{"https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/swedish-language/": {"t": "Swedish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-iii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who pursued lenient policies to end the Thirty Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/peace-of-westphalia/": {"t": "Peace of Westphalia", "s": "The Peace of Westphalia, known in German as the Westfälischer Friede, refers to two separate peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of "}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/franco-dutch-war/": {"t": "Franco-Dutch War", "s": "A European conflict from 1672 to 1678 between France and the Dutch Republic, marked by the Rampjaar and the Peace of Nijmegen."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/house-habsburg/": {"t": "House of Habsburg", "s": "The House of Austria, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain."}, "/e/military-campaigns-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/swedish-invasion-of-brandenburg/": {"t": "Swedish invasion of Brandenburg", "s": "Swedish occupation of Brandenburg sparked the Swedish-Brandenburg War."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/holy-roman-empire/": {"t": "Holy Roman Empire", "s": "The decentralised empire of Central Europe that lasted from 800 or 962 to 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/scania/": {"t": "Scania", "s": "Southernmost historical province of Sweden, once Danish."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/zealand/": {"t": "Zealand", "s": "Five southernmost groups of New Zealand outlying islands, collectively a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bremen/": {"t": "Bremen", "s": "A historic Hanseatic port city and cultural hub of Northern Germany."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/gunpowder/e/gunpowder/shell-projectile/": {"t": "Shell (projectile)", "s": "A projectile with explosive, incendiary, or chemical filling fired from artillery."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/torture/e/torture/dismemberment/": {"t": "Dismemberment", "s": "The removal of large body sections, often fatal and used in execution."}, "https://codexery.com/conditions-diagnosed-by-stool-test/e/conditions-diagnosed-by-stool-test/shigellosis/": {"t": "Shigellosis", "s": "Bacterial intestinal infection causing diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/the-crusades/": {"t": "The Crusades", "s": "Papal wars of 1095-1291 to win and hold the Holy Land."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holy-land/": {"t": "Holy Land", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/characters/saladin/": {"t": "Saladin", "s": "Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and Sultan of Egypt and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/story/fourth-crusade/": {"t": "Fourth Crusade", "s": "The crusade that sacked Constantinople instead of reaching Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/dutch-people/": {"t": "Dutch people", "s": "Ethnic group native to the Netherlands, with global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/acre-israel/": {"t": "Acre, Israel", "s": "Ancient port city, Crusader bastion, and UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-knights-templar/": {"t": "The Knights Templar", "s": "Medieval Catholic military order and early bankers."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/hospitallers/": {"t": "Hospitallers", "s": "The Knights of St John, a Catholic military order born in crusader Jerusalem."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/teutonic-order/": {"t": "Teutonic Order", "s": "Crusading order of German knights, founded at Acre around 1190."}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/e/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/frederick-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor, polymath, and centralizer of royal power."}, "https://codexery.com/true-cross/e/true-cross/battle-of-mansurah-1221/": {"t": "Battle of Mansurah (1221)", "s": "Final battle of the Fifth Crusade, ending in Egyptian victory."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/story/albigensian-crusade/": {"t": "Albigensian Crusade", "s": "Innocent III's crusade against the Cathars of Languedoc, 1209-1229."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-children-s-crusade/": {"t": "The Children's Crusade", "s": "A failed popular crusade of the early 13th century, involving two movements led by Nicholas of Cologne and Stephen of Cloyes, marked by tragedy and myth."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/latin-empire/": {"t": "Latin Empire", "s": "A Crusader state born from the Fourth Crusade, ruling Constantinople from 1204 to 1261."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-king-of-england/": {"t": "John, King of England", "s": "King of England who sealed Magna Carta and lost the Angevin Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/almohads/": {"t": "Almohads", "s": "Berber caliphs of the Maghreb and al-Andalus in the 12th and 13th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-croatia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-croatia/split-croatia/": {"t": "Split, Croatia", "s": "Croatian coastal city built around Diocletian's Palace."}, "https://codexery.com/nile-delta/e/nile-delta/damietta/": {"t": "Damietta", "s": "Port city on the Nile Delta with a layered crusader and ecclesiastical history."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/primary-source/": {"t": "Primary source", "s": "Original source created at the time under study."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/eighty-years-war/": {"t": "Eighty Years' War", "s": "The Eighty Years' War: A struggle for independence and religious freedom in the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/maurice-prince-of-orange/": {"t": "Maurice, Prince of Orange", "s": "Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and foremost military strategist of his age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/maurice-prince-of-orange.webp", "c": "School of Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt · via Wikipedia: Maurice, Prince of Orange · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/eighty-years-war/e/eighty-years-war/dutch-states-army/": {"t": "Dutch States Army", "s": "Mercenary army of the Dutch Republic that faced Spain and France.", "i": "https://codexery.com/eighty-years-war/img/eighty-years-war/dutch-states-army.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dutch States Army · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/boles-aw-iii-wrymouth/": {"t": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "s": "Duke who conquered Pomerania and divided Poland among his sons."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/piast-dynasty/": {"t": "Piast dynasty", "s": "First historical ruling dynasty of Poland, from c."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/diocese/": {"t": "Diocese", "s": "Ecclesiastical district under a bishop's jurisdiction."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/agnes-of-poitou/": {"t": "Agnes of Poitou", "s": "Empress and regent of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-slovakia/e/castles-in-slovakia/dev-n-castle/": {"t": "Devín Castle", "s": "Slovak castle at the Danube-Morava confluence, Iron Curtain site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/attila/": {"t": "Attila", "s": "Ruler of the Huns from 434 to 453, known as the Scourge of God."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/kingdom-of-hungary/": {"t": "Kingdom of Hungary", "s": "The Árpád kingdom founded by Stephen I around 1000."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/coloman-king-of-hungary/": {"t": "Coloman, King of Hungary", "s": "King of Hungary and Croatia, known for legal reforms and crusader management.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/coloman-king-of-hungary.webp", "c": "Cmcmcm1 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bratislava/": {"t": "Bratislava", "s": "Capital of Slovakia, historic coronation city of Hungarian kings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bratislava.webp", "c": "Lukáš Perný · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/people-executed-by-crucifixion/e/people-executed-by-crucifixion/bartholomew-the-apostle/": {"t": "Bartholomew the Apostle", "s": "Apostle, missionary to India and Armenia, flayed martyr."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/oder/": {"t": "Oder", "s": "Central European river forming part of the Oder–Neisse line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/oder.webp", "c": "H Runge · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/wroc-aw/": {"t": "Wrocław", "s": "Historical capital of Silesia on the Oder River."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/polish-language/": {"t": "Polish language", "s": "A West Slavic language with a rich literary tradition and over 39.7 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/pomerania/": {"t": "Pomerania", "s": "A historical Baltic region split between Poland and Germany, known for its coastal lowlands, lakes, and islands."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/socialist-realism/": {"t": "Socialist realism", "s": "Official Soviet art doctrine depicting reality in revolutionary development."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/ferdinand-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who centralized Habsburg rule and resisted Ottoman advances."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/suleiman-the-magnificent/": {"t": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "s": "Ottoman sultan who expanded the empire and reformed its laws."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/carolingian-empire/": {"t": "Carolingian Empire", "s": "Frankish empire that revived the Roman imperial title in the West."}, "https://codexery.com/vikings/e/characters/viking-expansion/": {"t": "Viking expansion", "s": "Vikings sailed, raided, traded, and settled across three continents.", "i": "https://codexery.com/vikings/img/characters/viking-expansion.webp", "c": "Abbey of Saint-Aubin · via Wikipedia: Viking expansion · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/francia/": {"t": "Francia", "s": "Largest post-Roman kingdom in Western Europe, founded by Clovis I."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/byzantine-empire/": {"t": "Byzantine Empire", "s": "The Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople until 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/krum/": {"t": "Krum", "s": "Khan of First Bulgarian Empire, doubled territory, defeated Byzantine emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/first-bulgarian-empire/": {"t": "First Bulgarian Empire", "s": "Medieval Balkan power that rivaled Byzantium and shaped Slavic culture."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii/": {"t": "Constantine VII", "s": "Byzantine emperor and scholar who compiled key historical and agronomic works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii.webp", "c": "Classical Numismatic Group · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/cyril-and-methodius/": {"t": "Cyril and Methodius", "s": "Byzantine brothers who devised the first Slavic alphabet."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/chersonesus/": {"t": "Chersonesus", "s": "Ancient Greek colony on the Crimean Peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs/": {"t": "East Slavs", "s": "East Slavs formed Kievan Rus' and modern Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Slavs · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/berengar-i-of-italy/": {"t": "Berengar I of Italy", "s": "King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor, opposed by many claimants."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/treviso/": {"t": "Treviso", "s": "City in Veneto, Italy, capital of Treviso province."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/verona/": {"t": "Verona", "s": "Ancient Roman city, UNESCO site, and setting for Shakespeare's plays."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/brescia/": {"t": "Brescia", "s": "Ancient Roman city and industrial hub in Lombardy."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/bergamo/": {"t": "Bergamo", "s": "City of two centers, UNESCO walls, and the 'City of the Thousand.'"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/northern-italy/": {"t": "Northern Italy", "s": "Northern Italy: economic core and cultural heart of the country."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/lombardy/": {"t": "Lombardy", "s": "The most populous region of Italy, second-most populous in the EU, and a global centre for business, fashion, and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/provence/": {"t": "Provence", "s": "A southeastern French region with Roman origins and lasting cultural identity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/provence.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/world-heritage-sites-in-france/avignon/": {"t": "Avignon", "s": "City of the Popes on the Rhône."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/genoa/": {"t": "Genoa", "s": "Capital of Liguria and historic maritime republic on the Gulf of Genoa."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/grisons/": {"t": "Grisons", "s": "Switzerland's largest, easternmost, and only trilingual canton."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-tudor/": {"t": "House of Tudor", "s": "English and Welsh dynasty ruling England from 1485 to 1603.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-tudor.webp", "c": "Sodacan · via Wikipedia: House of Tudor · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/holy-roman-empresses/e/holy-roman-empresses/isabella-of-portugal/": {"t": "Isabella of Portugal", "s": "Empress consort of Charles V and regent of Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession and established Austrian hegemony over Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Catholic emperor whose policies intensified the Thirty Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/eighty-years-war/e/eighty-years-war/army-of-flanders/": {"t": "Army of Flanders", "s": "A pioneering early modern standing army of the Spanish Habsburgs."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electoral-palatinate/": {"t": "Electoral Palatinate", "s": "A key electoral state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/attacks-on-castles-in-europe/e/attacks-on-castles-in-europe/siege-of-heidelberg-1622/": {"t": "Siege of Heidelberg (1622)", "s": "Imperial-Spanish forces captured Heidelberg after an eleven-week siege."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/prince-elector/": {"t": "Prince-elector", "s": "Electors chose the emperor and held unique imperial privileges."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-savoy/": {"t": "Duchy of Savoy", "s": "A composite monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1416 to 1847."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/brandenburg/": {"t": "Brandenburg", "s": "Landlocked German state surrounding Berlin, core of historic Prussia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/war-of-the-spanish-succession/": {"t": "War of the Spanish Succession", "s": "The war was driven by concerns over the balance of power, as the Spanish Empire, though weakened by decades of conflict, remained a prominent global force whose"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/charles-vi-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who enacted the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/moselle/": {"t": "Moselle", "s": "A left-bank tributary of the Rhine, rising in the Vosges and flowing through France, Luxembourg, and Germany.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/moselle.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/law-of-war/": {"t": "Law of war", "s": "The law of war governs the initiation and conduct of hostilities, rooted in ancient codes and modern treaties."}, "/e/military-campaigns-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/hungarian-campaign-of-1527-1528/": {"t": "Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528", "s": "Ferdinand I's campaign to enforce his claim as King of Hungary."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldavia/": {"t": "Moldavia", "s": "Historical principality that united with Wallachia to form Romania."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/e/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/martin-luther/": {"t": "Martin Luther", "s": "German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/books-about-the-ottoman-empire/e/books-about-the-ottoman-empire/on-war-against-the-turk/": {"t": "On War Against the Turk", "s": "Luther's 1528 book on secular war against the Ottoman Turks."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-russian-emperors/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/paul-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Paul I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia from 1796 until his assassination in 1801."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/piedmont/": {"t": "Piedmont", "s": "Northwest Italian region, historic heart of Italian unification."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "Capetian capital on the Seine."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/archduke-charles-duke-of-teschen/": {"t": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "s": "Austrian field marshal and reformer who handed Napoleon his first major defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-von-clausewitz/": {"t": "Carl von Clausewitz", "s": "Prussian officer and theorist of war"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-switzerland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-switzerland/bellinzona/": {"t": "Bellinzona", "s": "Swiss town with three UNESCO-listed castles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pyotr-bagration/": {"t": "Pyotr Bagration", "s": "Russian general of Georgian origin, hero of the Napoleonic Wars", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pyotr-bagration.webp", "c": "George Dawe · via Wikipedia: Pyotr Bagration · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Last Holy Roman Emperor, first Emperor of Austria."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-russian-emperors/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-konstantin-pavlovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia", "s": "Second son of Paul I, heir presumptive who renounced the throne."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "Electorate of Saxony", "s": "A key electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, centered on Saxe-Wittenberg."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/elbe/": {"t": "Elbe", "s": "One of the major rivers of Central Europe, flowing from the Giant Mountains to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/elbe.webp", "c": "Roy Zuo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/hugo-grotius/": {"t": "Hugo Grotius", "s": "Dutch jurist who shaped international law and the idea of rights.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/hugo-grotius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hugo Grotius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-slovakia/e/castles-in-slovakia/jasenov-castle/": {"t": "Jasenov Castle", "s": "Ruined Gothic and Renaissance castle in east Slovakia."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-religion/": {"t": "Freedom of religion", "s": "A fundamental human right protecting belief and practice."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/henri-de-la-tour-d-auvergne-viscount-of-turenne/": {"t": "Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne", "s": "French general and Marshal General of France."}, "https://codexery.com/band-of-brothers/e/world/holland-netherlands/": {"t": "Netherlands", "s": "Holland: Market Garden and 'the Island'."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "/e/military-campaigns-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/palatinate-campaign/": {"t": "Palatinate campaign", "s": "Imperial campaign that removed Frederick V from the Palatinate."}, "https://codexery.com/legends/e/legends/legend-of-jan-and-jriet/": {"t": "Legend of Jan and Jriet", "s": "Folk legend of a rejected peasant who became a general."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/baden-w-rttemberg/": {"t": "Baden-Württemberg", "s": "A prosperous German state formed from Baden, Württemberg, and Hohenzollern."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-milan/": {"t": "Duchy of Milan", "s": "A major Renaissance state contested by Habsburgs and France."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/spanish-treasure-fleet/": {"t": "Spanish treasure fleet", "s": "Convoy system linking Spain with its American colonies (1566–1790)."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/frisia/": {"t": "Frisia", "s": "Cross-border cultural region of the Frisian people in Northwestern Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/frisia.webp", "c": "Gouwenaar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/zuiderzee/": {"t": "Zuiderzee", "s": "Former North Sea bay, closed off in 1932."}}