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and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/leo-strauss/": {"t": "Leo Strauss", "s": "German-American political philosopher who revived classical political thought."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/max-weber/": {"t": "Max Weber", "s": "German sociologist and key theorist of rationalisation and authority."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/the-concept-of-the-political/": {"t": "The Concept of the Political", "s": "Carl Schmitt’s The Concept of the Political (German: Der Begriff des Politischen), a 1932 work by the German philosopher and jurist, explores what the “politica"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/s-ren-kierkegaard/": {"t": "Søren Kierkegaard", "s": "Danish philosopher, theologian, and first existentialist"}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/e/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/martin-luther/": {"t": "Martin Luther", "s": "German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-calvin/": {"t": "John Calvin", "s": "French theologian and reformer, key figure in Calvinism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/img/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-calvin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Calvin · see source"}, "/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/thomas-hobbes/": {"t": "Thomas Hobbes", "s": "English philosopher and political theorist, author of Leviathan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/thomas-hobbes.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thomas Hobbes · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/state-of-emergency/": {"t": "State of emergency", "s": "Government empowerment to act beyond normal limits for citizen safety."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/sexual-harassment/": {"t": "Sexual harassment", "s": "A concept coined in the 1970s addressing unwanted sexual behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/rape/": {"t": "Rape", "s": "Sexual assault involving non-consensual penetration."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/prostitution/": {"t": "Prostitution", "s": "Sex work involving payment for sexual activity, with varied legal statuses worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/sex-trafficking/": {"t": "Sex trafficking", "s": "A form of modern slavery for sexual exploitation."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/minnesota/": {"t": "Minnesota", "s": "Land of 10,000 Lakes, 32nd state, Twin Cities hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/minnesota.webp", "c": "Myotus · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-science/": {"t": "Political science", "s": "Empirical study of politics, governance, and power."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-ame/e/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-americas/gloria-steinem/": {"t": "Gloria Steinem", "s": "Journalist and activist who led second-wave feminism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-ame/img/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-americas/gloria-steinem.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gloria Steinem · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/lawsuit/": {"t": "Lawsuit", "s": "A civil court proceeding initiated by a plaintiff against a defendant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/lawsuit.webp", "c": "Rrmmll22 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/simone-de-beauvoir/": {"t": "Simone de Beauvoir", "s": "French existentialist philosopher and feminist activist"}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/judith-butler/": {"t": "Judith Butler", "s": "American philosopher who developed the theory of gender performativity."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/criminology/": {"t": "Criminology", "s": "Interdisciplinary study of crime, deviance, and justice systems."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/penology/": {"t": "Penology", "s": "Subfield of 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"ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/montesquieu/": {"t": "Montesquieu", "s": "French jurist, historian, and political philosopher who pioneered the separation of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-milan/": {"t": "Duchy of Milan", "s": "A major Renaissance state contested by Habsburgs and France."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/denis-diderot/": {"t": "Denis Diderot", "s": "Co-founder and chief editor of the Encyclopédie, a key figure of the Enlightenment."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-hume/": {"t": "David Hume", "s": "Scottish philosopher known for empiricism and scepticism."}, 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{"t": "Pragmatism", "s": "A philosophical tradition emphasizing practical consequences over abstract representation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/property/": {"t": "Property", "s": "Property is a system of rights over valuable things."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/civil-procedure/": {"t": "Civil procedure", "s": "Body of law governing civil lawsuit rules and court procedures."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/illinois/": {"t": "Illinois", "s": "Land of Lincoln", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/illinois.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/e/legal-professions/lawyer/": {"t": "Lawyer", "s": "A qualified advisor and representative in legal matters.", "i": 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Chesterton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/john-marshall/": {"t": "John Marshall", "s": "Fourth chief justice who shaped the U.S. Supreme Court."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, 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· Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/heresy/": {"t": "Heresy", "s": "A belief or theory strongly at variance with established religious doctrines, often met with censure."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xii/": {"t": "Louis XII", "s": "King of France who reduced taxes and reformed law."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-pisa/": {"t": "Republic of Pisa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for a century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pope-alexander-vi/": {"t": "Pope Alexander VI", "s": "The controversial Renaissance pope from the Borgia family."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cesare-borgia/": {"t": "Cesare Borgia", "s": "Cardinal turned condottiero, son of Pope Alexander VI, and inspiration for Machiavelli's The Prince."}, 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Cary, John Murray · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/gymnastics/": {"t": "Gymnastics", "s": "The governing body for competition in gymnastics throughout the world is World Gymnastics, formerly known as the International Gymnastics Federation or FIG."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/dithyramb/": {"t": "Dithyramb", "s": "Ancient Greek hymn and dance honoring Dionysus, origin of tragedy."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/laissez-faire/": {"t": "Laissez-faire", "s": "Economic doctrine advocating minimal government intervention in markets."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/william-j-brennan-jr/": {"t": "William J. 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Oakes · via Wikipedia: Thurgood Marshall · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/gary-becker/": {"t": "Gary Becker", "s": "Economist who applied rational choice to diverse social behaviors."}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/sandra-day-o-connor/": {"t": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "s": "First woman on the U.S. Supreme Court, known as a moderate conservative swing vote."}, "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/e/american-state-capitals/lincoln-nebraska/": {"t": "Lincoln, Nebraska", "s": "Capital of Nebraska, home to the second-tallest state capitol.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/img/american-state-capitals/lincoln-nebraska.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lincoln, Nebraska · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/police-brutality/": {"t": "Police brutality", "s": "Excessive force by law enforcement, a civil rights violation."}, "/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/karl-llewellyn/": {"t": "Karl Llewellyn", "s": "American legal realist and principal drafter of the Uniform Commercial Code.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/karl-llewellyn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Karl Llewellyn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-military-tribunal-for-the-far-east/": {"t": "International Military Tribunal for the Far East", "s": "Post-WWII tribunal for Japanese war crimes leaders."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/thomism/": {"t": "Thomism", "s": "The philosophical and theological legacy of Thomas Aquinas."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/aristotelianism/": {"t": "Aristotelianism", "s": "Philosophical tradition inspired by Aristotle's logic, ethics, and metaphysics."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/summa-theologica/": {"t": "Summa Theologica", "s": "The best-known work of Thomas Aquinas, a compendium of Catholic theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-works/img/literary-works/summa-theologica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Five Ways (Aquinas) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/eucharist/": {"t": "Eucharist", "s": "Christian rite of bread and wine instituted by Jesus at the Last Supper.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/eucharist.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-sicily/": {"t": "Kingdom of Sicily", "s": "A medieval kingdom spanning Sicily, southern Italy, and briefly North Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/as-roma/e/stadiums/lazio-region/": {"t": "Lazio Region", "s": "The home of the Yellow and Reds, where the Derby della Capitale defines Roman football."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lombards/": {"t": "Lombards", "s": "Germanic conquerors of Italy, from the Elbe to the Po."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/normans/": {"t": "Normans", "s": "From Norse raiders to rulers of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/averroes/": {"t": "Averroes", "s": "Andalusian polymath and jurist, known as 'The Commentator' for his commentaries on Aristotle."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/maimonides/": {"t": "Maimonides", "s": "Sephardic Jewish rabbi, philosopher, and physician of the Middle Ages"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/celibacy/": {"t": "Celibacy", "s": "The state of voluntarily being unmarried or sexually abstinent, often for religious reasons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/celibacy.webp", "c": "Henry C. Lea (1829-1909) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/albertus-magnus/": {"t": "Albertus Magnus", "s": "Medieval philosopher, scientist, and Doctor of the Church who systematized Aristotle's works."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-ix-of-france/": {"t": "Louis IX of France", "s": "Saint Louis, the monk king who led crusades and reformed justice."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/leviathan-hobbes-book/": {"t": "Leviathan (Hobbes book)", "s": "A treatise on social contract and absolute sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see 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"Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/new-york-university/": {"t": "New York University", "s": "A private research university in New York City, founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/new-york-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: State University of New York · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/international-humanitarian-law/": {"t": "International humanitarian law", "s": "Law limiting the effects of armed conflict on non-combatants."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/six-day-war/": {"t": "Six-Day War", "s": "In June 1967, a brief but intense conflict broke out between Israel and a coalition of Arab states—chiefly Egypt, Syria, and Jordan—lasting from the 5th to the "}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-cultural-theorists/e/sociologists-and-cultural-theorists/norman-finkelstein/": {"t": "Norman Finkelstein", "s": "American political scientist and critic of Israeli policy."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi/": {"t": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", "s": "Last Shah of Iran, overthrown in the Islamic Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi.webp", "c": "Ghazarians · via Wikipedia: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/iranian-revolution/": {"t": "Iranian Revolution", "s": "Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty and establishment of an Islamic republic."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/panama-canal/": {"t": "Panama Canal", "s": "A 82 km artificial waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through Panama.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/img/other-geographic-features/panama-canal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Geography of Panama · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/montreal/": {"t": "Montreal", "s": "Montreal (French: Montréal) sits as Quebec’s biggest city, Canada’s second-largest, and North America’s eighth-largest."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/mcgill-university/": {"t": "McGill University", "s": "English-language public research university in Montreal, founded 1821."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/totalitarianism/": {"t": "Totalitarianism", "s": "A political system that completely controls public and private life through ideology, repression, and state terror."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1956/": {"t": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956", "s": "A 13-day uprising against Soviet domination, crushed by Soviet forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1956.webp", "c": "Globetrotter19 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy/": {"t": "Foreign policy", "s": "A state's strategies for interacting with other states and entities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/diyarbak-r/": {"t": "Diyarbakır", "s": "Ancient city on the Tigris, Kurdish cultural and political center."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/family-relationships/e/family-and-relationships/patrilineality/": {"t": "Patrilineality", "s": "Kinship system tracing descent and inheritance through the father's lineage."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/talaat-pasha/": {"t": "Talaat Pasha", "s": "Ottoman leader and architect of the Armenian genocide", "i": "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/img/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/talaat-pasha.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Talaat Pasha · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-nietzsche/": {"t": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "s": "German philosopher and philologist known for his critiques of religion, morality, and truth."}}