{"https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/volcanic-island/": {"t": "Volcanic island", "s": "Volcanic islands are high islands of volcanic origin."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list/e/world-heritage-tentative-list/commander-islands/": {"t": "Commander Islands", "s": "Remote Russian archipelago in the Bering Sea, rich in wildlife."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/russian-far-east/": {"t": "Russian Far East", "s": "The easternmost part of Russia and Asia, coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/e/peninsulas-and-capes/alaska-peninsula/": {"t": "Alaska Peninsula", "s": "A rugged volcanic peninsula separating the Pacific from Bristol Bay, rich in wildlife and salmon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/img/peninsulas-and-capes/alaska-peninsula.webp", "c": "James Brooks from Juneau, Alaska · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula/": {"t": "Kamchatka Peninsula", "s": "Volcanic peninsula in the Russian Far East, part of the Ring of Fire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kamchatka Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bering-sea/": {"t": "Bering Sea", "s": "Marginal sea of the northern Pacific Ocean between Eurasia and the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bering-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bering Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/180th-meridian/": {"t": "180th meridian", "s": "The 180th meridian divides hemispheres and anchors the International Date Line."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude/": {"t": "Longitude", "s": "The east-west coordinate that, with latitude, pinpoints any location on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude.webp", "c": "Original:  Pearson Scott Forman Vector:  Gregors · via Wikipedia: Longitude · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/international-date-line/": {"t": "International Date Line", "s": "Boundary between calendar days, roughly along 180° longitude."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/physical-geography/": {"t": "Physical geography", "s": "The branch of natural science dealing with Earth's natural environment and its processes."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/aleutian-islands-campaign/": {"t": "Aleutian Islands campaign", "s": "The only World War II campaign fought on North American soil."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/subduction/": {"t": "Subduction", "s": "Subduction recycles lithosphere into the mantle, driving plate tectonics."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/pacific-plate/": {"t": "Pacific plate", "s": "The largest tectonic plate, underlying most of the Pacific Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/trees-shrubs/e/trees-and-shrubs/conifer/": {"t": "Conifer", "s": "Woody, cone-bearing plants dominant in northern forests."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/peopling-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Peopling of the Americas", "s": "First human settlement of the Americas from Asia via Beringia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/alaska-purchase/": {"t": "Alaska Purchase", "s": "1867 U.S. purchase of Russian America for $7.2 million."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/fabian-gottlieb-von-bellingshausen/": {"t": "Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen", "s": "Russian cartographer and explorer who discovered Antarctica."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johannes-brahms/": {"t": "Johannes Brahms", "s": "German composer, pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johannes-brahms.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Brahms · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/peninsula/": {"t": "Peninsula", "s": "Landform mostly surrounded by water, connected to mainland on one side."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/oceanic-crust/": {"t": "Oceanic crust", "s": "Thinner, denser layer of tectonic plates beneath the oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/conglomerate-geology/": {"t": "Conglomerate (geology)", "s": "Sedimentary rock of rounded gravel clasts in finer matrix."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone/": {"t": "Sandstone", "s": "Clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized silicate grains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone.webp", "c": "Douglas W. Jones · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/fault-geology/": {"t": "Fault (geology)", "s": "A fracture in rock where displacement occurs, causing earthquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/parliament/": {"t": "Parliament", "s": "A legislature representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing government."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/senate/": {"t": "Senate", "s": "A deliberative assembly, often the upper house of a bicameral legislature."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/anguilla/": {"t": "Anguilla", "s": "A British Overseas Territory in the northeastern Caribbean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other/img/other/anguilla.webp", "c": "This work created by the United Kingdom Government is in the public domain.\nThis is because it is one of the following:\n\nIt is a photograph taken prior to 1 Jun · via Wikipedia: Anguilla · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/e/french-colonization-of-the-americas/saint-barth-lemy/": {"t": "Saint Barthélemy", "s": "French Caribbean island with Swedish colonial heritage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/img/french-colonization-of-the-americas/saint-barth-lemy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saint Barthélemy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/saint-kitts-and-nevis/": {"t": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "s": "The smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, a Caribbean federation of two islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/img/countries-and-territories/saint-kitts-and-nevis.webp", "c": "Edrice Lewis · via Wikipedia: Saint Kitts and Nevis · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/guadeloupe/": {"t": "Guadeloupe", "s": "A French Caribbean archipelago of volcanic islands and Creole culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/guadeloupe.webp", "c": "Enrevseluj · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/lesser-antilles/": {"t": "Lesser Antilles", "s": "An arc of islands forming the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/lesser-antilles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lesser Antilles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/christopher-columbus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/commonwealth-realm/": {"t": "Commonwealth realm", "s": "Sovereign states sharing the same constitutional monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/unitary-state/": {"t": "Unitary state", "s": "Central government holds supreme authority over administrative divisions."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/bicameralism/": {"t": "Bicameralism", "s": "A legislature divided into two separate assemblies or houses."}, "https://codexery.com/pakistani-inventions/e/pakistani-inventions/human-development-index/": {"t": "Human Development Index", "s": "Composite index measuring life expectancy, education, and income per capita."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/seville-cathedral/": {"t": "Seville Cathedral", "s": "Largest Gothic cathedral and former Almohad mosque site.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/seville-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seville Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/maize/": {"t": "Maize", "s": "Domesticated grass staple, key to global food and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/archipelago/": {"t": "Archipelago", "s": "A chain, cluster, or collection of islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/archipelago.webp", "c": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/inuit/": {"t": "Inuit", "s": "Inuit are Indigenous Arctic peoples descended from the Thule culture."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/martin-frobisher/": {"t": "Martin Frobisher", "s": "English sea captain who sought the North-west Passage."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/hudson-bay/": {"t": "Hudson Bay", "s": "A vast inland marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean in northeastern Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/ellesmere-island/": {"t": "Ellesmere Island", "s": "Canada's northernmost island, a mountainous Arctic frontier with a rich archaeological record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/ellesmere-island.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ellesmere Island · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/beaufort-sea/": {"t": "Beaufort Sea", "s": "Marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean with disputed boundaries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/beaufort-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Beaufort Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baffin-bay/": {"t": "Baffin Bay", "s": "Marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean between Baffin Island and Greenland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baffin-bay.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Baffin Bay · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/davis-strait/": {"t": "Davis Strait", "s": "A southern arm of the Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Baffin Island, known for fierce tides and geological complexity."}, "https://codexery.com/climate/e/climate/climate-of-the-arctic/": {"t": "Climate of the Arctic", "s": "A region of extreme cold, ice, and variable solar radiation."}, "/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/arctic-archipelago/": {"t": "Arctic Archipelago", "s": "The Canadian Arctic Archipelago: a vast, mostly uninhabited high-Arctic land of over 36,000 islands."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/inuktitut/": {"t": "Inuktitut", "s": "One of the principal Inuit languages of Canada, spoken across the Arctic and recognized as official in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories."}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/the-viking-age/norse-colonization-of-north-america/": {"t": "Norse colonization of North America", "s": "Norse explorers settled Greenland and briefly reached North America."}, "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/e/polar-explorers/edward-parry-royal-navy-officer-born-1790/": {"t": "Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer, born 1790)", "s": "Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer who set a Farthest North record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/img/polar-explorers/edward-parry-royal-navy-officer-born-1790.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer, born 1790) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/the-viking-age/erik-the-red/": {"t": "Erik the Red", "s": "Norse explorer who founded Greenland's first European settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/vikingage/img/the-viking-age/erik-the-red.webp", "c": "Carl Rasmussen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/bjarni-herj-lfsson/": {"t": "Bjarni Herjólfsson", "s": "First European known to sight the American mainland."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/leif-erikson/": {"t": "Leif Erikson", "s": "Norse explorer who reached North America centuries before Columbus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/leif-erikson.webp", "c": "Paul R. Burley · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/textile-production/e/textile-production/yarn/": {"t": "Yarn", "s": "Interlocked fibres used in textiles since the Stone Age."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/the-viking-age/l-anse-aux-meadows/": {"t": "L'Anse aux Meadows", "s": "The only undisputed Norse site in North America outside Greenland."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-birds/e/miscellaneous-birds/gull/": {"t": "Gull", "s": "Adaptable seabirds with complex social structures and global distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/ivory-gull/": {"t": "Ivory gull", "s": "A high-Arctic gull threatened by sea ice loss."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/ibiza/": {"t": "Ibiza", "s": "Spanish island known for nightlife, UNESCO site, and Pine Islands."}, "/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/canary-islands/": {"t": "Canary Islands", "s": "The Fortunate Isles: a subtropical archipelago linking Africa, Europe, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/valencian-community/": {"t": "Valencian Community", "s": "Autonomous community on Spain's Mediterranean coast."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing autonomy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/francia/": {"t": "Francia", "s": "Largest post-Roman kingdom in Western Europe, founded by Clovis I."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-cuisine/e/spanish-cuisine/catalan-cuisine/": {"t": "Catalan cuisine", "s": "Mediterranean cuisine blending mountain and coastal traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/cuisines/e/world-cuisines/spanish-cuisine/": {"t": "Spanish cuisine", "s": "Spanish cuisine blends regional traditions with Mediterranean and Atlantic influences."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/lesser-sunda-islands/": {"t": "Lesser Sunda Islands", "s": "Archipelago in Indonesia and Timor Leste, part of the Sunda Islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/lesser-sunda-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lesser Sunda Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-cities/e/indonesian-cities/denpasar/": {"t": "Denpasar", "s": "Capital and largest city of Bali, Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/makassar/": {"t": "Makassar", "s": "The largest city in Eastern Indonesia and a historic trading port."}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/coral-triangle/": {"t": "Coral Triangle", "s": "A global epicentrum of marine biodiversity in the Indo-Pacific."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-indonesia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-indonesia/subak-irrigation/": {"t": "Subak (irrigation)", "s": "Traditional Balinese irrigation system integrating water management and temple culture."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/oceania/": {"t": "Oceania", "s": "The smallest continent, spanning the Pacific's vast ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/shaivism/": {"t": "Shaivism", "s": "A major Hindu tradition revering Shiva as the supreme being."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-russel-wallace/": {"t": "Alfred Russel Wallace", "s": "English naturalist who co-discovered evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/indonesian-language/": {"t": "Indonesian language", "s": "The official and national language of Indonesia, a standardized variety of Malay spoken by over 97% of the population."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/south-american-plate/": {"t": "South American plate", "s": "Major tectonic plate including South America and Atlantic seabed."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/caribbean-plate/": {"t": "Caribbean plate", "s": "A mostly oceanic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/kalinago/": {"t": "Kalinago", "s": "Indigenous people of the Lesser Antilles, historically known as Island Caribs."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "s": "Native peoples of the Americas with diverse cultures and languages."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/genoa/": {"t": "Genoa", "s": "Capital of Liguria and historic maritime republic on the Gulf of Genoa."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/igbo-language/": {"t": "Igbo language", "s": "The principal native language of the Igbo people of Southeastern Nigeria."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/history-of-portugal-1415-1578/": {"t": "History of Portugal (1415–1578)", "s": "Portugal's golden age of exploration and empire."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/city-of-london/": {"t": "City of London", "s": "Historic core and financial district of London."}, "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/e/plants-and-crops/sugarcane/": {"t": "Sugarcane", "s": "A tall perennial grass used for sugar production, native to New Guinea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/img/plants-and-crops/sugarcane.webp", "c": "Vis M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/dutch-brazil/": {"t": "Dutch Brazil", "s": "A Dutch colony in northeastern Brazil, 1630–1654.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/img/former-dutch-colonies/dutch-brazil.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dutch Brazil · see source"}, "/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/bali/": {"t": "Bali", "s": "Island of the Gods"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sulawesi/": {"t": "Sulawesi", "s": "Sulawesi is a large Indonesian island with four peninsulas."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sumatra/": {"t": "Sumatra", "s": "Large Indonesian island with rich history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/sumatra.webp", "c": "Sadalmelik · via Wikipedia: Sumatra · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/equator/": {"t": "Equator", "s": "Imaginary line dividing Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/promontory/": {"t": "Promontory", "s": "A raised landmass projecting into lowland or water, often used for defense."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sediment/": {"t": "Sediment", "s": "Loose particles transported and deposited by natural processes."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/volcanic-arc/": {"t": "Volcanic arc", "s": "Belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/volcanology/img/volcanology/volcanic-arc.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-thailand/": {"t": "Gulf of Thailand", "s": "Shallow inlet between Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea/": {"t": "New Guinea", "s": "The world's second-largest island, rich in biodiversity and cultural history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German New Guinea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/sulu-sea/": {"t": "Sulu Sea", "s": "A Philippine sea with a World Heritage reef."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/malay-peninsula/": {"t": "Malay Peninsula", "s": "Southernmost point of mainland Asia, rich in history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/malay-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Malay Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-kalimantan/": {"t": "West Kalimantan", "s": "The Province of a Thousand Rivers"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/east-kalimantan/": {"t": "East Kalimantan", "s": "Indonesian province hosting the world's oldest figurative art and new capital.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/east-kalimantan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Kalimantan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/south-kalimantan/": {"t": "South Kalimantan", "s": "The land of a thousand rivers", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/south-kalimantan.webp", "c": "Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/euro/": {"t": "Euro", "s": "Official currency of 21 EU states and second-most traded globally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/img/finance-and-investment/euro.webp", "c": "The RedBurn · via Wikipedia: Euro · ECB decisions ECB/2003/4 and ECB/2003/5"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/basque-country-autonomous-community/": {"t": "Basque Country (autonomous community)", "s": "An autonomous community in northern Spain with historic nationality status."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/teide-observatory/": {"t": "Teide Observatory", "s": "International solar and night-time observatory on Tenerife, Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/san-crist-bal-de-la-laguna/": {"t": "San Cristóbal de La Laguna", "s": "Former capital of the Canary Islands and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/spanish-treasure-fleet/": {"t": "Spanish treasure fleet", "s": "Convoy system linking Spain with its American colonies (1566–1790)."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/trade-winds/": {"t": "Trade winds", "s": "Prevailing east-to-west winds that have shaped global exploration, weather, and dust transport.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/trade-winds.webp", "c": "Peter Trimming · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Government of the United Kingdom", "s": "Central executive authority of the United Kingdom.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright c · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/british-overseas-territories/": {"t": "British Overseas Territories", "s": "Fourteen dependent territories under British sovereignty worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/yucat-n-peninsula/": {"t": "Yucatán Peninsula", "s": "Large peninsula in southeast Mexico; heart of the Maya lowlands."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/greater-antilles/": {"t": "Greater Antilles", "s": "The larger islands of the Caribbean Sea, including Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/greater-antilles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Greater Antilles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christopher-columbus/e/christopher-columbus/voyages-of-christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", "s": "Four Spanish-sponsored voyages that revealed the New World to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/oliver-cromwell/": {"t": "Oliver Cromwell", "s": "Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/sir-francis-drake/": {"t": "Sir Francis Drake", "s": "English explorer and privateer who led the second circumnavigation of the globe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/sir-francis-drake.webp", "c": "Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger · via Wikipedia: Francis Drake · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/english-overseas-possessions/": {"t": "English overseas possessions", "s": "Before the 1707 Acts of Union united England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain, the territories and colonies taken or claimed by the English crown "}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/treaty-of-madrid-1670/": {"t": "Treaty of Madrid (1670)", "s": "1670 Anglo-Spanish treaty confirming England's American possessions."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/merchant-ship/": {"t": "Merchant ship", "s": "Watercraft that transports cargo or passengers for hire."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/parliament-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "s": "Supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/crown-colony/": {"t": "Crown colony", "s": "A British territory governed directly by the Crown."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/quintana-roo/": {"t": "Quintana Roo", "s": "A smaller Mennonite settlement area in Mexico's southeast."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mozambique-channel/": {"t": "Mozambique Channel", "s": "Arm of the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and Mozambique."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/southern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Southern Hemisphere", "s": "The Southern Hemisphere is Earth's southern half, mostly ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation/": {"t": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation", "s": "The collective voice of the Muslim world", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation.webp", "c": "Tahir mq · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/s-o-tom-and-pr-ncipe/": {"t": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "s": "Island nation, former slave trade hub, now stable democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/anjouan/": {"t": "Anjouan", "s": "Autonomous volcanic island in the Union of the Comoros."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-of-the-indian-ocean/e/islands-of-the-indian-ocean/comoro-islands/": {"t": "Comoro Islands", "s": "Volcanic archipelago in the Mozambique Channel, partly independent, partly French."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/mayotte/": {"t": "Mayotte", "s": "A French overseas department in the Mozambique Channel, known for its volcanic islands, coral reef lagoon, and status as an outermost region of the European Uni", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/mayotte.webp", "c": "Franck Bouttemy · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire/": {"t": "French colonial empire", "s": "Overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandates under French rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire.webp", "c": "M. G. Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/purchasing-power-parity/": {"t": "Purchasing power parity", "s": "Economic measure comparing currency purchasing power across countries."}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/e/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/mini-magellanic-cloud/": {"t": "Mini Magellanic Cloud", "s": "A smaller remnant of the Small Magellanic Cloud.", "i": "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/img/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/mini-magellanic-cloud.webp", "c": "ESA/NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gemstone/": {"t": "Gemstone", "s": "Mineral crystals and organic materials used for jewelry and adornment."}, "https://codexery.com/flags-with-stars/e/flags-with-stars/flag-of-the-cook-islands/": {"t": "Flag of the Cook Islands", "s": "Blue ensign with Union Jack and fifteen stars in a ring."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/polynesia/": {"t": "Polynesia", "s": "A vast subregion of Oceania, Polynesia encompasses over 1,000 islands across the central and southern Pacific, united by shared language, culture, and tradition", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/polynesia.webp", "c": "Hobe / Holger Behr · via Wikipedia: Polynesia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/pacific-islands-forum/": {"t": "Pacific Islands Forum", "s": "Enhancing cooperation across Oceania since 1971"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/james-cook/": {"t": "James Cook", "s": "British Royal Navy officer who mapped much of the Pacific and Southern Oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/james-cook.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Cook · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/adam-johann-von-krusenstern/": {"t": "Adam Johann von Krusenstern", "s": "Russian admiral who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/tahiti/": {"t": "Tahiti", "s": "Largest island of French Polynesia, settled by Polynesians by 1100 CE.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/tahiti.webp", "c": "Fred the Oyster · via Wikipedia: Tahiti · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/lvaro-de-menda-a-de-neira/": {"t": "Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira", "s": "Spanish navigator who led two early Pacific expeditions."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/pedro-fernandes-de-queir-s/": {"t": "Pedro Fernandes de Queirós", "s": "Portuguese navigator who sought Terra Australis for Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/niue/": {"t": "Niue", "s": "Self-governing coral island in free association with New Zealand."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/french-polynesia/": {"t": "French Polynesia", "s": "An overseas collectivity of France in the South Pacific, comprising 121 islands and atolls.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/french-polynesia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Polynesia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/coral/": {"t": "Coral", "s": "Colonial marine animals that build tropical and deep-sea reefs."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/atoll/": {"t": "Atoll", "s": "Ring-shaped coral island encircling a lagoon, found in warm tropical seas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/atoll.webp", "c": "WEY · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/volcanism/": {"t": "Volcanism", "s": "Eruption of molten material from a planet or moon's interior."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/parliamentary-system/": {"t": "Parliamentary system", "s": "Government based on parliamentary confidence and fusion of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/metropolitan-france/": {"t": "Metropolitan France", "s": "European portion of France, including mainland and Corsica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/metropolitan-france.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Metropolitan France · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/": {"t": "Republic of Genoa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/french-guiana/": {"t": "French Guiana", "s": "French Guiana, officially named Guyane, is an overseas department and region of France situated on the northern coast of South America within the Guianas region", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/french-guiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Politics of French Guiana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/provence-alpes-c-te-d-azur/": {"t": "Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur", "s": "Southeastern French region with Marseille and the French Riviera."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/mesolithic/": {"t": "Mesolithic", "s": "Intermediate hunter-gatherer period between Paleolithic and Neolithic."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-carthage/": {"t": "Ancient Carthage", "s": "Ancient Carthage: A dominant western Mediterranean power until its destruction in 146 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-etruscans/": {"t": "The Etruscans", "s": "Ancient Italian civilization of city-states with a distinct language and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-minoans/": {"t": "The Minoans", "s": "Bronze Age civilization on Crete, first in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-mycenaeans/": {"t": "The Mycenaeans", "s": "First advanced Greek civilization of the Bronze Age."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-greece/e/national-parks-of-greece/samaria-gorge/": {"t": "Samaria Gorge", "s": "A Cretan national park and biosphere reserve with rare wildlife."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/knossos/": {"t": "Knossos", "s": "Largest centre of Minoan civilisation and oldest city in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/egyptian-language/": {"t": "Egyptian language", "s": "An extinct Afro-Asiatic language of ancient Egypt, with a written record spanning over 5,000 years."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/homo/": {"t": "Homo", "s": "Genus of great apes including modern humans and extinct relatives."}}