[{"n": "Latin Empire", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/latin-empire/", "s": "A Crusader state born from the Fourth Crusade, ruling Constantinople from 1204 to 1261."}, {"n": "Lombard League", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/lombard-league/", "s": "A medieval confederation of northern Italian cities that resisted imperial control."}, {"n": "Lombards", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/lombards/", "s": "Germanic conquerors of Italy, from the Elbe to the Po."}, {"n": "Medieval renaissances", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/medieval-renaissances/", "s": "Three medieval cultural renewals, first named in the 19th century."}, {"n": "Normans", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/normans/", "s": "From Norse raiders to rulers of Europe"}, {"n": "Ostrogoths", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/ostrogoths/", "s": "Germanic people who founded a kingdom in Italy under Theodoric."}, {"n": "Peace and Truce of God", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/peace-and-truce-of-god/", "s": "Medieval Church-led movement to limit feudal violence through spiritual sanctions."}, {"n": "Piast dynasty", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/piast-dynasty/", "s": "First historical ruling dynasty of Poland, from c."}, {"n": "Renaissance of the 12th century", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/renaissance-of-the-12th-century/", "s": "A period of intellectual, economic, and artistic transformation in the High Middle Ages."}, {"n": "Republic of Ancona", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-ancona/", "s": "Medieval maritime republic and central Italy's gateway to the Orient."}, {"n": "Republic of Florence", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-florence/", "s": "A medieval and early modern state centered on Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance and home of the florin."}, {"n": "Republic of Venice", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, {"n": "Salic law", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/salic-law/", "s": "The Frankish civil law code compiled around 500 AD by Clovis, containing early Old Dutch and influencing Europ"}, {"n": "Late Middle Ages", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/late-middle-ages/", "s": "Crisis and transformation in 14th–15th century Europe."}, {"n": "Latin translations of the 12th century", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/latin-translations-of-the-12th-century/", "s": "Scholars translated Arabic and Greek works into Latin, reviving European learning."}, {"n": "Lotharingia", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/lotharingia/", "s": "Early medieval kingdom and duchy named after King Lothair II."}, {"n": "March of Tuscany", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/march-of-tuscany/", "s": "A Carolingian march that shaped medieval Italian politics."}, {"n": "Maritime republics", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/maritime-republics/", "s": "Italian thalassocratic states that dominated Mediterranean trade and navigation."}, {"n": "Medieval commune", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/medieval-commune/", "s": "Sworn urban alliances for mutual defense and self-governance."}, {"n": "Medieval warfare", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/medieval-warfare/", "s": "Medieval warfare transformed tactics, fortifications, and military organization."}, {"n": "Norman conquest of southern Italy", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/norman-conquest-of-southern-italy/", "s": "Decades-long Norman consolidation of southern Italy into a kingdom."}, {"n": "North Sea Empire", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/north-sea-empire/", "s": "A short-lived Norse thalassocracy uniting three kingdoms."}, {"n": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/ostrogothic-kingdom/", "s": "Ostrogothic kingdom ruled Italy after deposing Odoacer."}, {"n": "Ottonian dynasty", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/ottonian-dynasty/", "s": "The Ottonian dynasty, a Saxon line of German monarchs, ruled from 919 to 1024."}, {"n": "Peasants' Revolt", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/peasants-revolt/", "s": "Major English uprising in 1381, best documented revolt of the period."}, {"n": "Prince-elector", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/prince-elector/", "s": "Electors chose the emperor and held unique imperial privileges."}, {"n": "Republic of Genoa", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, {"n": "Republic of Pisa", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-pisa/", "s": "A medieval maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for a century."}, {"n": "Republic of Ragusa", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-ragusa/", "s": "Aristocratic maritime republic centered on Dubrovnik, peaked in 15th–16th centuries."}, {"n": "Republic of Siena", "u": "/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-siena/", "s": "A medieval republic of commerce and art in Tuscany."}]