{"/e/korean-independence-movement/march-first-movement/": {"t": "March First Movement", "s": "A series of Korean protests against Japanese colonial rule beginning in 1919."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan/": {"t": "Surrender of Japan", "s": "Japan's surrender ended World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan.webp", "c": "Harry Beanham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/pacific-war/": {"t": "Pacific War", "s": "The largest theater of World War II, fought across the Pacific and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/pacific-war.webp", "c": "Ensign Emment Regan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-japanese-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Japanese War", "s": "Soviet campaign that helped end World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-japanese-war.webp", "c": "MBH · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/national-liberation-day-of-korea/": {"t": "National Liberation Day of Korea", "s": "Annual holiday marking Korea's liberation from Japanese rule."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/wonsan/": {"t": "Wonsan", "s": "North Korean port city and naval base on the Sea of Japan."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/independence-club/": {"t": "Independence Club", "s": "Korean reform organization advocating independence and democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/primorsky-krai/": {"t": "Primorsky Krai", "s": "Russia's southeastern maritime frontier, home to the Pacific Fleet and the only border with North Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hirohito/": {"t": "Hirohito", "s": "Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989, reigning through war and reconstruction."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/methodism/": {"t": "Methodism", "s": "A Protestant tradition emphasizing sanctification and methodical Christian living."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/presbyterianism/": {"t": "Presbyterianism", "s": "A Reformed Protestant tradition rooted in Scotland, emphasizing the sovereignty of God and governance by elders."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/koreans/": {"t": "Koreans", "s": "East Asian ethnic group indigenous to the Korean Peninsula"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/chongjin/": {"t": "Chongjin", "s": "North Korea's industrial hub of steel and fiber."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/sinuiju/": {"t": "Sinuiju", "s": "North Korean border city and capital of North P'yŏngan province."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/pyongyang/": {"t": "Pyongyang", "s": "Capital and largest city of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/pyongyang.webp", "c": "(stephan) · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/sakuradamon-incident-1932/": {"t": "Sakuradamon incident (1932)", "s": "Korean independence activist's failed grenade attack on Japanese Emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-japan/e/emperors-of-japan/emperor-of-japan/": {"t": "Emperor of Japan", "s": "Hereditary monarch and symbol of Japan's unity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor/": {"t": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "s": "Surprise Japanese air raid on US Pacific Fleet, December 7, 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor.webp", "c": "Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katarzyna Kobiljak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/korean-independence-movement/": {"t": "Korean independence movement", "s": "Efforts to liberate Korea from Japanese colonial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/self-determination/": {"t": "Self-determination", "s": "A people's right to form its own political entity."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/imperialism/": {"t": "Imperialism", "s": "Imperialism is the extension of power over foreign nations through hard and soft power."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-activists-dissidents/e/miscellaneous-activists-and-dissidents/bertha-von-suttner/": {"t": "Bertha von Suttner", "s": "Austrian noblewoman, pacifist, and first female Nobel Peace Prize winner."}, "https://codexery.com/investigative-journalists-and-editors/e/investigative-journalists-and-editors/w-t-stead/": {"t": "W. T. Stead", "s": "English editor who pioneered investigative journalism and died on the Titanic."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/martyr/": {"t": "Martyr", "s": "A witness who suffers death for a religious or political cause."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement/": {"t": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "s": "Humanitarian movement founded to alleviate suffering and protect human life."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy/": {"t": "Foreign policy", "s": "A state's strategies for interacting with other states and entities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/neutral-country/": {"t": "Neutral country", "s": "Neutrality in international law: rights, responsibilities, and evolving interpretations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/neutral-country.webp", "c": "The Hawaiian Gazette (newspaper), April 2, 1889, Image 1 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-speech/": {"t": "Freedom of speech", "s": "A human right to express opinions without fear of retaliation."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/individual/": {"t": "Individual", "s": "A distinct entity with unique needs, rights, and responsibilities."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/national-security/": {"t": "National security", "s": "Security and defense of a sovereign state and its institutions."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/korea-university/": {"t": "Korea University", "s": "Founded 1905 as Bosung College; a SKY university."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-south-korea/e/world-heritage-sites-in-south-korea/changdeokgung/": {"t": "Changdeokgung", "s": "A well-preserved Joseon palace and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Seoul."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/ulsan/": {"t": "Ulsan", "s": "South Korea's industrial powerhouse with world-leading factories."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/gwangju-student-independence-movement/": {"t": "Gwangju Student Independence Movement", "s": "A 1929 student-led protest against Japanese rule in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/philadelphia-76ers/e/stadiums/philadelphia/": {"t": "Philadelphia", "s": "The gritty, soulful city where the Sixers legacy is forged in fire and celebrated with unmatched passion."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/february-8-declaration-of-independence/": {"t": "February 8 Declaration of Independence", "s": "1919 Korean independence declaration in Tokyo, precursor to March 1st Movement."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/japanese-invasion-of-manchuria/": {"t": "Japanese invasion of Manchuria", "s": "Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria after a staged false flag incident."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/manchukuo/": {"t": "Manchukuo", "s": "Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, 1932–1945."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/worker-cooperative/": {"t": "Worker cooperative", "s": "Worker-owned firms managed democratically by their members."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/korean-declaration-of-independence/": {"t": "Korean Declaration of Independence", "s": "1919 document that launched Korea's March First Movement."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/civilizing-mission/": {"t": "Civilizing mission", "s": "A rationale for colonization based on cultural assimilation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/may-fourth-movement/": {"t": "May Fourth Movement", "s": "Student protests on May 4, 1919 sparked a nationalist and political movement."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/liberal-democracy/": {"t": "Liberal democracy", "s": "A government combining democracy with liberal political philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/jeju-island/": {"t": "Jeju Island", "s": "South Korea's largest island, a volcanic paradise with a subtropical climate and rich cultural heritage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/jeju-island.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jeju Island · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladivostok/": {"t": "Vladivostok", "s": "Vladivostok: Russia's Pacific capital and gateway to the East."}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/bayonet/": {"t": "Bayonet", "s": "A blade that turns a firearm into a spear."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/crucifixion/": {"t": "Crucifixion", "s": "Ancient method of execution used in Persia, Carthage, and Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegram/": {"t": "Telegram", "s": "A written message transmitted by telegraph, popular from the 19th to mid-20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/old-chos-n/": {"t": "Old Chosŏn", "s": "First kingdom on the Korean Peninsula, founded by legendary Tan'gun."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-korea/": {"t": "Culture of Korea", "s": "Traditional Korean culture encompasses dress, cuisine, ceramics, and lunar festivals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-korea.webp", "c": "Syced · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/cheonan/": {"t": "Cheonan", "s": "The core city of the nation, a transportation hub in South Chungcheong."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/tianjin/": {"t": "Tianjin", "s": "A dual-core port city on the Hai River and Bohai Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/kobe/": {"t": "Kobe", "s": "Major Japanese port city and capital of Hyōgo Prefecture."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-asahi-shimbun/": {"t": "The Asahi Shimbun", "s": "One of Japan's oldest and largest national daily newspapers."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/qingdao/": {"t": "Qingdao", "s": "A historic port city blending German heritage with modern Chinese dynamism."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/hongkou-park-incident/": {"t": "Hongkou Park Incident", "s": "A 1932 bombing attack for Korean independence in Shanghai."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/sinhanch-on-incident/": {"t": "Sinhanch'on Incident", "s": "Japanese massacre of Korean civilians in Vladivostok, April 1920."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/russian-far-east/": {"t": "Russian Far East", "s": "The easternmost part of Russia and Asia, coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District."}, "/e/korean-independence-movement/sinhanch-on/": {"t": "Sinhanch'on", "s": "Korean enclave and independence hub in Vladivostok."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/secondary-school/": {"t": "Secondary school", "s": "Institution providing secondary education, typically for ages 11 to 18."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/comparative-politics/e/comparative-politics/politics-of-south-korea/": {"t": "Politics of South Korea", "s": "South Korea's politics evolved from authoritarian rule to a vibrant democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/changwon/": {"t": "Changwon", "s": "Korea's first planned city and industrial hub"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/seoul-national-university/": {"t": "Seoul National University", "s": "A public research university in Seoul, South Korea, founded in 1946.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/seoul-national-university.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State from United States · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/shock-circulatory/": {"t": "Shock (circulatory)", "s": "A medical emergency from insufficient blood flow to tissues."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/waterboarding/": {"t": "Waterboarding", "s": "Waterboarding is a torture technique causing the sensation of drowning.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/waterboarding.webp", "c": "-Chupacabras- · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/": {"t": "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy", "s": "Incurable, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle caused by prions."}}