independence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/gilan-province.webp", "c": "Mahdi Almasi · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/susa/": {"t": "Susa", "s": "Ancient city, capital of Elam and Achaemenid winter capital.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/susa.webp", "c": "Trioxk · CC BY-SA 4.0"}}