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"Radial ejecta streaks from impact craters across the solar system."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/set-theory/": {"t": "Set theory", "s": "The branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, founded by Georg Cantor in the 1870s."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/aphorism/": {"t": "Aphorism", "s": "A short saying that requires interpretation."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/optics/": {"t": "Optics", "s": "Branch of physics studying light and electromagnetic radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/optics.webp", "c": "OpticalSystem · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/probability-and-statistics/probability-theory/": {"t": "Probability theory", "s": "Mathematical study of randomness and uncertainty."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/georg-cantor/": {"t": "Georg Cantor", "s": "Founder of set theory and transfinite numbers"}, "/e/mathematicians/ernst-zermelo/": {"t": "Ernst Zermelo", "s": "German logician and mathematician who axiomatized set theory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/ernst-zermelo.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ernst Zermelo · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/set-theory-and-foundations/cardinality-of-the-continuum/": {"t": "Cardinality of the continuum", "s": "The cardinality of the set of real numbers."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/set-theory-and-foundations/cardinal-number/": {"t": "Cardinal number", "s": "A number measuring the size of a set."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/kurt-g-del/": {"t": "Kurt Gödel", "s": "Logician who proved limits of formal axiomatic systems."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/max-planck/": {"t": "Max Planck", "s": "German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory."}, "/e/mathematicians/gregorio-ricci-curbastro/": {"t": "Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro", "s": "Italian mathematician who discovered tensor calculus, crucial to general relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/gregorio-ricci-curbastro.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leipzig-university/": {"t": "Leipzig University", "s": "One of the world's oldest universities, founded in 1409."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/mechanics/": {"t": "Mechanics", "s": "Physics of force, matter, and motion among objects."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-hilbert/": {"t": "David Hilbert", "s": "German mathematician and philosopher of mathematics"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/emmy-noether/": {"t": "Emmy Noether", "s": "Groundbreaking mathematician who transformed abstract algebra and physics."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/algebraic-geometry/": {"t": "Algebraic geometry", "s": "Branch of mathematics studying zeros of polynomial equations."}, "https://codexery.com/topology-and-abstract-spaces/e/topology-and-abstract-spaces/klein-bottle/": {"t": "Klein bottle", "s": "A one-sided surface with no boundary."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/euclidean-geometry/": {"t": "Euclidean geometry", "s": "Ancient Greek mathematician who systematized geometry in Elements."}, "/e/mathematicians/henri-poincar/": {"t": "Henri Poincaré", "s": "French polymath and last universalist mathematician.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/henri-poincar.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henri Poincaré · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/asthma/": {"t": "Asthma", "s": "A chronic inflammatory airway disease with variable symptoms and no cure."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-iii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry III of France", "s": "King of France and Poland, assassinated during the Wars of Religion."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-queen-of-scots/": {"t": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "s": "Queen of Scotland from infancy, imprisoned and executed by her cousin Elizabeth I."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/giordano-bruno/": {"t": "Giordano Bruno", "s": "Italian philosopher burned at the stake for heresy."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/french-wars-of-religion/": {"t": "French Wars of Religion", "s": "The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars fought between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots from 1562 to 1598."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/inter-gravissimas/": {"t": "Inter gravissimas", "s": "Papal bull that introduced the Gregorian calendar reform."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/aloysius-lilius/": {"t": "Aloysius Lilius", "s": "Italian physician and astronomer who devised the Gregorian calendar proposal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/img/gregorian-calendar/aloysius-lilius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aloysius Lilius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/christopher-clavius/": {"t": "Christopher Clavius", "s": "Jesuit astronomer and mathematician who shaped the Gregorian calendar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/img/gregorian-calendar/christopher-clavius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Clavius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/apollonius-of-perga/": {"t": "Apollonius of Perga", "s": "Ancient Greek geometer who defined conic sections."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/luca-pacioli/": {"t": "Luca Pacioli", "s": "Father of accounting and bookkeeping, Franciscan friar, and collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci."}, "/e/mathematicians/gerolamo-cardano/": {"t": "Gerolamo Cardano", "s": "Renaissance polymath who advanced algebra and probability.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/gerolamo-cardano.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gerolamo Cardano · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematics-and-cryptography/e/mathematics-and-cryptography/william-oughtred/": {"t": "William Oughtred", "s": "English mathematician and Anglican clergyman, inventor of the slide rule"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/hardy-weinberg-principle/": {"t": "Hardy–Weinberg principle", "s": "Allele and genotype frequencies remain constant without evolutionary influences."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/population-genetics/": {"t": "Population genetics", "s": "Subfield of genetics studying genetic differences within and among populations."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henry-james/": {"t": "Henry James", "s": "American-British author, key transitional figure between literary realism and modernism"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematics-and-cryptography/e/mathematics-and-cryptography/srinivasa-ramanujan/": {"t": "Srinivasa Ramanujan", "s": "A regular graph whose spectral gap is almost as large as possible, indirectly named after Srinivasa Ramanujan via the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/don-quixote/": {"t": "Don Quixote", "s": "A novel about a man who becomes a knight-errant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/don-quixote.webp", "c": "Juan de la Cuesta · via Wikipedia: Don Quixote · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/gulliver-s-travels/": {"t": "Gulliver's Travels", "s": "Jonathan Swift's 1726 satire following Lemuel Gulliver to Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa and the Houyhnhnms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/gulliver-s-travels.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gulliver's Travels · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe/": {"t": "Robinson Crusoe", "s": "Fictional castaway who inspired the Robinsonade genre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robinson Crusoe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/university-folklore/e/university-folklore/mathematical-tripos/": {"t": "Mathematical Tripos", "s": "Cambridge's historic mathematics examination and degree course."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bertrand-russell/": {"t": "Bertrand Russell", "s": "English philosopher, logician, and social reformer"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/poisoning-by-drugs-medicaments-and-biolo/e/poisoning-by-drugs-medicaments-and-biological-substances/barbiturate-overdose/": {"t": "Barbiturate overdose", "s": "Barbiturate overdose is now a rare cause of poisoning."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/pacifism/": {"t": "Pacifism", "s": "Opposition to war or violence, coined in 1901."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/boolean-algebra/": {"t": "Boolean algebra", "s": "Algebra of truth values and logical operations."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-programming/": {"t": "Computer programming", "s": "The composition of instructions for computers to follow."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-sanders-peirce/": {"t": "Charles Sanders Peirce", "s": "American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher; father of pragmatism"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/claude-shannon/": {"t": "Claude Shannon", "s": "Polymath who founded information theory and digital circuit design.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/claude-shannon.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Shannon · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/lincolnshire/": {"t": "Lincolnshire", "s": "A rural English county with a quiet history and varied landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/e/history/liverpool/": {"t": "Liverpool", "s": "Six European Cups, an English record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/img/history/liverpool.webp", "c": "Ian S · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/constructed-language-creators/e/constructed-language-creators/louis-couturat/": {"t": "Louis Couturat", "s": "French logician and pioneer of the constructed language Ido."}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/algebra/rational-function/": {"t": "Rational function", "s": "Ratio of two polynomial functions, fundamental in algebra and analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-science/": {"t": "Computer science", "s": "Study of computation, information, and automation spanning theory to application."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economics/": {"t": "Economics", "s": "Social science studying production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economics.webp", "c": "Pk0001 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/stanford-university/": {"t": "Stanford University", "s": "Private research university in Stanford, California, founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/stanford-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanford University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/complexity-theory/e/complexity-theory/simplex-algorithm/": {"t": "Simplex algorithm", "s": "Algorithm for linear programming, derived from simplicial cones."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-bernard-shaw/": {"t": "George Bernard Shaw", "s": "Irish playwright and critic who reshaped modern drama."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/french-people/": {"t": "French people", "s": "A people defined by citizenship, language, and a shared willingness to live together."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-boston-red-sox/e/history-of-the-boston-red-sox/good-will-hunting/": {"t": "Good Will Hunting", "s": "A self-taught genius janitor confronts his past through therapy."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "/e/mathematicians/john-von-neumann/": {"t": "John von Neumann", "s": "Mathematician who shaped quantum physics, computing, and nuclear strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/diabetes/": {"t": "Diabetes", "s": "A group of endocrine diseases marked by high blood sugar."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ibn-al-haytham/": {"t": "Ibn al-Haytham", "s": "Father of modern optics and pioneer of the 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remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/rudolf-carnap/": {"t": "Rudolf Carnap", "s": "German philosopher and logician, major member of the Vienna Circle and advocate of logical positivism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/analytic-philosophy/": {"t": "Analytic philosophy", "s": "A school of thought emphasizing analysis, logic, and the linguistic turn."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/grand-duchy-of-mecklenburg-schwerin/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin", "s": "A grand duchy in northern Germany, ruled from Schwerin."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/mecklenburg-vorpommern/": {"t": "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern", "s": "Coastal German state formed from Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/philipp-melanchthon/": {"t": "Philipp Melanchthon", "s": "Lutheran reformer, first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, and primary author of the Augsburg Confession.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/img/philosophers-and-theologians/philipp-melanchthon.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Philipp Melanchthon · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/textbook/": {"t": "Textbook", "s": "A comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study, serving to explain the subject."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/analytic-geometry/": {"t": "Analytic geometry", "s": "Study of geometry using a coordinate system."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/principia-mathematica/": {"t": "Principia Mathematica", "s": "Three-volume work on foundations of mathematics by Whitehead and Russell."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/alfred-north-whitehead/": {"t": "Alfred North Whitehead", "s": "English mathematician and philosopher who founded process philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-logic/e/set-theory-and-logic/russell-s-paradox/": {"t": "Russell's paradox", "s": "A set-theoretic paradox showing that unrestricted comprehension leads to contradictions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematics-and-cryptography/e/mathematics-and-cryptography/sofya-kovalevskaya/": {"t": "Sofya Kovalevskaya", "s": "Russian mathematician, first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/marie-curie/": {"t": "Marie Curie", "s": "Pioneer of radioactivity and two-time Nobel laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pierre-curie/": {"t": "Pierre Curie", "s": "French physicist and Nobel laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henrietta-swan-leavitt/": {"t": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt", "s": "Discovered the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henrietta-swan-leavitt.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Henrietta Swan Leavitt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/cepheid-variable/": {"t": "Cepheid variable", "s": "Pulsating stars used as cosmic distance markers."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edwin-hubble/": {"t": "Edwin Hubble", "s": "The astronomer who revealed the universe beyond the Milky Way"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-hermite/": {"t": "Charles Hermite", "s": "French mathematician who proved the transcendence of e"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/karl-weierstrass/": {"t": "Karl Weierstrass", "s": "Father of modern analysis"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/raymond-poincar/": {"t": "Raymond Poincaré", "s": "French statesman, President and three-time Prime Minister, known for his wartime leadership and the Occupation of the Ruhr."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/algebraic-topology/": {"t": "Algebraic topology", "s": "Branch of mathematics using algebra to study topological spaces."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/lorentz-transformation/": {"t": "Lorentz transformation", "s": "Linear transformations connecting inertial frames in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/maxwell-s-equations/": {"t": "Maxwell's equations", "s": "Foundation of classical electromagnetism and optics."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/gravitational-wave/": {"t": "Gravitational wave", "s": "Ripples in spacetime carrying energy at light speed."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/": {"t": "Radioactive decay", "s": "Unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation."}, 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"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/suleiman-the-magnificent/": {"t": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "s": "Ottoman sultan who expanded the empire and reformed its laws."}, "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/e/combinatorics/binomial-coefficient/": {"t": "Binomial coefficient", "s": "Positive integers that appear as coefficients in the binomial theorem.", "i": "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/img/combinatorics/binomial-coefficient.webp", "c": "Cmglee · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/boardgames/e/board-games/chess/": {"t": "Chess", "s": "The timeless game of strategy and intellect."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-gregory-xiii/": {"t": "Pope Gregory XIII", "s": "The pope who gave us the calendar"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematics-and-cryptography/e/mathematics-and-cryptography/tullio-levi-civita/": {"t": "Tullio Levi-Civita", "s": "Italian mathematician who contributed to tensor analysis, 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"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/m-c-escher/": {"t": "M. 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