Mental Health Codexery

Mood disorder

A group of mental disorders with mood disturbance as the core feature.

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The classification appears in both the DSM and ICD diagnostic manuals.[1] Mood disorders fall into seven groups.[2]

Key facts and history

The term "mood disorder" later replaced "affective disorder" because mood refers to the underlying emotional state.[3] A mood disorder can be substance-induced if its cause is the direct physiologic effect of a psychoactive drug.[4] The overarching category of affective disorder was first suggested by the English psychiatrist Henry Maudsley.[3] Among individuals who are heavy drinkers or have alcoholism, there is a high prevalence of major depressive disorder.[5]

Anxiety, panic attacks, and insomnia are frequently treated with a class of drugs known as benzodiazepines.[6] Depression is linked to long-term benzodiazepine use, which can affect the brain in a way similar to alcohol.[7] A strong predictor for the later emergence of mood disorders is having high scores on the personality trait of neuroticism, according to meta-analyses.[8] In the United States, the diagnosis rate for stress-related mood disorders is twice as high for women as it is for men.[9]

What the cited sources add

The National Institute of Mental Health states that bipolar disorder can be chronic or episodic and that people sometimes call it manic-depressive disorder.[10] The NIMH notes that bipolar disorder symptoms usually start during late adolescence or early adulthood.[10] Professor Heather Ashton's 2002 guide reports that depression during benzodiazepine withdrawal can become severe enough to qualify as major depressive disorder.[11] Ashton's 2004 handbook states that in a series of 50 patients undergoing benzodiazepine withdrawal, one committed suicide and three developed major depressive disorder.[12]

The same handbook notes that typical benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, including depression, can take 6 to 12 months to subside completely.[12] A CNN article reports that Kay Redfield Jamison says over 20 studies suggest an increased rate of bipolar and depressive illnesses in highly creative people.[13] The CNN article also states that a ruminating personality type may contribute to both mood disorders and art.[13]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Sartorius 1993, p. 91–93; Sadock Sadock 2002, p. 534 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Sartorius 1993, p. 91–93 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Lewis, "Melancholia: A Historical Review", Journal of Mental Science, 1934, p. 1–42; Berrios, "The Psychopathology of Affectivity: Conceptual and Historical Aspects", Psychological Medicine, 1985, p. 745–758; Sadock Sadock 2002, p. 534 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Methods for Diagnosing Mood Disorders", faqs.org (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression", Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, March 2009, p. 260–6; "Age of Onset and Temporal Sequencing of Lifetime DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorders Relative to Comorbid Mood and Anxiety Disorders", Drug Alcohol Depend, April 2008, p. 234–45; "A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced versus independent depressions", J Stud Alcohol Drugs, November 2007, p. 805–12; "[Attempted suicide and alcohol dependence: results of an epidemiologic survey]", Encephale, 1998, p. 34 en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Michelini, "Long-term use of benzodiazepines: tolerance, dependence and clinical problems in anxiety and mood disorders", Pharmacopsychiatry, July 1996, p. 127–134; Michelini, "Long-term use of benzodiazepines: tolerance, dependence and clinical problems in anxiety and mood disorders", Pharmacopsychiatry, July 1996, p. 127–134; Michelini, "Long-term use of benzodiazepines: tolerance, dependence and clinical problems in anxiety and mood disorders", Pharmacopsychiatry, July 1996, p. 127–134; Lydiard, "Recent developments in the psychopharma en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Semple Smyth Burns Darjee 2007, p. 540; Collier Longmore 2003, p. 366; Professor Heather Ashton, "Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw", 2002; "Emergence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving alprazolam for panic disorder", Am J Psychiatry, May 1987, p. 664–665; "Long-term benzodiazepine use and depression", Am J Psychiatry, January 1985, p. 144–145; Longo, "Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—side effects, abuse risk and alternatives", American Family Physician, April 2000, p. 2121–2128; "Psychiatry, third edition", J en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders: A meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants", Psychological Medicine, 2016, p. 2883–2906 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Mood disorder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Rosinger, "Sex-dependent effects of chronic variable stress on discrete corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 cell populations", Physiology & Behavior, 2020; Blume, "Disruptive effects of repeated stress on basolateral amygdala neurons and fear behavior across the estrous cycle in rats", Scientific Reports, 23 August 2019, p. 12292; Weiser, "Androgen regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) mRNA expression and receptor binding in the rat brain", Experimental Neurology, 26 July 2008, p. 62–68 (original not read en.wikipedia.org
  10. "Bipolar Disorder - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)", www.nimh.nih.gov. facts only, no text reused. nimh.nih.gov
  11. Professor Heather Ashton, "Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw", 2002. facts only, no text reused. benzo.org.uk
  12. Professor Heather Ashton, "Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines", Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Addiction, 2004. facts only, no text reused. benzo.org.uk
  13. "Experts ponder link between creativity, mood disorders", CNN, 2 April 2009. facts only, no text reused. cnn.com

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Mood disorder (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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