{"/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/melting/": {"t": "Melting", "s": "Phase transition from solid to liquid at the melting point."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/state-of-matter/": {"t": "State of matter", "s": "Distinct forms of matter defined by particle arrangement and behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/density/": {"t": "Density", "s": "Mass per unit volume, an intensive property of matter."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/solid/": {"t": "Solid", "s": "A state of matter with tightly bound atoms and structural rigidity."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/gas/": {"t": "Gas", "s": "A compressible fluid state of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/fluid/": {"t": "Fluid", "s": "A substance that flows and deforms under shear stress."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystallization/": {"t": "Crystallization", "s": "Process forming ordered solids from solution, melt, or gas."}, "https://codexery.com/nebulae/e/nebulae/interstellar-cloud/": {"t": "Interstellar cloud", "s": "Denser-than-average regions of the interstellar medium, where hydrogen can be neutral, ionized, or molecular."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-element/": {"t": "Chemical element", "s": "Fundamental species of atom defined by proton count."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/inorganic-compound/": {"t": "Inorganic compound", "s": "A chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds, studied in inorganic chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/acid/": {"t": "Acid", "s": "A substance that donates a proton or accepts an electron pair.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/acid.webp", "c": "Heritage Preservation Department - MNHS · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/liquid/": {"t": "Liquid", "s": "A state of matter with definite volume but no fixed shape."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/phase-matter/": {"t": "Phase (matter)", "s": "A phase is a uniform region of material in a thermodynamic system."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/solid-state-physics/": {"t": "Solid-state physics", "s": "Study of solids' atomic-scale properties determining large-scale behavior."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/amorphous-solid/": {"t": "Amorphous solid", "s": "A solid lacking long-range crystalline order."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/potential-energy/": {"t": "Potential energy", "s": "Energy stored in an object's position or configuration."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/allotropy/": {"t": "Allotropy", "s": "Property of elements to exist in multiple structural forms."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/diamond/": {"t": "Diamond", "s": "A metastable carbon allotrope with extreme hardness and thermal conductivity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/diamond.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/graphite/": {"t": "Graphite", "s": "A crystalline carbon allotrope used in refractories, batteries, and lubricants.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/graphite.webp", "c": "D.S. Soriano · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-polymorphism/": {"t": "Crystal polymorphism", "s": "A compound can crystallize into more than one crystal structure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-polymorphism.webp", "c": "Perditax · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/electron-degeneracy-pressure/": {"t": "Electron degeneracy pressure", "s": "Quantum pressure from fermions preventing collapse in white dwarfs."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/ideal-gas-law/": {"t": "Ideal gas law", "s": "Equation of state for a hypothetical ideal gas."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/elastic-modulus/": {"t": "Elastic modulus", "s": "A measure of a material's resistance to elastic deformation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/elastic-modulus.webp", "c": "Arbitrarily0 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/gallium/": {"t": "Gallium", "s": "A silvery metal that melts in your hand."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/plutonium/": {"t": "Plutonium", "s": "Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number known to occur in nature."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/metallic-bonding/": {"t": "Metallic bonding", "s": "Metallic bonding is a communal form of covalent bonding."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/strength-of-materials/": {"t": "Strength of materials", "s": "Study of material response to loads without failure."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/ionization/": {"t": "Ionization", "s": "Process by which atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to become ions."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/intracluster-medium/": {"t": "Intracluster medium", "s": "Superheated plasma permeating galaxy clusters, emitting strong X-rays."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-field/": {"t": "Electromagnetic field", "s": "A physical field combining electric and magnetic influences."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity/": {"t": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity", "s": "Resistivity measures opposition to current; conductivity is its reciprocal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity.webp", "c": "Wolff, F.A.; Dellinger, J.H. · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventions/e/hungarian-inventions/plasma-display/": {"t": "Plasma display", "s": "First large flat-panel displays, later superseded by LCDs and OLEDs."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/phase-transition/": {"t": "Phase transition", "s": "Physical process of transition between states of a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/irving-langmuir/": {"t": "Irving Langmuir", "s": "Nobel-winning chemist and physicist who pioneered surface chemistry, plasma physics, and the gas-filled incandescent lamp."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/humphry-davy/": {"t": "Humphry Davy", "s": "British chemist and inventor of the Davy lamp, pioneer of electrochemistry"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/michael-faraday/": {"t": "Michael Faraday", "s": "English pioneer of electromagnetism and electrochemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/william-crookes/": {"t": "William Crookes", "s": "English chemist and physicist, discoverer of thallium, pioneer of vacuum tubes and plasma physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/img/chemists-and-biochemists/william-crookes.webp", "c": "George Charles Beresford (1864-1938) · via Wikipedia: William Crookes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle/": {"t": "Particle", "s": "A particle is a separate part of a larger system."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-current/": {"t": "Electric current", "s": "Flow of charged particles through a conductor or space."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/stream-of-particles/": {"t": "Stream of particles", "s": "Charged or neutral particle streams used in science and medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/electronvolt/": {"t": "Electronvolt", "s": "Unit of energy gained by an electron through one volt."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/observable-universe/": {"t": "Observable universe", "s": "The portion of the universe visible from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/messier-87/": {"t": "Messier 87", "s": "A supergiant elliptical galaxy with a relativistic jet and supermassive black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/evaporation/": {"t": "Evaporation", "s": "Surface vaporization process driven by heat and molecular kinetics."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/surface-tension/": {"t": "Surface tension", "s": "Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid surface."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/supercritical-fluid/": {"t": "Supercritical fluid", "s": "Substance above critical point with combined gas and liquid properties."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/bose-einstein-condensate/": {"t": "Bose–Einstein condensate", "s": "A quantum state of matter formed at near absolute zero."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/cooking-techniques/emulsion/": {"t": "Emulsion", "s": "Mixture of immiscible liquids, one dispersed in another."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/pressure/": {"t": "Pressure", "s": "Pressure is force per unit area, a scalar quantity."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/superheating/": {"t": "Superheating", "s": "A metastable state where liquid exceeds boiling point without boiling."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-structure/": {"t": "Crystal structure", "s": "Ordered arrangement of particles in crystalline materials.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-structure.webp", "c": "Biochemlife · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/ferromagnetism/": {"t": "Ferromagnetism", "s": "Strongest type of magnetism, enabling permanent magnets and many technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/thermodynamic-free-energy/": {"t": "Thermodynamic free energy", "s": "Free energy measures work available at constant temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/lars-onsager/": {"t": "Lars Onsager", "s": "Norwegian American physical chemist and theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate in Chemistry (1968)."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/internal-energy/": {"t": "Internal energy", "s": "Internal energy is a state function central to the first law of thermodynamics."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/molecule/": {"t": "Molecule", "s": "Group of atoms bonded together; fundamental unit of chemical compounds."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organic-compound/": {"t": "Organic compound", "s": "Carbon-based compounds central to life and chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/entropy/": {"t": "Entropy", "s": "A measure of disorder and irreversibility in physical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/max-born/": {"t": "Max Born", "s": "German–British physicist who shaped quantum mechanics and mentored many."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/polymerase-chain-reaction/": {"t": "Polymerase chain reaction", "s": "PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences rapidly for study."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/hysteresis/": {"t": "Hysteresis", "s": "History-dependent behavior observed across many natural and artificial systems."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-growth/": {"t": "Crystal growth", "s": "Process of adding particles to a crystalline lattice after nucleation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-growth.webp", "c": "LaMèreVeille · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/parasitic-diseases/e/parasitic-diseases/haemonchus-contortus/": {"t": "Haemonchus contortus", "s": "A blood-feeding nematode causing anemia and death in ruminants."}, "https://codexery.com/food-and-drink/e/food-and-drink/food-preservation/": {"t": "Food preservation", "s": "Methods to slow spoilage and reduce food waste."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-cell-biology/e/microbiology-and-cell-biology/microorganism/": {"t": "Microorganism", "s": "Microscopic organisms that shape life, health, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/water-cycle/": {"t": "Water cycle", "s": "Continuous movement of water across Earth's reservoirs."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/hydrology/": {"t": "Hydrology", "s": "Study of water movement, distribution, and management."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-biology/e/plant-biology/transpiration/": {"t": "Transpiration", "s": "Passive water movement through plants, cooling and enabling nutrient flow."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/intermolecular-force/": {"t": "Intermolecular force", "s": "Weak forces mediating interactions between molecules, essential in biochemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/thermodynamic-equilibrium/": {"t": "Thermodynamic equilibrium", "s": "State with no net flows and no tendency toward change."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/dimensional-analysis/": {"t": "Dimensional analysis", "s": "Method for analyzing physical dimensions of quantities."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/surface-area/": {"t": "Surface area", "s": "Measure of total area of a solid object's surface."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/hydrogen-bond/": {"t": "Hydrogen bond", "s": "A partial-covalent molecular interaction between a protic hydrogen and an electronegative acceptor."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/newton-unit/": {"t": "Newton (unit)", "s": "SI unit of force, named after Isaac Newton."}, "https://codexery.com/other-invertebrates/e/other-invertebrates/gerridae/": {"t": "Gerridae", "s": "Insects that walk on water using hydrophobic legs and surface tension."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/mechanical-equilibrium/": {"t": "Mechanical equilibrium", "s": "State where net force on each part is zero."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polytetrafluoroethylene/": {"t": "Polytetrafluoroethylene", "s": "Accidentally discovered fluoropolymer used widely for non-stick and chemical resistance."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mercury-element/": {"t": "Mercury (element)", "s": "A heavy, silvery liquid metal with unique physical properties and high toxicity."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-inventions/e/italian-inventions/barometer/": {"t": "Barometer", "s": "Instrument measuring air pressure for weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/buoyancy/": {"t": "Buoyancy", "s": "Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/work-physics/": {"t": "Work (physics)", "s": "Energy transferred by force along a displacement."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/colligative-properties/": {"t": "Colligative properties", "s": "Solution properties depending only on solute particle count."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/biological-membrane/": {"t": "Biological membrane", "s": "A selectively permeable membrane defining cell boundaries and compartments."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/equilibrium-constant/": {"t": "Equilibrium constant", "s": "Value of reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-wall/": {"t": "Cell wall", "s": "Structural layer outside cell membrane providing support and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane/": {"t": "Cell membrane", "s": "Semipermeable lipid bilayer separating cell interior from environment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/leech/": {"t": "Leech", "s": "Parasitic or predatory worms used in medicine since ancient times."}, "https://codexery.com/aquatic-invertebrates/e/aquatic-invertebrates/slug/": {"t": "Slug", "s": "Shell-less terrestrial gastropods from multiple evolutionary lineages."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/desalination/": {"t": "Desalination", "s": "Converting salt water to fresh water through artificial processes."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/elasticity-physics/": {"t": "Elasticity (physics)", "s": "Elasticity describes a material's ability to recover its original shape."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-optics/": {"t": "Crystal optics", "s": "Branch of optics studying light in anisotropic media.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-optics.webp", "c": "Pittigrilli · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/optics/": {"t": "Optics", "s": "Branch of physics studying light and electromagnetic radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/optics.webp", "c": "OpticalSystem · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mechanical-engineering/": {"t": "Mechanical engineering", "s": "Engineering branch focused on force, motion, and mechanical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/sodium/": {"t": "Sodium", "s": "Soft, reactive alkali metal essential for life."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor/": {"t": "Electrical conductor", "s": "Material enabling electric current flow via charge carriers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/insulator-electricity/": {"t": "Insulator (electricity)", "s": "Material that resists electric current flow."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/germanium/": {"t": "Germanium", "s": "A lustrous, hard-brittle metalloid in the carbon group, used in semiconductors and fiber optics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/germanium.webp", "c": "Mister rf · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/phosphorus/": {"t": "Phosphorus", "s": "The element that glows, burns, and sustains life."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/indium/": {"t": "Indium", "s": "Soft, silvery metal used in displays and semiconductors."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/crystal-detector/": {"t": "Crystal detector", "s": "Early semiconductor diode used to demodulate radio signals in crystal radios."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-field/": {"t": "Electric field", "s": "Electric fields arise from charges and exert forces on other charges."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/photon/": {"t": "Photon", "s": "Quantum of light and force carrier for electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/light-emitting-diode/": {"t": "Light-emitting diode", "s": "Semiconductor device converting electricity into light via electroluminescence."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/e/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/thermal-management-electronics/": {"t": "Thermal management (electronics)", "s": "Thermal management improves reliability and prevents premature failure in electronics."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/selenium/": {"t": "Selenium", "s": "Essential trace element and semiconductor discovered in 1817."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the 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coined 'gas'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/img/pioneers-of-medicine/jan-baptist-van-helmont.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jan Baptist van Helmont · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/paracelsus/": {"t": "Paracelsus", "s": "Swiss physician and alchemist, pioneer of medical observation and toxicology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/jacques-barzun/": {"t": "Jacques Barzun", "s": "French-born American historian, philosopher of education, and author of over forty books, known for his cultural history and magnum opus From Dawn to Decadence."}, "https://codexery.com/brewing-processes/e/brewing-processes/fermentation/": {"t": "Fermentation", "s": "Anaerobic metabolism using organic compounds as both electron donor and acceptor."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/mole-unit/": {"t": "Mole (unit)", "s": "SI base unit for amount of substance."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-boyle/": {"t": "Robert Boyle", "s": "Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-boyle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Boyle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/jet-engine/": {"t": "Jet engine", "s": "Reaction engine discharging heated gas to produce thrust."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/pauli-exclusion-principle/": {"t": "Pauli exclusion principle", "s": "No two fermions can share identical quantum states."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/white-dwarf/": {"t": "White dwarf", "s": "A compact star supported by electron degeneracy pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/gravitational-collapse/": {"t": "Gravitational collapse", "s": "Gravitational collapse shapes stars, remnants, and black holes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/gravitational-collapse.webp", "c": "Illustration by R.J. 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{"t": "Gauge boson", "s": "Force-carrying bosons that mediate fundamental interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/torus/": {"t": "Torus", "s": "A surface of revolution shaped like a doughnut."}}