[{"n": "Corpus Juris Civilis", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/corpus-juris-civilis/", "s": "Foundation of civil law jurisdictions, compiled under Roman Emperor Justinian I."}, {"n": "Customary law", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/customary-law/", "s": "Customary law is behavior accepted as binding by a community."}, {"n": "Decree", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/decree/", "s": "A legal proclamation issued by a head of state or other authority."}, {"n": "Defamation", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/defamation/", "s": "Legal remedy for injury to reputation, honour, or dignity."}, {"n": "Draconian constitution", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/draconian-constitution/", "s": "First written Athenian law code, known for severe punishments."}, {"n": "Dred Scott v. Sandford", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/dred-scott-v-sandford/", "s": "Supreme Court ruling denied citizenship to African Americans."}, {"n": "Donoghue v Stevenson", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/donoghue-v-stevenson/", "s": "Landmark case that created modern negligence law."}, {"n": "Element (criminal law)", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/element-criminal-law/", "s": "Factual components required to prove a criminal offense."}, {"n": "Emancipation Proclamation", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/emancipation-proclamation/", "s": "Presidential order freeing slaves in Confederate states during the Civil War."}, {"n": "Embezzlement", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/embezzlement/", "s": "A financial crime involving deceitful secretion of entrusted assets."}, {"n": "Eminent domain", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/eminent-domain/", "s": "Compulsory acquisition of private property for public use with compensation."}, {"n": "Enforced disappearance", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/enforced-disappearance/", "s": "State-sanctioned secret abduction and denial of a person's fate."}, {"n": "Entrapment", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/entrapment/", "s": "State inducement of crime as a legal defense."}, {"n": "Equality before the law", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/equality-before-the-law/", "s": "All people must be equally protected by the law."}, {"n": "Ex post facto law", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/ex-post-facto-law/", "s": "A law that changes legal consequences retroactively."}, {"n": "Excommunication", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/excommunication/", "s": "Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure limiting membership and communion."}, {"n": "Extradition", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/extradition/", "s": "Formal legal process for surrendering fugitives between jurisdictions."}, {"n": "Extortion", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/extortion/", "s": "Obtaining benefit through coercion by threat of harm."}, {"n": "Forgery", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/forgery/", "s": "Forgery is the false making of an instrument to defraud."}, {"n": "Fraud", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/fraud/", "s": "Fraud is intentional deception for unlawful gain or deprivation of rights."}, {"n": "Freedom of movement", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/freedom-of-movement/", "s": "A human right to travel and reside freely."}, {"n": "Legal fiction", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/legal-fiction/", "s": "A legal construct taken as true to facilitate a specific outcome."}, {"n": "Legal informatics", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/legal-informatics/", "s": "Study of information technology in legal contexts."}, {"n": "Legitimacy (family law)", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/legitimacy-family-law/", "s": "Legal status of children based on parents' marriage."}, {"n": "Mens rea", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/mens-rea/", "s": "Guilty mind required for criminal liability."}, {"n": "Natural justice", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/natural-justice/", "s": "Procedural rights ensuring impartiality and fair hearing in law."}, {"n": "Negative and positive rights", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/negative-and-positive-rights/", "s": "Rights obliging inaction or action, often in conflict."}, {"n": "Proportionality (law)", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/proportionality-law/", "s": "A legal principle balancing restriction and severity across multiple domains."}, {"n": "Private property", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/private-property/", "s": "Legal concept of non-governmental ownership foundational to capitalism."}, {"n": "Political legitimacy", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/political-legitimacy/", "s": "Concept of the right of authority to rule a society."}, {"n": "Neocolonialism", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/neocolonialism/", "s": "Indirect control of nominally independent states through economic and cultural means."}, {"n": "Nation", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/nation/", "s": "A socially constructed, modern political community tied to the state."}, {"n": "Partition (politics)", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/partition-politics/", "s": "Division of a unified territory into separate parts."}, {"n": "Political globalization", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/political-globalization/", "s": "Growth of the worldwide political system and its institutions."}, {"n": "Political machine", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/political-machine/", "s": "Party organization using incentives and hierarchy to control elections."}, {"n": "Ostracism", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/ostracism/", "s": "Athenian procedure for ten-year exile by popular vote."}, {"n": "Penology", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/penology/", "s": "Subfield of criminology studying punishment and prison management."}, {"n": "Lobbying", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/lobbying/", "s": "Advocacy to influence policy decisions through direct contact with lawmakers."}, {"n": "Limited government", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/limited-government/", "s": "Government power restricted by law and consent."}, {"n": "Malfeasance in office", "u": "/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/malfeasance-in-office/", "s": "Unlawful conduct by a public officer, often a crime."}]