{"/e/microscope-components/apochromat/": {"t": "Apochromat", "s": "Lens correcting three colors for minimal chromatic aberration."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/spherical-aberration/": {"t": "Spherical aberration", "s": "Spherical aberration degrades image quality in spherical optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/barrister/": {"t": "Barrister", "s": "A specialist advocate in common law court systems."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/sphere/": {"t": "Sphere", "s": "A sphere is a set of points equidistant from a center in 3D space."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refraction/": {"t": "Refraction", "s": "Refraction redirects waves when they change speed between media."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/optical-aberration/": {"t": "Optical aberration", "s": "Deviation from ideal image formation in optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/optical-power/": {"t": "Optical power", "s": "Measure of a lens's ability to converge or diverge light."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/focal-length/": {"t": "Focal length", "s": "Measure of how strongly an optical system bends light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/focal-length.webp", "c": "cmglee, chensiyuan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/microscope-components/achromatic-lens/": {"t": "Achromatic lens", "s": "Lens corrected for chromatic and spherical aberration."}, "/e/microscope-components/objective-optics/": {"t": "Objective (optics)", "s": "An objective gathers and focuses light to form a real image."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/visible-spectrum/": {"t": "Visible spectrum", "s": "The range of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/infrared/": {"t": "Infrared", "s": "Invisible electromagnetic radiation between visible light and microwaves."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/prism-optics/": {"t": "Prism (optics)", "s": "Transparent element that refracts, reflects, or polarizes light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/prism-optics.webp", "c": "Polarbear24 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/optical-microscope/": {"t": "Optical microscope", "s": "Uses visible light and lenses to magnify small objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/optical-microscope.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/optical-telescope/": {"t": "Optical telescope", "s": "Instrument that gathers visible light to magnify distant objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/optical-telescope.webp", "c": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from Greenbelt, MD, USA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/amateur-astronomy/": {"t": "Amateur astronomy", "s": "Amateur astronomers observe celestial objects for passion, education, and citizen science."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/synchrotron-radiation/": {"t": "Synchrotron radiation", "s": "Radiation from relativistic charged particles accelerated perpendicular to velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/microscopes/e/microscopes/inverted-microscope/": {"t": "Inverted microscope", "s": "Microscope with light source above and objectives below the stage."}, "https://codexery.com/musculoskeletal-disorders/e/musculoskeletal-disorders/calcium-pyrophosphate-dihydrate-crystal-deposition-disease/": {"t": "Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease", "s": "A metabolic joint disease causing gout-like flares."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "/e/microscope-components/oil-immersion/": {"t": "Oil immersion", "s": "Oil immersion boosts resolution by matching refractive index between lens and specimen."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke/": {"t": "Robert Hooke", "s": "English polymath and pioneer of microscopy", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Hooke · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/microscopes/e/microscopes/micrographia/": {"t": "Micrographia", "s": "First scientific best-seller, introducing microscopy to the public."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/robert-koch/": {"t": "Robert Koch", "s": "Founder of modern bacteriology and discoverer of the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/cathode-ray-tube/": {"t": "Cathode ray tube", "s": "Vacuum tube display that enabled television and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/oscilloscope/": {"t": "Oscilloscope", "s": "Electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying voltages as a function of time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/oscilloscope.webp", "c": "Leif Jørgensen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/electron-microscope/": {"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-field/": {"t": "Electric field", "s": "Electric fields arise from charges and exert forces on other charges."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/pixel/": {"t": "Pixel", "s": "Smallest addressable element of a raster image."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/primary-color/": {"t": "Primary color", "s": "Primary colors are the basis for mixing a gamut of colors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/primary-color.webp", "c": "Fons Heijnsbroek · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mass-spectrometry/": {"t": "Mass spectrometry", "s": "Technique measuring ion mass-to-charge ratios for chemical analysis."}, "/e/microscope-components/electron-gun/": {"t": "Electron gun", "s": "Component producing a collimated electron beam for various applications."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/space-telescope/": {"t": "Space telescope", "s": "Telescopes in space avoiding atmospheric interference for astronomical observation."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/e/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/scanning-electron-microscope/": {"t": "Scanning electron microscope", "s": "An electron microscope scanning surfaces with a focused beam."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/plaster/": {"t": "Plaster", "s": "Building material used for interiors, decoration, and medical casts."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René Descartes", "s": "Father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek/": {"t": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek", "s": "Self-taught Dutch microscopist who first observed microbes."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/ray-optics/": {"t": "Ray (optics)", "s": "Geometrical model of light propagation used in optical analysis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/ray-optics.webp", "c": "C.Sarabalis · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/magnification/": {"t": "Magnification", "s": "Magnification enlarges apparent size without changing physical size or perspective."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/catadioptric-system/": {"t": "Catadioptric system", "s": "Catadioptric systems combine lenses and mirrors for compact, corrected optics."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/surface-tension/": {"t": "Surface tension", "s": "Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid surface."}, "https://codexery.com/microscopes/e/microscopes/live-cell-imaging/": {"t": "Live-cell imaging", "s": "Real-time visualization of living cells over time."}, "/e/microscope-components/w-watson-and-son/": {"t": "W. Watson and Son", "s": "London optical instrument maker from 1837."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/suzhou/": {"t": "Suzhou", "s": "Ancient cradle of Wu culture, modern industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/quakers/": {"t": "Quakers", "s": "A historically Protestant Christian movement emphasizing direct experience of God and peace.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/quakers.webp", "c": "Kenneth C. Zirkel · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/traditional-health-care-occupations/e/traditional-health-care-occupations/apothecary/": {"t": "Apothecary", "s": "Historical preparer and dispenser of medicines."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/radiography/": {"t": "Radiography", "s": "Imaging the unseen with X-rays and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/quadrupole/": {"t": "Quadrupole", "s": "A multipole configuration of charge, mass, or current."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/william-crookes/": {"t": "William Crookes", "s": "English chemist and physicist, discoverer of thallium, pioneer of vacuum tubes and plasma physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/img/chemists-and-biochemists/william-crookes.webp", "c": "George Charles Beresford (1864-1938) · via Wikipedia: William Crookes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/alternating-current/": {"t": "Alternating current", "s": "Electric current that reverses direction and enables efficient power transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/photometer/": {"t": "Photometer", "s": "Instrument for measuring light quantities like luminous flux.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/photometer.webp", "c": "NASA Johnson Space Center · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/high-frequency/": {"t": "High frequency", "s": "HF enables long-distance radio communication via ionospheric skywave propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/automation/": {"t": "Automation", "s": "Technologies that reduce human intervention in processes via feedback control."}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/ball-bearing/": {"t": "Ball bearing", "s": "A rolling-element bearing that reduces friction using balls between races."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cast-iron/": {"t": "Cast iron", "s": "Iron-carbon alloy with >2% carbon, valued for castability."}}