Depression (mood)
A mental state of low mood and aversion to activity.
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Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity that affects roughly 280 million people worldwide, or about 3.5% of the global population, as of 2020. It influences a person’s thoughts, behavior, feelings, and overall sense of well-being. A key feature is a reduction in the pleasure or joy derived from experiences, accompanied by a loss of motivation or interest in those activities. Those affected may experience sadness, feelings of dejection or hopelessness, difficulty thinking and concentrating, changes in sleep such as hypersomnia or insomnia, altered appetite leading to overeating or anorexia, and suicidal thoughts.
Life events
Depression can arise from multiple, sometimes overlapping, origins. It can be a normal temporary reaction to life events like the loss of a loved one, a symptom of mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or dysthymia, or a symptom of physical diseases and a side effect of certain drugs and medical treatments. Contributing factors include childhood adversity—such as bereavement, neglect, or physical or sexual abuse—which significantly correlates with depression in adulthood. Those who have experienced four or more adverse childhood events are 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to develop depression.
Poor housing, lack of green spaces, and exposure to air pollution and noise are also linked to depressive moods. Rates of depression are lower among residents of large urban areas compared to those in smaller towns and rural settings. Life events that may trigger depressed mood include childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress from work or education, medical diagnoses, bullying, loss of a loved one, social isolation, rape, or relationship troubles.
Childhood and adolescence
Adolescents are especially vulnerable following social rejection, peer pressure, or bullying. In the workplace, high-quality longitudinal research links adverse conditions such as excessive workloads, little autonomy, and workplace bullying to increased depressive symptoms. Depression in childhood and adolescence resembles adult major depressive disorder, though young people may show irritability or behavioral dyscontrol rather than sadness. It often runs in families and is commonly comorbid with anxiety disorders and conduct disorder.
Lore & Background
Depression manifests as a persistent state of low mood and a marked aversion to activity, affecting roughly 280 million people globally as of 2020. It alters a person’s thoughts, behavior, feelings, and overall sense of well-being. A defining characteristic is the reduction or loss of pleasure or joy from experiences that were once enjoyable, accompanied by a diminished motivation or interest in those activities.
Individuals may experience profound sadness, feelings of dejection or hopelessness, difficulty with thinking and concentration, and disturbances in sleep—either excessive sleep (hypersomnia) or insomnia. Appetite changes, such as overeating or loss of appetite (anorexia), are common, and suicidal thoughts may arise. In children and adolescents, depression often resembles the adult form but can present with increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol rather than the sad or empty feelings typical in adults.
Depression frequently co-occurs with other mental disorders, especially anxiety disorders and conduct disorder in young people, and tends to run in families. Personality traits such as low extraversion, high neuroticism, and low conscientiousness are associated with a greater likelihood of depressive symptoms. The condition can be a normal temporary reaction to life events like loss, a symptom of mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, or a side effect of certain drugs and medical treatments.
Reader's Guide
Its significance lies in its profound impact on individuals' quality of life and its association with numerous psychiatric syndromes, including major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder. The condition is also linked to physical illnesses such as chronic pain, stroke, diabetes, and cancer, with up to 85% of chronic pain patients experiencing clinical depression.
Research highlights the role of personality traits—low extraversion and high neuroticism—as well as workplace stressors and childhood trauma. The historical legacy of racism and colonialism has been theorized to create depressive conditions for marginalized populations. Understanding depression's multifaceted origins is crucial for effective prevention and treatment.
Did You Know?
- About 60% of LGBTQ youth reported feeling sad, depressed, or hopeless almost daily for two weeks or more in the past year.
- One study found that a third of alpha interferon-treated patients developed depression after three months of treatment.
- As many as one-third of stroke survivors later develop post-stroke depression.
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Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Depression (mood) (CC BY-SA 4.0).
- Word definitions: the Codexery glossary, each quoted from its Wikipedia article.
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