[{"n": "Machining", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/machining/", "s": "A subtractive manufacturing process using controlled material removal by cutting."}, {"n": "Metal casting", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metal-casting/", "s": "Ancient process of shaping metal by pouring into molds."}, {"n": "Metal fabrication", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metal-fabrication/", "s": "Metal fabrication creates structures by cutting, bending, and assembling."}, {"n": "Mineral wool", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mineral-wool/", "s": "Fibrous insulation from molten rock and minerals"}, {"n": "Polyester", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/polyester/", "s": "A versatile polymer family used in textiles, bottles, and engineering."}, {"n": "Prestressed concrete", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/prestressed-concrete/", "s": "Concrete strengthened by internal compression from tensioned tendons."}, {"n": "Reinforced concrete", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/reinforced-concrete/", "s": "Composite material compensating concrete's low tensile strength with reinforcement."}, {"n": "Roman concrete", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/roman-concrete/", "s": "Hydraulic concrete used in ancient Roman construction."}, {"n": "Plaster", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/plaster/", "s": "Building material used for interiors, decoration, and medical casts."}, {"n": "Masonry", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/masonry/", "s": "One of the oldest building crafts, using stone, brick, and mortar."}, {"n": "Quarry", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/quarry/", "s": "A site for excavating rock and earth materials."}, {"n": "Sand casting", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/sand-casting/", "s": "Metal casting process using sand molds, widely used in foundries."}, {"n": "Precipitation hardening", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/precipitation-hardening/", "s": "A heat treatment technique that increases yield strength by forming fine precipitate particles that impede dis"}, {"n": "Mass production", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mass-production/", "s": "The production of substantial amounts of standardized products in a constant flow."}, {"n": "Mechanization", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mechanization/", "s": "Mechanization replaced hand labor with machinery across industries."}, {"n": "Mechanical engineering", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mechanical-engineering/", "s": "One of the oldest and broadest engineering branches."}, {"n": "Rolling (metalworking)", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/rolling-metalworking/", "s": "Metal forming process using rolls to shape and reduce stock."}, {"n": "Loom", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/loom/", "s": "Device that holds warp threads under tension for weaving cloth."}, {"n": "Porcelain", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/porcelain/", "s": "A ceramic material known for its strength, whiteness, and translucency, fired at high temperatures."}, {"n": "Parchment", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/parchment/", "s": "A writing material made from specially prepared untanned animal skins, used for over two millennia."}, {"n": "Printing press", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/printing-press/", "s": "Machine that transfers ink onto materials by applying pressure."}, {"n": "Photographic film", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photographic-film/", "s": "Light-sensitive medium for capturing photographic images."}, {"n": "Recycling", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/recycling/", "s": "Converting waste into resources for a sustainable future."}, {"n": "Lumber", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/lumber/", "s": "Processed wood for construction and finishing, with standard sizes and grades."}, {"n": "Machine press", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/machine-press/", "s": "Machine tool that changes work-piece shape by pressure."}, {"n": "Machine", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/machine/", "s": "A system using power to apply forces and control movement."}, {"n": "Manufacturing engineering", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/manufacturing-engineering/", "s": "Turning raw materials into quality products through efficient, economic, and innovative engineering."}, {"n": "Metallurgy", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, {"n": "Metalworking", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metalworking/", "s": "Shaping metals from prehistory to modern precision industry."}, {"n": "Mineral processing", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mineral-processing/", "s": "Separating valuable minerals from ore through beneficiation processes."}, {"n": "Mortar (masonry)", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mortar-masonry/", "s": "Workable paste that hardens to bind masonry units."}, {"n": "Natural rubber", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/natural-rubber/", "s": "Natural rubber is a stretchy, waterproof polymer from tree latex."}, {"n": "Paper", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/paper/", "s": "Thin sheet of matted cellulose fibers used for writing and packaging."}, {"n": "Photography", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photography/", "s": "Drawing with light: capturing images through chemical or electronic means."}, {"n": "Plastic", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/plastic/", "s": "Synthetic materials defined by plasticity, widely used since the early 20th century."}, {"n": "Portland cement", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/portland-cement/", "s": "A hydraulic cement made from heated limestone and clay."}, {"n": "Potter's wheel", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/potter-s-wheel/", "s": "Machine for shaping clay into round ceramic ware."}, {"n": "Pottery", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/pottery/", "s": "One of the oldest human inventions, fired clay objects."}, {"n": "Precast concrete", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/precast-concrete/", "s": "Concrete cast in reusable molds under controlled conditions."}, {"n": "Printing", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/printing/", "s": "Printing enabled mass reproduction of text and images."}, {"n": "Quenching", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/quenching/", "s": "Rapid cooling process to harden metals by preventing undesired phase transformations."}, {"n": "Rammed earth", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/rammed-earth/", "s": "Ancient building technique revived for sustainable construction."}, {"n": "Ready-mix concrete", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/ready-mix-concrete/", "s": "Concrete manufactured to specification and delivered ready to use."}, {"n": "Safety glass", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/safety-glass/", "s": "Glass engineered to reduce breakage and injury risk."}, {"n": "Sheet metal", "u": "/e/manufacturing-and-materials/sheet-metal/", "s": "Metal formed into thin, flat pieces by industrial processes."}]