[{"n": "Nepali language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/nepali-language/", "s": "Official language of Nepal and lingua franca of the Himalayan region."}, {"n": "Niger–Congo languages", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/niger-congo-languages/", "s": "A proposed family of African languages, possibly the world's largest by member languages and third-largest by "}, {"n": "Nilo-Saharan languages", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/nilo-saharan-languages/", "s": "A proposed family of around 210 African languages, spoken by some 70 million people across the northern half o"}, {"n": "Noun", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/noun/", "s": "A word denoting an entity, central to grammar across languages."}, {"n": "Odia language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/odia-language/", "s": "A classical Indo-Aryan language of eastern India, spoken primarily in Odisha."}, {"n": "Old English", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/old-english/", "s": "Earliest attested form of the English language."}, {"n": "Origin of language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/origin-of-language/", "s": "Study of language origins, long banned, revived by modern methods."}, {"n": "Oromo language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/oromo-language/", "s": "The most widely spoken Cushitic language, native to Ethiopia and Kenya."}, {"n": "Orthography", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/orthography/", "s": "Conventions for writing a language, including spelling and punctuation."}, {"n": "Pali", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pali/", "s": "Sacred language of Theravada Buddhism and the Tipiṭaka."}, {"n": "Pashto", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pashto/", "s": "Eastern Iranian language, official in Afghanistan, key to Pashtun identity."}, {"n": "Persian language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, {"n": "Phoenician alphabet", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phoenician-alphabet/", "s": "One of the first alphabets, used across the Mediterranean."}, {"n": "Phoneme", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phoneme/", "s": "Basic sound unit that distinguishes meaning in language."}, {"n": "Phonetics", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phonetics/", "s": "Study of speech sound articulation, acoustics, and perception."}, {"n": "Phonology", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phonology/", "s": "Study of how languages organize sound and sign elements."}, {"n": "Phrase", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phrase/", "s": "A group of words acting as a grammatical unit, with distinct common and technical meanings."}, {"n": "Polish language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/polish-language/", "s": "A West Slavic language with a rich literary tradition and over 39.7 million native speakers."}, {"n": "Portuguese language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in M"}, {"n": "Pronoun", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pronoun/", "s": "A word or group of words that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase."}, {"n": "Prosody (linguistics)", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/prosody-linguistics/", "s": "Study of speech elements beyond individual vowels and consonants."}, {"n": "Punjabi language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/punjabi-language/", "s": "Punjabi, also spelled Panjabi, belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family and originates in the Punjab region, "}, {"n": "Quechuan languages", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/quechuan-languages/", "s": "The most widely spoken pre-Columbian language family of the Americas, originating in central Peru."}, {"n": "Romance languages", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romance-languages/", "s": "The Romance languages, often called the Latin languages, are those that evolved directly from Vulgar Latin."}, {"n": "Romanian language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romanian-language/", "s": "The official language of Romania and Moldova, spoken by 22 million people as a first language."}, {"n": "Russian language", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, {"n": "Sanskrit", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, {"n": "Semantics", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semantics/", "s": "The study of linguistic meaning, from words to worlds."}, {"n": "Semiotics", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semiotics/", "s": "The study of signs and meaning-making across all domains."}, {"n": "Semitic languages", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semitic-languages/", "s": "A division of Semitic languages indigenous to the Levant, first attested in Amorite names and later in Ugariti"}, {"n": "Sentence (linguistics)", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sentence-linguistics/", "s": "A linguistic unit expressing a thought or speech act."}, {"n": "Serbo-Croatian", "u": "/e/languages-and-writing-systems/serbo-croatian/", "s": "A pluricentric South Slavic language with four standard varieties."}]