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castle on the north bank of the River Thames, founded in 1066."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/archbishop-of-canterbury/": {"t": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "s": "Senior bishop and primate of the Church of England, spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion."}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/william-blackstone/": {"t": "William Blackstone", "s": "English jurist whose Commentaries shaped common law."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/oliver-cromwell/": {"t": "Oliver Cromwell", "s": "Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/buckinghamshire/": {"t": "Buckinghamshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, home to the Chiltern Hills and the city of Milton Keynes."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/e/legal-professions/lawyer/": {"t": "Lawyer", "s": "A qualified advisor and representative in legal matters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/img/legal-professions/lawyer.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/voltaire/": {"t": "Voltaire", "s": "French Enlightenment writer and advocate of civil liberties"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/sapienza-university-of-rome/": {"t": "Sapienza University of Rome", "s": "Oldest pontifical university and Europe's largest by enrollment."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/neoclassicism/": {"t": "Neoclassicism", "s": "A Western revival of classical antiquity inspired by Enlightenment ideals."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/fran-ois-boucher/": {"t": "François Boucher", "s": "French Rococo painter, draughtsman and etcher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/fran-ois-boucher.webp", "c": "Gustaf Lundberg · via Wikipedia: François Boucher · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/sydney/": {"t": "Sydney", "s": "The Harbour City, capital of New South Wales and Australia's largest city."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/methodism/": {"t": "Methodism", "s": "A Protestant tradition emphasizing sanctification and methodical Christian living."}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/indonesia-malaysia-confrontation/": {"t": "Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation", "s": "Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation was an undeclared war, primarily fought in the border area between Indonesia and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo, with lo", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/indonesia-malaysia-confrontation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/part-1/edmund-barton/": {"t": "Edmund Barton", "s": "First prime minister of Australia and a founding father of federation."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-court-of-justice/": {"t": "International Court of Justice", "s": "Principal judicial organ of the United Nations."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/law/": {"t": "Law", "s": "Rules enforced by institutions to regulate behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/nuremberg-trials/": {"t": "Nuremberg trials", "s": "International trials of Nazi leaders for aggression and atrocities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/nuremberg-trials.webp", "c": "Office of the Military Government, United States · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, 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"International law", "s": "Body of rules governing state relations, based largely on consent."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitutional-court/": {"t": "Constitutional court", "s": "High court ruling on constitutionality of laws."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/roscoe-pound/": {"t": "Roscoe Pound", "s": "Legal scholar who criticized formalist approaches to the law in the early twentieth century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/roscoe-pound.webp", "c": "American Review of Reviews · via Wikipedia: Roscoe Pound · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern 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"https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/niccol-machiavelli/": {"t": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "s": "Florentine political philosopher who sought to describe political life rationally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/niccol-machiavelli.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Renaissance · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/e/legal-systems-and-courts/administrative-law/": {"t": "Administrative law", "s": "Branch of law governing executive branch agency activities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/img/legal-systems-and-courts/administrative-law.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/carl-schmitt/": {"t": "Carl Schmitt", "s": "Controversial German jurist and Nazi legal theorist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/carl-schmitt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Carl Schmitt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/hans-morgenthau/": {"t": "Hans Morgenthau", "s": "German-American jurist and political scientist; leading post-WWII realist."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/rule-of-law/": {"t": "Rule of law", "s": "No one is above the law; all are equal before it."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/jurisprudence/": {"t": "Jurisprudence", "s": "The philosophy 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"https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/stanford-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanford University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-locke/": {"t": "John Locke", "s": "Father of liberalism and influential Enlightenment thinker"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/e/legal-systems-and-courts/judicial-review/": {"t": "Judicial review", "s": "Courts review government actions for lawfulness and constitutionality."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/first-amendment-to-the-united-states-constitution/": {"t": "First Amendment to the United States Constitution", "s": "First Amendment protects religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/immanuel-kant/": {"t": "Immanuel Kant", "s": "Central thinker of the Enlightenment, known for transcendental idealism and the categorical imperative."}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/sandra-day-o-connor/": {"t": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "s": "First woman on the U.S. Supreme Court, known as a moderate conservative swing vote."}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/ruth-bader-ginsburg/": {"t": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "s": "Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1993 to 2020.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/ruth-bader-ginsburg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ruth Bader Ginsburg · see source"}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/paolo-borsellino/": {"t": "Paolo Borsellino", "s": "Italian magistrate who fought the Sicilian Mafia."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/allied-invasion-of-sicily/": {"t": "Allied invasion of Sicily", "s": "The Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 drove Axis forces from the island and opened the Mediterranean to Allied shipping.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/allied-invasion-of-sicily.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/criminal-law/": {"t": "Criminal law", "s": "Body of law relating to crime, punishment, and rehabilitation."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/life-imprisonment/": {"t": "Life imprisonment", "s": "A sentence of imprisonment for the remainder of a 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Governor · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states-and-territories/e/u-s-states-and-territories/wisconsin/": {"t": "Wisconsin", "s": "Upper Midwest state known for dairy, brewing, and swing-state politics."}, "https://codexery.com/economists-and-economic-thinkers/e/economists-and-economic-thinkers/robert-solow/": {"t": "Robert Solow", "s": "American economist who modeled economic growth and technical progress.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economists-and-economic-thinkers/img/economists-and-economic-thinkers/robert-solow.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Solow · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/mediation/": {"t": "Mediation", "s": "Neutral third party facilitates voluntary dispute resolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/mediation.webp", "c": "Francesco Bartolozzi · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/e/legal-professions/legal-liability/": {"t": "Legal liability", "s": "Legal responsibility or answerability in law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/img/legal-professions/legal-liability.webp", "c": "Q4398124 , Goznak (Q2133605) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andrew-jackson/": {"t": "Andrew Jackson", "s": "Seventh U.S. president and architect of Jacksonian democracy."}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/john-marshall/": {"t": "John Marshall", "s": "Fourth chief justice who shaped the U.S. Supreme Court."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/federalist-party/": {"t": "Federalist Party", "s": "First U.S. political party, championed strong central government.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/federalist-party.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First Party System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/pension/": {"t": "Pension", "s": "A retirement income scheme funded during working life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/pension.webp", "c": "Department of the Interior. Bureau of Pensions. 1849-1930 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-thought/": {"t": "Freedom of thought", "s": "The precursor and progenitor of other liberties."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-speech/": {"t": "Freedom of speech", "s": "A human right to express opinions without fear of retaliation."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/part-1/henry-clay/": {"t": "Henry Clay", "s": "The Great Compromiser and architect of the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850."}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/earl-warren/": {"t": "Earl Warren", "s": "14th chief justice and 30th governor of California.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/earl-warren.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Earl Warren · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/vladimir-nabokov/": {"t": "Vladimir Nabokov", "s": "Russian-American novelist, lepidopterist, and author of Lolita."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/swedish-language/": {"t": "Swedish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/lund-university/": {"t": "Lund University", "s": "Public research university founded 1666 in Lund, Sweden."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/civil-procedure/": {"t": "Civil procedure", "s": "Body of law governing civil lawsuit rules and court procedures."}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/william-rehnquist/": {"t": "William Rehnquist", "s": "16th Chief Justice of the United States", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/william-rehnquist.webp", "c": "Gabichan2020 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/susan-b-anthony/": {"t": "Susan B. 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Oakes · via Wikipedia: Potter Stewart · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/oklahoma/": {"t": "Oklahoma", "s": "A state shaped by Indigenous heritage, land runs, and oil."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/idaho/": {"t": "Idaho", "s": "The Gem State", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/idaho.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/north-carolina/": {"t": "North Carolina", "s": "State of the first flight and first call for independence."}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/jerry-falwell/": {"t": "Jerry Falwell", "s": "Lynchburg Baptist pastor and televangelist who founded Liberty University and the Moral Majority.", "i": "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/img/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/jerry-falwell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jerry Falwell · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/antonin-scalia/": {"t": "Antonin Scalia", "s": "Intellectual anchor for originalist and textualist jurisprudence on the Supreme Court.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/antonin-scalia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Antonin Scalia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/margaret-thatcher/": {"t": "Margaret Thatcher", "s": "First female UK Prime Minister, architect of Thatcherism."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/equity-law/": {"t": "Equity (law)", "s": "Body of law from the English Court of Chancery providing flexible justice."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/precedent/": {"t": "Precedent", "s": "A judicial decision serving as authority for future similar cases."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-the-great/": {"t": "Alfred the Great", "s": "King of the West Saxons and Anglo-Saxons; 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"https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence.webp", "c": "George E. 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"https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/img/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/jacobus-arminius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jacobus Arminius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity/": {"t": "Reformed Christianity", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism emphasizing the sovereignty of God and covenant theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity.webp", "c": "Toby Hudson based on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics · CC BY-SA 3.0 au"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/rutherford-b-hayes/": {"t": 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Grant", "s": "18th U.S. President and Commanding General of the Union Army"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/due-process/": {"t": "Due process", "s": "Legal principle requiring state to respect all legal rights owed to a person."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/roger-b-taney/": {"t": "Roger B. 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Scott · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/acting/": {"t": "Acting", "s": "Acting is the enactment of a story through character adoption."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/separation-of-powers/": {"t": "Separation of powers", "s": "Principle dividing government into distinct branches to prevent tyranny."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/george-c-marshall/": {"t": "George C. 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"https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alexander-hamilton/": {"t": "Alexander Hamilton", "s": "", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alexander-hamilton.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/aaron-burr/": {"t": "Aaron Burr", "s": "Third vice president of the United States, remembered for the duel with Alexander Hamilton and the Burr conspiracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/aaron-burr.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aaron Burr · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/united-states-capitol/": {"t": "United States Capitol", "s": "Seat of the California state government in Sacramento.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/united-states-capitol.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: California State Capitol · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/georgia-u-s-state/": {"t": "Georgia (U.S. state)", "s": "Southern state, last of the Thirteen Colonies, civil rights hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/georgia-u-s-state.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/statute/": {"t": "Statute", "s": "A formal written enactment of a legislative body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/img/legal-systems-and-concepts/statute.webp", "c": "Wojsyl · via Wikipedia: Statute · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/maritime-law/": {"t": "Maritime law", "s": "The body of law governing navigable waters, from ancient Rhodian codes to modern international treaties.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/maritime-law.webp", "c": "imo.un · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/william-james/": {"t": "William James", "s": "Father of American psychology and co-founder of pragmatism"}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/evidence-law/": {"t": "Evidence (law)", "s": "Rules governing proof of facts in legal proceedings."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/louis-brandeis/": {"t": "Louis Brandeis", "s": "People's Lawyer and first Jewish U.S. Supreme Court justice"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/life-magazine/": {"t": "Life (magazine)", "s": "To see life; to see the world; to eyewitness great events", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/life-magazine.webp", "c": "Life Magazine · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america/": {"t": "North America", "s": "Third-largest continent by area; fourth-largest by population.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: North America · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henry-james/": {"t": "Henry James", "s": "American-British author, key transitional figure between literary realism and modernism"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/christopher-columbus-langdell/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus Langdell", "s": "Formalist scholar who believed law could be derived from case law alone.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/christopher-columbus-langdell.webp", "c": "Frederic Porter Vinton · via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus Langdell · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/part-1/henry-cabot-lodge/": {"t": "Henry Cabot Lodge", "s": "American statesman and historian who led opposition to the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations."}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/giovanni-falcone/": {"t": "Giovanni Falcone", "s": "Judge and prosecuting magistrate known for anti-Mafia work"}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/gaius-jurist/": {"t": "Gaius (jurist)", "s": "Roman jurist whose Institutes shaped later legal education."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/caracalla/": {"t": "Caracalla", "s": "Roman emperor who granted citizenship to all free inhabitants."}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/hugo-black/": {"t": "Hugo Black", "s": "Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1937 to 1971, known for his textualist approach and First Amendment absolutism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/hugo-black.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hugo Black · see source"}, "/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/john-marshall-harlan/": {"t": "John Marshall Harlan", "s": "Associate justice known for judicial restraint and a broad view of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/john-marshall-harlan.webp", "c": "Mathew Brady or Levin Handy · via Wikipedia: John Marshall Harlan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/ohio/": {"t": "Ohio", "s": "Midwestern U.S. state, birthplace of seven presidents and aviation."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/minor-law/": {"t": "Minor (law)", "s": "A minor is a person under the age of majority."}, "https://codexery.com/journalists-and-media-personalities/e/journalists-and-media-personalities/bob-woodward/": {"t": "Bob Woodward", "s": "Investigative journalist who, with Carl Bernstein, uncovered the Watergate scandal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/journalists-and-media-personalities/img/journalists-and-media-personalities/bob-woodward.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Carl Bernstein · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-military-tribunal-for-the-far-east/": {"t": "International Military Tribunal for the Far East", "s": "Post-WWII tribunal for Japanese war crimes leaders."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/yasukuni-shrine/": {"t": "Yasukuni Shrine", "s": "A Shinto shrine in Tokyo established in 1869 to honor those who died serving the Emperor, now a site of controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/yasukuni-shrine.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Zhang Zhehan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/vaishnavism/": {"t": "Vaishnavism", "s": "One of the major Hindu denominations, centered on Vishnu as supreme."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/treaty-of-san-francisco/": {"t": "Treaty of San Francisco", "s": "Ended WWII occupation and restored Japanese sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/junichiro-koizumi/": {"t": "Junichiro Koizumi", "s": "Neoliberal reformer and sixth-longest serving Japanese prime minister."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/minnesota/": {"t": "Minnesota", "s": "Land of 10,000 Lakes, 32nd state, Twin Cities hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/minnesota.webp", "c": "Myotus · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/abortion/": {"t": "Abortion", "s": "Medical procedure ending pregnancy; subject of global legal and ethical debate."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/alternative-dispute-resolution/": {"t": "Alternative dispute resolution", "s": "Resolving disputes outside the courtroom, with or without a third party."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/holy-orders/": {"t": "Holy orders", "s": "Ordained ministries of bishop, priest, and deacon in Christian churches."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/middlesex/": {"t": "Middlesex", "s": "Historic county of England, largely now part of Greater London."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/river-thames/": {"t": "River Thames", "s": "Longest river entirely in England, flowing through London."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/gout/": {"t": "Gout", "s": "Inflammatory arthritis from uric acid crystal deposition."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-sensations/e/symptoms-and-sensations/dizziness/": {"t": "Dizziness", "s": "A common medical complaint with four main subtypes."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/montesquieu/": {"t": "Montesquieu", "s": "French jurist, historian, and political philosopher who pioneered the separation of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/cesare-beccaria/": {"t": "Cesare Beccaria", "s": "Italian criminologist who condemned torture and the death penalty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/cesare-beccaria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cesare Beccaria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/substantive-law/": {"t": "Substantive law", "s": "Body of law governing behavior, rights, and punishments."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economics/": {"t": "Economics", "s": "Social science studying production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economics.webp", "c": "Pk0001 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-jersey/": {"t": "New Jersey", "s": "Most densely populated U.S. state, hub of biopharmaceutical innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/gastrointestinal-tract/": {"t": "Gastrointestinal tract", "s": "The digestive passageway from mouth to anus."}, "https://codexery.com/fruit-trees-berries/e/fruit-trees-and-berries/cherry/": {"t": "Cherry", "s": "A fleshy drupe from the genus Prunus, cultivated for millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/antonin-dvorak/": {"t": "Antonin Dvorak", "s": "Czech composer who blended folk music with symphonic tradition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonin-dvorak.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Antonín Dvořák · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/mountaineering/": {"t": "Mountaineering", "s": "Mountaineering is mountain climbing or alpinism."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/rachel-carson/": {"t": "Rachel Carson", "s": "Marine biologist and writer who advanced the environmental movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/rachel-carson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rachel Carson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/silent-spring/": {"t": "Silent Spring", "s": "The book that sparked a movement against chemical pesticides", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-works/img/literary-works/silent-spring.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rachel Carson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-association/": {"t": "Freedom of association", "s": "The right to join, leave, and act collectively with others."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/illinois/": {"t": "Illinois", "s": "Land of Lincoln", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/illinois.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/susan-b-anthony-dollar/": {"t": "Susan B. Anthony dollar", "s": "A small dollar coin that struggled for public acceptance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/susan-b-anthony-dollar.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Susan B. Anthony dollar · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/sussex/": {"t": "Sussex", "s": "The historic kingdom and county of the South Saxons."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maine/": {"t": "Maine", "s": "Northeasternmost state in the contiguous United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maine.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-ii-of-england/": {"t": "James II of England", "s": "Last Catholic monarch deposed in the Glorious Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/": {"t": "Huguenots", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/1689-boston-revolt/": {"t": "1689 Boston revolt", "s": "Popular uprising overthrew Dominion of New England governor Edmund Andros.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/1689-boston-revolt.webp", "c": "Simon Bradstreet · Public domain"}}