{"https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/language/": {"t": "Language", "s": "A structured system of communication with grammar and vocabulary."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/natural-language/": {"t": "Natural language", "s": "A language emerging organically in a human community."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/hearing-loss/": {"t": "Hearing loss", "s": "Partial or total inability to hear, affecting billions worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/constructed-language-creators/e/constructed-language-creators/george-dalgarno/": {"t": "George Dalgarno", "s": "Scottish intellectual who devised a fingerspelling system and universal language."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-logic/e/set-theory-and-logic/recursion/": {"t": "Recursion", "s": "A process defined by reference to a simpler version of itself."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phoneme/": {"t": "Phoneme", "s": "Basic sound unit that distinguishes meaning in language."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/morphology-linguistics/": {"t": "Morphology (linguistics)", "s": "Study of word structure and formation in language."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/prosody-linguistics/": {"t": "Prosody (linguistics)", "s": "Study of speech elements beyond individual vowels and consonants."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/japanese-language/": {"t": "Japanese language", "s": "The principal language of the Japonic family, spoken by over 123 million people, primarily in Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/french-sign-language/": {"t": "French Sign Language", "s": "The sign language of deaf and hard-of-hearing people in France and French-speaking parts of Switzerland."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/mcgill-university/": {"t": "McGill University", "s": "English-language public research university in Montreal, founded 1821."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/great-plains/": {"t": "Great Plains", "s": "Broad North American flatland of prairie, steppe, and grassland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/great-plains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alluvial plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/television/": {"t": "Television", "s": "A telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/romance/": {"t": "Romance", "s": "A multifaceted concept of love with varied and contradictory definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/vulgar-latin/": {"t": "Vulgar Latin", "s": "Non-formal Latin registers that evolved into Romance languages."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/urdu/": {"t": "Urdu", "s": "Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and national lingua franca of Pakistan."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romance-languages/": {"t": "Romance languages", "s": "The Romance languages, often called the Latin languages, are those that evolved directly from Vulgar Latin."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-castile/": {"t": "Kingdom of Castile", "s": "Medieval Iberian kingdom that expanded southward and united with León."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/mandarin-chinese/": {"t": "Mandarin Chinese", "s": "Largest Sinitic language branch, basis of Standard Chinese.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/mandarin-chinese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mandarin Chinese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hindustani-language/": {"t": "Hindustani language", "s": "A pluricentric lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hindi/": {"t": "Hindi", "s": "Official language of India and lingua franca of northern India."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organization-of-american-states/": {"t": "Organization of American States", "s": "Promoting democracy, human rights, and security across the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/loanword/": {"t": "Loanword", "s": "A word assimilated from one language into another."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/burgos/": {"t": "Burgos", "s": "Historic city and former Francoist headquarters in northern Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/reconquista/": {"t": "Reconquista", "s": "Series of Christian campaigns ending Muslim rule in Iberia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tamils/": {"t": "Tamils", "s": "Dravidian ethnic group with over two millennia of written history."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/tamil-nadu/": {"t": "Tamil Nadu", "s": "The land of Tamils, with a history spanning over 5,500 years."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dravidian-languages/": {"t": "Dravidian languages", "s": "A major language family indigenous to the Indian subcontinent."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-india/": {"t": "Government of India", "s": "National authority of the Republic of India, established by the Constitution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-india.webp", "c": "Trikkiboy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malayalam/": {"t": "Malayalam", "s": "A Dravidian classical language of Kerala and the Malayali people."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/agastya/": {"t": "Agastya", "s": "Revered Indian sage, father of Siddha medicine, and Tamil grammar pioneer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/img/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/agastya.webp", "c": "Jonathan Cardy · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/godavari-river/": {"t": "Godavari River", "s": "India's second longest river, the Godavari flows 1465 km from Maharashtra to the Bay of Bengal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/godavari-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/miami/": {"t": "Miami", "s": "Gateway to Latin America"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/brahmi-script/": {"t": "Brahmi script", "s": "Ancient Indian script, ancestor of many modern South Asian writing systems."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/karnataka/": {"t": "Karnataka", "s": "The Land of Elevated Heritage and Innovation", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/karnataka.webp", "c": "Rajeshodayanchal · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/telangana/": {"t": "Telangana", "s": "Telangana: Land of history, diamonds, and IT innovation on the Deccan Plateau."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/andhra-pradesh/": {"t": "Andhra Pradesh", "s": "The coastal gem of southern India, rich in history, culture, and natural resources.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/andhra-pradesh.webp", "c": "456legend · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/kerala/": {"t": "Kerala", "s": "God's Own Country", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/kerala.webp", "c": "rajaraman sundaram · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/maharashtra/": {"t": "Maharashtra", "s": "Land of the Deccan Plateau and India's financial heart", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/maharashtra.webp", "c": "Own work based on user:Chumwa · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/gujarat/": {"t": "Gujarat", "s": "Land of the Gurjars, longest coastline, and the Asiatic lion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/gujarat.webp", "c": "Nileshbandhiya · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/colombo/": {"t": "Colombo", "s": "Colombo is Sri Lanka's executive, judicial, and commercial capital."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/trinidad-and-tobago/": {"t": "Trinidad and Tobago", "s": "The southernmost Caribbean archipelago with a rich industrial economy and vibrant cultural heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/sinhala-language/": {"t": "Sinhala language", "s": "An Indo-Aryan language of Sri Lanka with a rich history and diglossic structure."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/morpheme/": {"t": "Morpheme", "s": "Smallest meaningful unit of linguistic expression."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/marathi-language/": {"t": "Marathi language", "s": "A classical Indo-Aryan language of Maharashtra, with 83 million speakers and a rich literary history."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/telugu-language/": {"t": "Telugu language", "s": "Telugu is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it serves as the official language."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kannada/": {"t": "Kannada", "s": "A classical Dravidian language with 1,200 years of literary history."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/northern-cyprus/": {"t": "Northern Cyprus", "s": "De facto state in northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kosovo/": {"t": "Kosovo", "s": "Landlocked Southeast European country with partial diplomatic recognition."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/gagauzia/": {"t": "Gagauzia", "s": "Autonomous Moldovan region for the Turkic Orthodox Gagauz people.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/gagauzia.webp", "c": "Fvasconcellos ( talk · contribs ) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/turkmen-language/": {"t": "Turkmen language", "s": "Turkmen is an Oghuz Turkic language with official status in Turkmenistan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/img/languages-and-scripts/turkmen-language.webp", "c": "ThatDohDude · via Wikipedia: Turkmen language · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/tungusic-languages/": {"t": "Tungusic languages", "s": "A language family of eastern Siberia and northern China."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/finnish-language/": {"t": "Finnish language", "s": "A Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by millions in Finland and diaspora communities."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/hungarian-language/": {"t": "Hungarian language", "s": "A Ugric language of the Uralic family, spoken by 14 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/germanic-languages/": {"t": "Germanic languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-European including English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian languages."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kara-khanid-khanate/": {"t": "Kara-Khanid Khanate", "s": "Karluk Turkic khanate ruling Central Asia from the 9th to early 13th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kara-khanid-khanate.webp", "c": "Artist circa 1200 CE Photography: Yury Karev · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/adana/": {"t": "Adana", "s": "A historic city on the Seyhan River, gateway to the fertile Çukurova plain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/adana.webp", "c": "Basak · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/evliya-elebi/": {"t": "Evliya Çelebi", "s": "Ottoman explorer who wrote the ten-volume Seyahatnâme."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mustafa-kemal-atat-rk/": {"t": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "s": "Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mustafa-kemal-atat-rk.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/ziya-g-kalp/": {"t": "Ziya Gökalp", "s": "Turkish poet whose work led to Erdoğan's 1998 political ban.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/ziya-g-kalp.webp", "c": "Dosseman · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antalya/": {"t": "Antalya", "s": "Ancient Attaleia, now Turkey's leading tourism hub on the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/diyarbak-r/": {"t": "Diyarbakır", "s": "Ancient city on the Tigris, Kurdish cultural and political center."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phonology/": {"t": "Phonology", "s": "Study of how languages organize sound and sign elements."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/estonian-language/": {"t": "Estonian language", "s": "Estonian: a Finnic language of Estonia, one of the EU's non-Indo-European tongues."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/s-mi-people/": {"t": "Sámi people", "s": "Indigenous people of Sápmi, traditionally speaking Sámi languages and known for reindeer herding."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz/": {"t": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "s": "German polymath and co-creator of calculus"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "s": "Autonomous grand duchy that preceded modern Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/language-change/": {"t": "Language change", "s": "The continuous alteration of language features over time."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/joseph-greenberg/": {"t": "Joseph Greenberg", "s": "American linguist known for typology and language classification."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/uyghur-language/": {"t": "Uyghur language", "s": "Turkic language of Xinjiang, formerly called Turki or Eastern Turki."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/cyrillic-script/": {"t": "Cyrillic script", "s": "Third official script of the European Union.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/cyrillic-script.webp", "c": "Crissov , Gojdo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kazakh-language/": {"t": "Kazakh language", "s": "Turkic language of Kazakhstan with vowel harmony and agglutinative structure."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amu-darya/": {"t": "Amu Darya", "s": "Central Asia's historic Oxus, a river of borders and deserts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amu-darya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amu Darya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/syr-darya/": {"t": "Syr Darya", "s": "Central Asian river, historically the Jaxartes, vital for irrigation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/syr-darya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Syr Darya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sogdia/": {"t": "Sogdia", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilisation and key Silk Road intermediaries."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/bactria/": {"t": "Bactria", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilization, key Zoroastrian center and Greco-Bactrian kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/mughal-empire/": {"t": "Mughal Empire", "s": "An early modern empire in South Asia, founded in 1526.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/mughal-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-bukhara/": {"t": "Khanate of Bukhara", "s": "The Khanate of Bukhara was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-bukhara.webp", "c": "Fabienkhan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/viet-people/": {"t": "Viet people", "s": "Southeast Asian ethnicity native to northern Vietnam."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/khmer-language/": {"t": "Khmer language", "s": "Official language of Cambodia, spoken by millions across Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/australia-continent/": {"t": "Australia (continent)", "s": "Smallest continent, located in Oceania, comprising Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/australia-continent.webp", "c": "Australia_(orthographic_projection).svg : Ssolbergj derivative work (colouring i · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/sino-tibetan-languages/": {"t": "Sino-Tibetan languages", "s": "A family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/nanyue/": {"t": "Nanyue", "s": "An ancient kingdom bridging China and Vietnam, founded by a Qin general after the dynasty's collapse."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/vietnam-under-chinese-rule/": {"t": "Vietnam under Chinese rule", "s": "Four periods of Chinese rule over parts of northern and central Vietnam, spanning from 111 BC to 1428 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-266-420/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "s": "The Jin dynasty: a reunified China divided by civil war and barbarian invasions."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-note/": {"t": "Musical note", "s": "Fundamental unit of musical sound and notation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiangmen/": {"t": "Jiangmen", "s": "Gateway to the Siyi homeland and a rising hub in the Pearl River Delta.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jiangmen.webp", "c": "Izumi2009 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Song dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/lingqu/": {"t": "Lingqu", "s": "The Lingqu is a canal in Xing'an County, near Guilin, in the northwestern corner of Guangxi, China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/img/canals-and-waterways/lingqu.webp", "c": "Farm · via Wikipedia: Lingqu · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hakka-chinese/": {"t": "Hakka Chinese", "s": "A Chinese language group with many dialects, spoken by the Hakka people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/min-chinese/": {"t": "Min Chinese", "s": "A diverse Sinitic language group with deep historical roots.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/min-chinese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Min Chinese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/five-dynasties-and-ten-kingdoms-period/": {"t": "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period", "s": "An era of division and warfare in Imperial China."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/zhuang-people/": {"t": "Zhuang people", "s": "The largest minority in China, the Zhuang are a Tai-speaking people with a rich history and complex identity."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/cantopop/": {"t": "Cantopop", "s": "Cantopop is Cantonese pop music originating in 1970s Hong Kong."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-movements/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-hong-kong/": {"t": "Cinema of Hong Kong", "s": "A commercial cinema hub with global influence and distinctive identity."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/pearl-river/": {"t": "Pearl River", "s": "China's third-longest river system, flowing through Guangzhou.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/pearl-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pearl River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/xiang-chinese/": {"t": "Xiang Chinese", "s": "A Sinitic language group of central China, preserving ancient voiced initials and shaped by migrations from Jiangxi and Mandarin influence."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hokkien/": {"t": "Hokkien", "s": "A major Southern Min Chinese variety with global diaspora influence."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/zhuang-languages/": {"t": "Zhuang languages", "s": "A group of Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people of southern China, with a rich dialect continuum and a history of multiple writing systems."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/wu-chinese/": {"t": "Wu Chinese", "s": "A major Chinese language group preserving medieval voiced initials."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/tianjin/": {"t": "Tianjin", "s": "A dual-core port city on the Hai River and Bohai Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sindh/": {"t": "Sindh", "s": "Sindh is a Pakistani province, cradle of the Indus Valley Civilisation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/sindh.webp", "c": "Baba66 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/indo-aryan-languages/": {"t": "Indo-Aryan languages", "s": "The Indo-Aryan languages, also called Indic languages, form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European family."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/devanagari/": {"t": "Devanagari", "s": "Devanagari is a left-to-right abugida used for over 120 languages.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/devanagari.webp", "c": "Symphonicallyu · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/punjabi-language/": {"t": "Punjabi language", "s": "Punjabi, also spelled Panjabi, belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family and originates in the Punjab region, which spans parts of Pakistan and India."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pashto/": {"t": "Pashto", "s": "Eastern Iranian language, official in Afghanistan, key to Pashtun identity."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/gujarati-language/": {"t": "Gujarati language", "s": "An Indo-Aryan language native to Gujarat, spoken by millions in India and across the global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/indus-river/": {"t": "Indus River", "s": "A transboundary river of Asia, rising in Tibet and flowing through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/indus-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Indus River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pali/": {"t": "Pali", "s": "Sacred language of Theravada Buddhism and the Tipiṭaka."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/ismailism/": {"t": "Ismailism", "s": "A Shia denomination emphasizing esoteric interpretation of Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The inward dimension of Islam, focusing on purification and direct experience of the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/pakistani-folklore/e/pakistani-folklore/sassui-punnhun/": {"t": "Sassui Punnhun", "s": "A tragic folktale of a faithful lover seeking her husband."}, "https://codexery.com/pakistani-folklore/e/pakistani-folklore/sohni-mahiwal/": {"t": "Sohni Mahiwal", "s": "A classical Punjabi–Sindhi folk tragedy of doomed lovers."}, "https://codexery.com/pakistani-folklore/e/pakistani-folklore/momal-rano/": {"t": "Momal Rano", "s": "A romantic tragedy of love, separation, and self-immolation."}, "https://codexery.com/pakistani-folklore/e/pakistani-folklore/noori-jam-tamachi/": {"t": "Noori Jam Tamachi", "s": "Folktale of fulfilled love between a prince and a fisherwoman."}, "https://codexery.com/pakistani-folklore/e/pakistani-folklore/lilan-chanesar/": {"t": "Lilan Chanesar", "s": "Queen whose love was sold for a necklace worth 900,000 tankas."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/abjad/": {"t": "Abjad", "s": "A consonantal writing system where vowels are implied.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/abjad.webp", "c": "Garygo golob · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partition-of-india/": {"t": "Partition of India", "s": "The partition of India in 1947 divided British India into two independent dominions: the Union of India (today the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakist"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/arabic-alphabet/": {"t": "Arabic alphabet", "s": "A 28-letter cursive abjad written right-to-left."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/ethnic-group/": {"t": "Ethnic group", "s": "A human group sharing perceived common attributes and identity."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/theravada/": {"t": "Theravada", "s": "Buddhism's oldest existing school, preserving the Pāli Canon."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malay-language/": {"t": "Malay language", "s": "An Austronesian language native to Maritime Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula, official in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/abugida/": {"t": "Abugida", "s": "A segmental writing system with consonant-based units and secondary vowel notation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/abugida.webp", "c": "Paul Morrow, and enhance & edited by Melgazar Galvan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/alphabet/": {"t": "Alphabet", "s": "A writing system where letters represent phonemes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/alphabet.webp", "c": "MS Sakib · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/fula-language/": {"t": "Fula language", "s": "A Senegambian language spoken across 18 West and Central African countries."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/language-family/": {"t": "Language family", "s": "A group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, the proto-language."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/tibetan-plateau/": {"t": "Tibetan Plateau", "s": "Largest and highest plateau in the world, sometimes called the 'Roof of the World'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/tibetan-plateau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Plateau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kra-dai-languages/": {"t": "Kra–Dai languages", "s": "A tonal language family spanning Southeast Asia and southern China."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/thai-language/": {"t": "Thai language", "s": "Thai is the sole official language of Thailand."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/vietnamese-language/": {"t": "Vietnamese language", "s": "Austroasiatic language of Vietnam with over 86 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/sichuan.webp", "c": "Md Shaifuzzaman Ayon · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-china-plain/": {"t": "North China Plain", "s": "The cradle of Chinese civilization and a densely populated agricultural heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river/": {"t": "Irrawaddy River", "s": "Principal river of Myanmar, vital for commerce, agriculture, and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Irrawaddy River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/language-isolate/": {"t": "Language isolate", "s": "A language family with only one known member."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/phylogenetic-tree/": {"t": "Phylogenetic tree", "s": "Branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/russian-far-east/": {"t": "Russian Far East", "s": "The easternmost part of Russia and Asia, coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/ukrainian-language/": {"t": "Ukrainian language", "s": "East Slavic language of Ukraine, with deep historical roots."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/polish-language/": {"t": "Polish language", "s": "A West Slavic language with a rich literary tradition and over 39.7 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/czech-language/": {"t": "Czech language", "s": "A West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, official in the Czech Republic, with a rich morphology and a raised alveolar trill."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/serbo-croatian/": {"t": "Serbo-Croatian", "s": "A pluricentric South Slavic language with four standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/past-tense/": {"t": "Past tense", "s": "A grammatical tense that places actions or situations in the past."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-catholic-churches/": {"t": "Eastern Catholic Churches", "s": "23 autonomous Eastern Christian churches in full communion with Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/lower-austria/": {"t": "Lower Austria", "s": "Largest Austrian state by area, second-most-populous, capital Sankt Pölten since 1986.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/lower-austria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lower Austria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romanian-language/": {"t": "Romanian language", "s": "The official language of Romania and Moldova, spoken by 22 million people as a first language."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/horn-of-africa/": {"t": "Horn of Africa", "s": "A strategically vital peninsula and cultural crossroads in eastern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/east/": {"t": "East", "s": "Cardinal direction of sunrise, opposite west, abbreviated as E."}, "https://codexery.com/somali-inventions/e/somali-inventions/osmanya-script/": {"t": "Osmanya script", "s": "Alphabetic script for Somali, invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid.", "i": "https://codexery.com/somali-inventions/img/somali-inventions/osmanya-script.webp", "c": "Gashaan735 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/somalia/": {"t": "Somalia", "s": "Easternmost country in continental Africa, with a long history of trade and conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/somaliland/": {"t": "Somaliland", "s": "Somaliland, officially the Republic of Somaliland, is a partially recognised state in the Horn of Africa, located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kenya/": {"t": "Kenya", "s": "East African nation with ancient human origins and diverse landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/somali-inventions/e/somali-inventions/gadabuursi-somali-script/": {"t": "Gadabuursi Somali Script", "s": "An alphabetic script for Somali devised around 1933 by Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur.", "i": "https://codexery.com/somali-inventions/img/somali-inventions/gadabuursi-somali-script.webp", "c": "I. M. Lewis · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/oromo-language/": {"t": "Oromo language", "s": "Oromo is a major Cushitic language of Ethiopia and Kenya."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/somali-civil-war/": {"t": "Somali Civil War", "s": "Ongoing civil war stemming from resistance to Siad Barre's regime.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/somali-civil-war.webp", "c": "X-Wu-Z · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-aden/": {"t": "Gulf of Aden", "s": "A deepwater gulf of the Indian Ocean, vital for global shipping and rich in biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/mogadishu/": {"t": "Mogadishu", "s": "Capital and historic port city of Somalia on the Indian Ocean."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language born in Castile, spoken by over 600 million."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/egyptian-arabic/": {"t": "Egyptian Arabic", "s": "The most widely spoken and studied variety of Arabic, rooted in the Nile Delta."}, "https://codexery.com/bangladeshi-cuisine/e/bangladeshi-cuisine/chapati/": {"t": "Chapati", "s": "Unleavened flatbread from the Indian subcontinent, eaten across South Asia and East Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/neologism/": {"t": "Neologism", "s": "A newly formed word gaining mainstream acceptance."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/writing-system/": {"t": "Writing system", "s": "A system of symbols and rules for representing language."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/cuneiform/": {"t": "Cuneiform", "s": "One of the oldest known writing systems, used for over three millennia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/cuneiform.webp", "c": "Mason, William Albert, 1855-1923 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sumer/": {"t": "Sumer", "s": "Earliest known civilization, emerging in southern Mesopotamia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/sumer.webp", "c": "Original: Phirosiberia Derivative: باسم · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semitic-languages/": {"t": "Semitic languages", "s": "A division of Semitic languages indigenous to the Levant, first attested in Amorite names and later in Ugaritic, Aramaic, and Canaanite."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hittite-language/": {"t": "Hittite language", "s": "Earliest attested Indo-European language, preserved in cuneiform from Bronze Age Anatolia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/uruk-period/": {"t": "Uruk period", "s": "Protohistoric period of urban revolution and first writing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/uruk-period.webp", "c": "Unknown artist · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/instructions-of-shuruppak/": {"t": "Instructions of Shuruppak", "s": "Ancient Sumerian wisdom sayings attributed to King Šuruppak."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/akkadian-empire/": {"t": "Akkadian Empire", "s": "The first empire in history?"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/third-dynasty-of-ur/": {"t": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "s": "Neo-Sumerian dynasty ruling Mesopotamia in the 21st century BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/third-dynasty-of-ur.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/uralic-languages/": {"t": "Uralic languages", "s": "Language family spoken across Europe and North Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/img/languages-of-the-world/uralic-languages.webp", "c": "Timo Rantanen, Harri Tolvanen, Meeli Roose, Jussi Ylikoski, Outi Vesakoski (editor Søren Wichmann) · via Wikipedia: Uralic languages · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/e/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/behistun-inscription/": {"t": "Behistun inscription", "s": "A trilingual cuneiform inscription key to deciphering ancient scripts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/img/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/behistun-inscription.webp", "c": "Leen van Dorp · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/egyptian-hieroglyphs/": {"t": "Egyptian hieroglyphs", "s": "Ancient Egyptian sacred writing system, influential on later scripts through intermediaries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/egyptian-hieroglyphs.webp", "c": "Gtoffoletto · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-rosetta-stone/": {"t": "The Rosetta Stone", "s": "The essential key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/central-java/": {"t": "Central Java", "s": "The Heart of Javanese Culture", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/central-java.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Java · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/dieng-plateau/": {"t": "Dieng Plateau", "s": "A highland sacred center of ancient Javanese Hindu worship.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/dieng-plateau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dieng Plateau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/south-sumatra/": {"t": "South Sumatra", "s": "Province in southeast Sumatra, historically home to Srivijaya.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/south-sumatra.webp", "c": "Gunkarta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/bengkulu/": {"t": "Bengkulu", "s": "Land of Carcasses Upstream, Fort Marlborough, and the Sunda Fault", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/bengkulu.webp", "c": "Bennylin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/riau/": {"t": "Riau", "s": "Wealthy Indonesian province on Sumatra's east coast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/riau.webp", "c": "Gunkarta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-kalimantan/": {"t": "West Kalimantan", "s": "The Province of a Thousand Rivers"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/southeast-sulawesi/": {"t": "Southeast Sulawesi", "s": "Southeast Sulawesi: A province of peninsulas and islands, rich in culture and natural beauty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/southeast-sulawesi.webp", "c": "Twotwofourtysix · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-java/": {"t": "West Java", "s": "The most populous province of Indonesia, homeland of the Sundanese people."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/banten/": {"t": "Banten", "s": "Westernmost province of Java, Indonesia, with a rich sultanate history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/banten.webp", "c": "Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/indonesian-language/": {"t": "Indonesian language", "s": "The official and national language of Indonesia, a standardized variety of Malay spoken by over 97% of the population."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/javanese-language/": {"t": "Javanese language", "s": "The largest Austronesian language by native speakers, spoken by over 68 million people primarily in Java, Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/niger-congo-languages/": {"t": "Niger–Congo languages", "s": "A proposed family of African languages, possibly the world's largest by member languages and third-largest by speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/south-sudan/": {"t": "South Sudan", "s": "South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked nation in East Africa, bordered by Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic ", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/img/countries-and-territories/south-sudan.webp", "c": "Achim1999 · via Wikipedia: South Sudan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/comoros/": {"t": "Comoros", "s": "An island nation at the northern Mozambique Channel."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/mayotte/": {"t": "Mayotte", "s": "A French overseas department in the Mozambique Channel, known for its volcanic islands, coral reef lagoon, and status as an outermost region of the European Uni", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/mayotte.webp", "c": "NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Space Systems, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/julius-nyerere/": {"t": "Julius Nyerere", "s": "Tanzanian anti-colonial activist and architect of Ujamaa socialism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/julius-nyerere.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Julius Nyerere · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/mombasa/": {"t": "Mombasa", "s": "Oldest city in Kenya, historic Indian Ocean trading hub."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/malawi/": {"t": "Malawi", "s": "Malawi, whose official name is the Republic of Malawi, sits landlocked in Southeast Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/malawi.webp", "c": "Sputink · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/kinshasa/": {"t": "Kinshasa", "s": "Capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a fast-growing megacity on the Congo River."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/somali-language/": {"t": "Somali language", "s": "A Cushitic language spoken by millions across the Horn of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/minority-group/": {"t": "Minority group", "s": "A group experiencing disadvantage relative to a dominant social group."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/nordic-countries/": {"t": "Nordic countries", "s": "A region of Northern Europe with deep historical and cultural ties."}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/the-viking-age/the-viking-age/": {"t": "The Viking Age", "s": "Norsemen expanded across Europe and reached North America during the Viking Age."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/danish-language/": {"t": "Danish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken by about 5.5 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/faroese-language/": {"t": "Faroese language", "s": "A North Germanic language spoken by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, descended from Old West Norse."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/icelandic-language/": {"t": "Icelandic language", "s": "A conservative North Germanic language with a rich literary heritage, spoken by about 390,000 people, primarily in Iceland."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/orthography/": {"t": "Orthography", "s": "Conventions for writing a language, including spelling and punctuation."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/zealand/": {"t": "Zealand", "s": "Five southernmost groups of New Zealand outlying islands, collectively a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/norrland/": {"t": "Norrland", "s": "The vast northern lands of Sweden, rich in nature and history."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/code-of-law/": {"t": "Code of law", "s": "A systematic collection of statutes that exhaustively covers a complete system of laws or a particular area of law."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-hanseatic-league/": {"t": "The Hanseatic League", "s": "A medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and towns."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/noun/": {"t": "Noun", "s": "A word denoting an entity, central to grammar across languages."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pronoun/": {"t": "Pronoun", "s": "A word or group of words that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/printing-press/": {"t": "Printing press", "s": "Machine that transfers ink onto materials by applying pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/reformation/": {"t": "Reformation", "s": "A 16th-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and birthed Protestantism."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/gustav-vasa/": {"t": "Gustav Vasa", "s": "King of Sweden who led the liberation from the Kalmar Union."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/blackletter/": {"t": "Blackletter", "s": "Medieval Gothic script family used in manuscripts and typefaces."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/selma-lagerl-f/": {"t": "Selma Lagerlöf", "s": "Swedish writer, published in Ukrainian translation by Vydavnytstvo Zhupanskogo in the Nobel Prize Laureates series."}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/playwrights-and-dramatists/august-strindberg/": {"t": "August Strindberg", "s": "Swedish playwright and novelist, father of modern Swedish literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/august-strindberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: August Strindberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/filipino-language/": {"t": "Filipino language", "s": "The national language of the Philippines, based on Tagalog."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/part-of-speech/": {"t": "Part of speech", "s": "A category of words with similar grammatical properties."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hawaiian-language/": {"t": "Hawaiian language", "s": "The historic native language of the Hawaiian people, critically endangered but undergoing revival."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malagasy-language/": {"t": "Malagasy language", "s": "Austronesian language of Madagascar, with diverse dialects and rich history."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/mindanao/": {"t": "Mindanao", "s": "Second-largest Philippine island, major agricultural hub, religiously diverse.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/mindanao.webp", "c": "Obsidian Soul . · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/luzon/": {"t": "Luzon", "s": "The largest and most populous island of the Philippines, economic and political center of the nation."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/baguio/": {"t": "Baguio", "s": "Summer Capital of the Philippines"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/nevada/": {"t": "Nevada", "s": "Landlocked Western state known for silver, gambling, and libertarian laws."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/west-bengal/": {"t": "West Bengal", "s": "A state of eastern India, rich in history, culture, and diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/chhattisgarh/": {"t": "Chhattisgarh", "s": "The land of 36 forts, rich in resources and history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/chhattisgarh.webp", "c": "Thedurlav · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/odisha/": {"t": "Odisha", "s": "The Land of Kalinga and Utkaḷa"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ashoka/": {"t": "Ashoka", "s": "Mauryan emperor who promoted Buddhism and righteous conduct."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/satavahana-dynasty/": {"t": "Satavahana dynasty", "s": "Ancient Indian dynasty bridging northern and southern Deccan."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/eastern-ganga-dynasty/": {"t": "Eastern Ganga dynasty", "s": "Medieval dynasty that built Odisha's iconic temples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/eastern-ganga-dynasty.webp", "c": "G.N. Subrahmanyam · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/carnatic-music/": {"t": "Carnatic music", "s": "South Indian classical music system emphasizing vocal performance."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-inventions/e/indian-inventions/indian-classical-music/": {"t": "Indian classical music", "s": "Classical music of the Indian subcontinent with two major traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/indus-script/": {"t": "Indus script", "s": "Undeciphered script of the Indus Valley Civilisation."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/tamil-language/": {"t": "Tamil language", "s": "Tamil (தமிழ், Tamiḻ) is a Dravidian language native to the Tamil people, primarily spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherr"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/krishnadevaraya/": {"t": "Krishnadevaraya", "s": "Emperor of Vijayanagara at its political and cultural peak."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/hyderabad-state/": {"t": "Hyderabad State", "s": "A princely state ruled by the Nizam from 1724 to 1948.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/hyderabad-state.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hyderabad State · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/thai-people/": {"t": "Thai people", "s": "The Thai people, historically known as Siamese, are a Tai ethnic group native to Thailand, speaking Kra–Dai languages and predominantly following Theravada Budd"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hainan/": {"t": "Hainan", "s": "China's southernmost island province, a tropical free-trade port."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phonetics/": {"t": "Phonetics", "s": "Study of speech sound articulation, acoustics, and perception."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/linguistic-typology/": {"t": "Linguistic typology", "s": "Classifies languages by structural features, not historical descent."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/uzbek-language/": {"t": "Uzbek language", "s": "The official language of Uzbekistan, a Karluk Turkic language with over 36 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains/": {"t": "Altai Mountains", "s": "Central Asian mountain range where four nations converge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains.webp", "c": "Rudyologist · via Wikipedia: Altai Mountains · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal/": {"t": "Lake Baikal", "s": "World's deepest and oldest freshwater lake by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Baikal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/tengrism/": {"t": "Tengrism", "s": "Steppe belief system centered on the sky god Tengri."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/korean-language/": {"t": "Korean language", "s": "Korean is a Koreanic language official in both North and South Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/g-kt-rks/": {"t": "Göktürks", "s": "Celestial Turks of the First Turkic Khaganate", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/g-kt-rks.webp", "c": "Hardcore-Mike · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/iranian-languages/": {"t": "Iranian languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Iranian peoples."}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages/": {"t": "Slavic languages", "s": "The Slavic languages are a major branch of the Indo-European family, spoken by over 315 million people across Eastern and Central Europe and beyond.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/img/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages.webp", "c": "CrazyPhunk · via Wikipedia: Slavic languages · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/languages-of-the-world/yiddish/": {"t": "Yiddish", "s": "A West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews, with roots in the Holy Roman Empire and a fusion of High German, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic ele"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sarmatians/": {"t": "Sarmatians", "s": "Iranian equestrian nomads who dominated the Pontic steppe for nearly a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bohdan-khmelnytsky/": {"t": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "s": "Ruthenian nobleman and Cossack leader who sparked a major uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexis-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexis of Russia", "s": "Tsar of all Russia from 1645 to 1676, known for legal reforms, military modernization, and territorial expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution-of-india/": {"t": "Constitution of India", "s": "Supreme legal document and longest written national constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/uttar-pradesh/": {"t": "Uttar Pradesh", "s": "India's most populous state, a historic heartland of empires and pilgrimage."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/bihar/": {"t": "Bihar", "s": "Land of ancient Buddhist monasteries and the birthplace of empires.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/bihar.webp", "c": "Nirinsanity · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/jharkhand/": {"t": "Jharkhand", "s": "Land of forests, waterfalls, and ancient heritage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/jharkhand.webp", "c": "Anupmahato · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/e/persian-and-central-asian-poets/amir-khusrau/": {"t": "Amir Khusrau", "s": "Indo-Persian Sufi poet, musician, and scholar of the Delhi Sultanate", "i": "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/img/persian-and-central-asian-poets/amir-khusrau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amir Khusrau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aurangzeb/": {"t": "Aurangzeb", "s": "The sixth Mughal emperor who expanded the empire to its greatest extent."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lucknow/": {"t": "Lucknow", "s": "Capital of Uttar Pradesh, India."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress/": {"t": "Indian National Congress", "s": "India's oldest political party, a big tent centrist force.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress.webp", "c": "Trouscht · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/bangladesh-liberation-war/": {"t": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "s": "The armed conflict that led to the independence of Bangladesh."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/utah/": {"t": "Utah", "s": "Landlocked Mountain West state, 45th admitted, dominated by LDS Church."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southwestern-united-states/": {"t": "Southwestern United States", "s": "A land of deserts, plateaus, and cultural fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/oregon/": {"t": "Oregon", "s": "33rd state, known for Crater Lake and Mount Hood."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/idaho/": {"t": "Idaho", "s": "The Gem State", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/idaho.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/montana/": {"t": "Montana", "s": "Landlocked state in the Mountain West, known as Big Sky Country."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states-and-territories/e/u-s-states-and-territories/wyoming/": {"t": "Wyoming", "s": "Least populous U.S. state, first to grant women's suffrage."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/sonora/": {"t": "Sonora", "s": "Northwestern Mexican state with arid geography and rich indigenous history."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/sinaloa/": {"t": "Sinaloa", "s": "A northwestern Mexican state with rich agricultural and musical heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/chihuahua-state/": {"t": "Chihuahua (state)", "s": "Largest Mexican state, known for Copper Canyon and Paquimé."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/nayarit/": {"t": "Nayarit", "s": "A Mexican state with Pacific coast, indigenous heritage, and agricultural economy."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/zacatecas/": {"t": "Zacatecas", "s": "A Mexican state rich in silver and colonial history."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/san-luis-potos/": {"t": "San Luis Potosí", "s": "A Mexican state with a rich mining and revolutionary history."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/puebla/": {"t": "Puebla", "s": "State in east-central Mexico, home to Puebla City and the Battle of Puebla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/puebla.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/veracruz/": {"t": "Veracruz", "s": "Eastern Mexican state with a key Gulf port and mixed heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/morelos/": {"t": "Morelos", "s": "Landlocked state in south-central Mexico, named for independence hero.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/morelos.webp", "c": "Alberto0617 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/state-of-mexico/": {"t": "State of Mexico", "s": "Most populous state, surrounding Mexico City on three sides."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yangtze/": {"t": "Yangtze", "s": "Longest river in China, third-longest in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nanjing/": {"t": "Nanjing", "s": "Southern Capital on the Yangtze"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/suzhou/": {"t": "Suzhou", "s": "Ancient cradle of Wu culture, modern industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/jiangnan/": {"t": "Jiangnan", "s": "The prosperous lands south of the Yangtze River, cradle of Wu culture and historic capitals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/jiangnan.webp", "c": "Judgefloro · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/shang-dynasty/": {"t": "Shang dynasty", "s": "Earliest Chinese dynasty confirmed by archaeology and written records."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/shandong.webp", "c": "Mary Harrsch · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luoyang/": {"t": "Luoyang", "s": "Ancient capital on the Luo River, cradle of Chinese civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/jingkang-incident/": {"t": "Jingkang incident", "s": "The Jingkang Incident, also called the Humiliation of Jingkang, occurred in 1127 during the Jin–Song wars."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/lexicon/": {"t": "Lexicon", "s": "The vocabulary inventory of a language or branch of knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/hebrew-script/": {"t": "Hebrew script", "s": "A 22-letter, right-to-left abjad for Hebrew and other Jewish languages.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/hebrew-script.webp", "c": "Treehill · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/high-german-languages/": {"t": "High German languages", "s": "High German dialects underwent the consonant shift from about AD 500."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/rashi/": {"t": "Rashi", "s": "Medieval French rabbi and commentator whose works remain central to Torah study."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lotharingia/": {"t": "Lotharingia", "s": "Early medieval kingdom and duchy named after King Lothair II."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/fiddler-on-the-roof/": {"t": "Fiddler on the Roof", "s": "Musical about tradition and change in a Jewish shtetl."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/yoruba-people/": {"t": "Yoruba people", "s": "West African ethnic group native to Nigeria, Benin, and Togo"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/the-gambia/": {"t": "The Gambia", "s": "Smallest continental African country, named for the Gambia River."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/oyo-empire/": {"t": "Oyo Empire", "s": "A major Yoruba empire dominating West Africa through cavalry and trade.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/oyo-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Inca Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/ibadan/": {"t": "Ibadan", "s": "Capital of Oyo State and historic military republic."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/lagos/": {"t": "Lagos", "s": "Africa's most populous city and a major financial and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/freetown/": {"t": "Freetown", "s": "Capital and largest city of Sierra Leone, founded by Black Nova Scotians."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hausa-language/": {"t": "Hausa language", "s": "The most widely spoken Chadic language, serving as a lingua franca across West Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/wolof-language/": {"t": "Wolof language", "s": "A non-tonal Niger–Congo language widely spoken in Senegambia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}}