Media And Publishing Codexery

Mass media

The definitive guide to mass media: history, classification, and influence.

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Mass media

huangdan2060 · Public domain

Communication that reaches many people at once through various channels is what mass media describes.[1] Large media organizations and networks often control mass media, making it vulnerable to being captured by outside interests.[2]

Democracy v. public funding for media
Democracy v. public funding for media. Image: DavidMCEddy · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Key facts and history

The first dated print book, the Diamond Sutra, was printed in China in 868 AD.[3] By the early 2000s, a classification called the "seven mass media" came into use.[4] Thanks to the high-speed rotary steam printing press and railway distribution, newspapers with large circulations first appeared in London during the early 1800s.[5] People started using the expression "the media" during the 1920s.[6]

Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college
Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college. Image: huangdan2060 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television were the eight industries into which mass media was categorized in the late 20th century.[4] From 1985 through 2018, the media industry saw roughly 76,720 announced deals, with a combined value near US$5,634 billion.[7]

Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college
Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college. Image: huangdan2060 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

What the cited sources add

Sociologist John Thompson of Cambridge University identified five characteristics of mass communication, including the "commodification of symbolic forms" and a "one-to-many" form of communication.[8][9] Stephen Balkaran states that the media has played a key role in perpetuating the effects of historical oppression and contributing to African Americans' continuing status as second-class citizens.[10] Through fake press releases and staged events, media artist Joey Skaggs has shown how easily mass media can be tricked.[11][12] Skaggs' ongoing media hoaxes demonstrate that news outlets frequently run stories with little verification of the facts.[11][12]

Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college
Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college. Image: huangdan2060 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

The spread of civil unrest, including anti-government protests and riots, is significantly aided by mass media.[13][14] Because of changes in the media environment, the Hallin and Mancini model, which relied on older indicators, no longer fits current conditions.[15][16] By using framing and agenda-setting, mass media can influence a story's impact through the selection and emphasis of certain facts and information.[17][18][19]

Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college
Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college. Image: huangdan2060 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college
Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical college. Image: huangdan2060 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Mass Media", eNotes.com; Riesman et al. (1950) ch. 2 p. 50; Manohar, Uttara, "Different Types of Mass Media", Buzzle.com (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Oxford English Dictionary"; Potter, W. James, "Arguing for a general framework for mass media scholarship", Sage, 2008, p. 32 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "The Invention of Movable Type in China : History of Information", www.historyofinformation.com (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Sashwat Yogi "Role Of Media In Social Awareness (A Review Study)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 1.1 (2013): 71–73, online . (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Newhagen, J.E., "Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 65", CRC Press, 1999, p. 210; Nerone, John, "A companion to media studies", Wiley-Blackwell, 2006, p. 102; Pace, Geoffrey L., "Mass media & society", Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, p. 10; Corey Ross, Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich (Oxford University Press 2010) on Germany (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet", Polity Press, 2010, p. 1 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "M&A by Industries", N&A Statistics (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Thompson, John, "The Media and Modernity", Stanford University Press, 1995, p. 26–28, 74 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Open Library record, ISBN 9780804726795 ("The Media and Modernity"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
  10. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Balkaran, Stephen, "Mass Media and Racism", The Yale Political Quarterly, October 1999; Balkaran, Stephen, "Mass Media and Racism", The Yale Political Quarterly, October 1999; Macnamara, "Media and Male Identity", Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Harold, "Pranking rhetoric: "culture jamming" as media activism", Critical Studies in Media Communication, 2004-09-01, p. 189–211 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  12. Christine Harold, "Pranking rhetoric: “culture jamming” as media activism", Critical Studies in Media Communication (2004), doi:10.1080/0739318042000212693. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  13. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Vipond (2000) p. 88; Braha, "Global Civil Unrest: Contagion, Self-Organization, and Prediction", PLOS ONE, 31 October 2012; Braha, "Global Civil Unrest: Contagion, Self-Organization, and Prediction", PLOS ONE, 31 October 2012 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  14. Dan Braha, "Global Civil Unrest: Contagion, Self-Organization, and Prediction", PLoS ONE (2012), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048596. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  15. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Saliu, "Revisiting Hallin and Mancini's media model", Balkan Social Science Review, 2023, p. 235–255 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  16. Hasan Saliu, "REVISITING HALLIN AND MANCINI'S MEDIA MODEL: ALBANIA AND KOSOVO", Balkan Social Science Review (2023), doi:10.46763/bssr2321235s. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  17. Wikipedia, "Mass media" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Powers, "Al-Jazeera English and global news networks: clash of civilizations or cross-cultural dialogue?", Media, War & Conflict, December 2009, p. 263–284; Dines, "Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-Reader", SAGE, 2003 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  18. Shawn Powers, "Al-Jazeera English and global news networks: clash of civilizations or cross-cultural dialogue?", Media War & Conflict (2009), doi:10.1177/1750635209345185. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  19. Open Library record, ISBN 9780761922612 ("Gender, race, and class in media"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Mass media (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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