{"https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/prophets-and-messengers-in-islam/": {"t": "Prophets and messengers in Islam", "s": "Individuals believed to spread God's message and exemplify ideal human behaviour."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/uthman/": {"t": "Uthman", "s": "Third Rashidun caliph who standardized the Quran."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/basra/": {"t": "Basra", "s": "Ancient port city, hub of trade and conflict in southern Iraq."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mu-awiya-i/": {"t": "Mu'awiya I", "s": "Founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/hejaz/": {"t": "Hejaz", "s": "Historical region of western Arabia containing Islam's holiest cities."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/ubayy-ibn-ka-b/": {"t": "Ubayy ibn Ka'b", "s": "Companion of Muhammad and compiler of a Quran codex."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abu-bakr/": {"t": "Abu Bakr", "s": "First Rashidun caliph, close companion of Muhammad, and key figure in early Islamic expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/husayn-ibn-ali/": {"t": "Husayn ibn Ali", "s": "Third Imam in Shia Islam, grandson of Muhammad, and central figure of the Battle of Karbala.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/husayn-ibn-ali.webp", "c": "khamenei.ir · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hajj/": {"t": "Hajj", "s": "Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a required religious duty."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/kharijites/": {"t": "Kharijites", "s": "Early Islamic sect known for rebellion and strict piety."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/fiqh/": {"t": "Fiqh", "s": "Islamic jurisprudence: human understanding of divine law"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aurangzeb/": {"t": "Aurangzeb", "s": "The sixth Mughal emperor who expanded the empire to its greatest extent."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/medieval-philosophy/": {"t": "Medieval philosophy", "s": "Medieval philosophy integrated ancient thought with theological inquiry."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/islamic-philosophy/": {"t": "Islamic philosophy", "s": "Philosophy emerging from the Islamic tradition, blending reason and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The inward dimension of Islam, focusing on purification and direct experience of the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/asceticism/": {"t": "Asceticism", "s": "Lifestyle of abstinence from worldly pleasures for spiritual goals."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/averroes/": {"t": "Averroes", "s": "Andalusian polymath and jurist, known as 'The Commentator' for his commentaries on Aristotle."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tunis/": {"t": "Tunis", "s": "Capital of Tunisia, historic city on the Gulf of Tunis."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/fez-morocco/": {"t": "Fez, Morocco", "s": "Ancient capital of learning and trade in northern Morocco"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/malatya/": {"t": "Malatya", "s": "Ancient city and global apricot capital in eastern Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/twelver-shi-ism/": {"t": "Twelver Shi'ism", "s": "The largest branch of Shia Islam, centred on twelve divinely chosen Imams from the family of Muhammad.", "i": "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/img/abrahamic-religions/twelver-shi-ism.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Twelver Shi'ism · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hadith/": {"t": "Hadith", "s": "The second authority after the Quran, shaping Islamic law and doctrine through reported words and deeds of the Prophet."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/islamic-world/": {"t": "Islamic world", "s": "Global community of those adhering to Islam."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/muhammad-al-mahdi/": {"t": "Muhammad al-Mahdi", "s": "Twelfth Imam and awaited Mahdi in Twelver Shia Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mahdi/": {"t": "Mahdi", "s": "Messianic figure in Islam who will restore justice."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/shaykh-tusi/": {"t": "Shaykh Tusi", "s": "Twelver Shia scholar who authored two of the Four Books."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/halal/": {"t": "Halal", "s": "Halal: Islamic guidelines for lawful living, from diet to daily ethics."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/pilgrimage/": {"t": "Pilgrimage", "s": "A journey to a holy place for spiritual transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ja-far-al-sadiq/": {"t": "Ja'far al-Sadiq", "s": "Sixth Shia Imam and founder of the Ja'fari school of law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ja-far-al-sadiq.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/imam/": {"t": "Imam", "s": "Islamic leadership role with differing Sunni and Shia interpretations."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/shafi-i-school/": {"t": "Shafi'i school", "s": "The third-largest Sunni school, emphasizing Hadith and analogical reasoning."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/ramadan/": {"t": "Ramadan", "s": "Islamic month of fasting, prayer, and spiritual reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/ulama/": {"t": "Ulama", "s": "Guardians and interpreters of Islamic doctrine and law."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/tafsir/": {"t": "Tafsir", "s": "Quranic exegesis explaining God's will through language and tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/jurisprudence/": {"t": "Jurisprudence", "s": "The philosophy of law, examining what law is and ought to be."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/epicurus/": {"t": "Epicurus", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun/": {"t": "Ibn Khaldun", "s": "Arab scholar and forerunner of modern social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun.webp", "c": "Reda Kerbush · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-taymiyya/": {"t": "Ibn Taymiyya", "s": "Controversial Hanbali scholar, proto-Salafist theologian, and Qadiri Sufi.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-sages/img/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-taymiyya.webp", "c": "Moataz1997 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-tumart/": {"t": "Ibn Tumart", "s": "Founder of the Almohad movement and its first leader.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-sages/img/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-tumart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ibn Tumart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historian/": {"t": "Historian", "s": "Scholar who studies and writes about the past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historian.webp", "c": "Anasuyas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/almanzor/": {"t": "Almanzor", "s": "Chamberlain who dominated Umayyad Córdoba and halted Christian advance."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/maliki-school/": {"t": "Maliki school", "s": "A Sunni school prioritizing Medinan practice as living Sunnah."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-hajar-al-asqalani/": {"t": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", "s": "Foremost 15th-century scholar of hadith and Islamic law."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/mosque-cathedral-of-c-rdoba/": {"t": "Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba", "s": "Former Great Mosque, now a cathedral in Córdoba, Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/qibla/": {"t": "Qibla", "s": "The direction Muslims face for prayer and ritual."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/fatwa/": {"t": "Fatwa", "s": "A legal ruling on Islamic law issued by a qualified jurist."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/al-hajjaj-ibn-yusuf/": {"t": "Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf", "s": "Umayyad governor of Iraq and the east, known for reforms and ruthlessness."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/istihsan/": {"t": "Istihsan", "s": "A principle of juristic preference in Islamic legal interpretation."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/introspection/": {"t": "Introspection", "s": "Examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/exegesis/": {"t": "Exegesis", "s": "Critical interpretation of texts, from Bible to ancient cuneiform."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mamluk-sultanate/": {"t": "Mamluk Sultanate", "s": "A slave-soldier dynasty that ruled Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/wahhabism/": {"t": "Wahhabism", "s": "Salafi revivalist movement from 18th-century Najd."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/umayyad-mosque/": {"t": "Umayyad Mosque", "s": "One of the largest and oldest mosques in the world, blending millennia of religious history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/umayyad-mosque.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/salafi-movement/": {"t": "Salafi movement", "s": "A late 19th-century Islamic renewal movement emphasizing the salaf."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-kathir/": {"t": "Ibn Kathir", "s": "Arab exegete, historian, and authority on Sunni Islam.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-sages/img/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-kathir.webp", "c": "KneeHallHawk · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-syria/e/castles-in-syria/citadel-of-damascus/": {"t": "Citadel of Damascus", "s": "Ayyubid-era fortress at the heart of ancient Damascus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/al-ghazali/": {"t": "Al-Ghazali", "s": "Proof of Islam and renewer of the faith"}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-arabi/": {"t": "Ibn Arabi", "s": "Sufi mystic of al-Andalus, poet and philosopher, first to spell out the unity of existence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-sages/img/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-arabi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ibn Arabi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/heresy/": {"t": "Heresy", "s": "A belief or theory strongly at variance with established religious doctrines, often met with censure."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-hazm/": {"t": "Ibn Hazm", "s": "Andalusi polymath, Zahiri jurist, and leading thinker of the Muslim world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-sages/img/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-hazm.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ibn Hazm · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/malik-ibn-anas/": {"t": "Malik ibn Anas", "s": "Eponym of the Maliki school and compiler of al-Muwatta'."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-qayyim-al-jawziyya/": {"t": "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya", "s": "Hanbali jurist, theologian, and spiritual writer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-sages/img/islamic-scholars-and-sages/ibn-qayyim-al-jawziyya.webp", "c": "Threethalatha · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/principles-of-islamic-jurisprudence/": {"t": "Principles of Islamic jurisprudence", "s": "Methodological principles for deriving Islamic legal rulings from scripture."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate/": {"t": "Ilkhanate", "s": "Mongol khanate ruling Iran and West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate.webp", "c": "Ali Zifan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/muhammad-ibn-abd-al-wahhab/": {"t": "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab", "s": "Reformer and founder of the Wahhabi movement"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "World's largest peninsula, formed by a divergent tectonic boundary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/hafiz-quran/": {"t": "Hafiz (Quran)", "s": "A person who has memorized the entire Qur'an."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/tajwid/": {"t": "Tajwid", "s": "Rules for correct Quranic pronunciation, derived from the Prophet Muhammad's recitation."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/aristotelianism/": {"t": "Aristotelianism", "s": "Philosophical tradition inspired by Aristotle's logic, ethics, and metaphysics."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/junayd-of-baghdad/": {"t": "Junayd of Baghdad", "s": "Persian mystic and central figure in early Sufi doctrine."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-mongol-conquests/": {"t": "The Mongol Conquests", "s": "Mongol conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/jihad/": {"t": "Jihad", "s": "Islamic concept of striving in God's path, with spiritual and martial dimensions."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/materialism/": {"t": "Materialism", "s": "Matter is the fundamental substance of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/atlas-mountains/": {"t": "Atlas Mountains", "s": "North African mountain range separating Sahara from Mediterranean and Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-mu-min/": {"t": "Abd al-Mu'min", "s": "First Almohad caliph who built an empire across North Africa and Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mu-tazilism/": {"t": "Mu'tazilism", "s": "Islamic rationalist theological school emphasizing God's unity and justice."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/taqlid/": {"t": "Taqlid", "s": "Islamic term for conformity to another's teaching."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/tawhid/": {"t": "Tawhid", "s": "Islam's core principle of absolute divine oneness."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/merv/": {"t": "Merv", "s": "Ancient Silk Road city and capital of empires."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/khorasan/": {"t": "Khorasan", "s": "Historical eastern region of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/muhammad-al-bukhari/": {"t": "Muhammad al-Bukhari", "s": "9th-century hadith scholar who compiled Sahih al-Bukhari.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/img/philosophers-and-theologians/muhammad-al-bukhari.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Muhammad al-Bukhari · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pashto/": {"t": "Pashto", "s": "Eastern Iranian language, official in Afghanistan, key to Pashtun identity."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/hamadan/": {"t": "Hamadan", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, once capital of the Medes and Seljuks."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mashhad/": {"t": "Mashhad", "s": "Second-largest Iranian city and major Shia pilgrimage center."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/islamic-eschatology/": {"t": "Islamic eschatology", "s": "Islamic beliefs about end times, judgment, and afterlife."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/punjab/": {"t": "Punjab", "s": "Historical region of five rivers in South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/ludhiana/": {"t": "Ludhiana", "s": "Most populous city in Punjab, major industrial and commercial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sindh/": {"t": "Sindh", "s": "Sindh is a Pakistani province, cradle of the Indus Valley Civilisation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/sindh.webp", "c": "Baba66 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/babur/": {"t": "Babur", "s": "Founder of the Mughal Empire and author of the Baburnama."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/mughal-empire/": {"t": "Mughal Empire", "s": "An early modern empire in South Asia, founded in 1526.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/mughal-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bhopal/": {"t": "Bhopal", "s": "Bhopal serves as the capital of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative center for both its district and division.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bhopal.webp", "c": "Suyash Dwivedi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/safavid-dynasty/": {"t": "Safavid dynasty", "s": "The Safavid dynasty: founders of modern Iran and champions of Twelver Shi'ism."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/e/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/jameh-mosque-of-isfahan/": {"t": "Jameh Mosque of Isfahan", "s": "A historic congregational mosque in Isfahan, Iran, built and modified over centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/isfahan/": {"t": "Isfahan", "s": "The third-most populous city in Iran, a historic crossroads of culture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/mulla-sadra/": {"t": "Mulla Sadra", "s": "Iranian philosopher who synthesized Islamic Golden Age thought into Transcendent Theosophy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/img/philosophers-and-theologians/mulla-sadra.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mulla Sadra · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/last-judgment/": {"t": "Last Judgment", "s": "Final divine judgment of all humanity in Abrahamic faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/mir-damad/": {"t": "Mir Damad", "s": "Teacher of Mulla Sadra and master of Peripatetic and Illuminationist philosophy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/mir-damad.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mulla Sadra · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-triads/e/medical-triads/renal-cell-carcinoma/": {"t": "Renal cell carcinoma", "s": "Kidney cancer arising from proximal tubule lining."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/al-ahram/": {"t": "Al-Ahram", "s": "The most widely circulating Egyptian daily, founded in 1876."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/tanta/": {"t": "Tanta", "s": "A historic city in the Nile Delta, Tanta is a commercial and cultural hub famed for its sweet shops and the Ahmadi Mosque."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/jamal-al-din-al-afghani/": {"t": "Jamal al-Din al-Afghani", "s": "Political activist and Islamic ideologist who championed Pan-Islamic unity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-sages/img/islamic-scholars-and-sages/jamal-al-din-al-afghani.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jamal al-Din al-Afghani · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/twelve-imams/": {"t": "Twelve Imams", "s": "Twelve divinely appointed successors of Muhammad in Twelver Shia Islam.", "i": "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/img/abrahamic-religions/twelve-imams.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Abrahamic religions · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/ismailism/": {"t": "Ismailism", "s": "A Shia denomination emphasizing esoteric interpretation of Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/zayd-ibn-ali/": {"t": "Zayd ibn Ali", "s": "Great-grandson of Ali; led a failed Umayyad revolt; Zaydiyya founder."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/muhammad-al-baqir/": {"t": "Muhammad al-Baqir", "s": "Fifth Shia Imam who shaped Twelver, Ismaili, and Zaydi jurisprudence."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/musa-al-kazim/": {"t": "Musa al-Kazim", "s": "Seventh Twelver Shia Imam, known for piety and imprisonment."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-ma-mun/": {"t": "Al-Ma'mun", "s": "Seventh Abbasid caliph who fostered the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-the-baptist/": {"t": "John the Baptist", "s": "First-century preacher and baptizer revered as a prophet in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-mu-tasim/": {"t": "Al-Mu'tasim", "s": "Eighth Abbasid caliph who built a Turkic military regime."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/nubia/": {"t": "Nubia", "s": "Ancient African region along the Nile, home to the Kerma culture and Kingdom of Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/al-masudi/": {"t": "Al-Masudi", "s": "Polymath historian and geographer of the Abbasid world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/al-masudi.webp", "c": "Hubertl · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/individual-angels/e/individual-angels/michael-archangel/": {"t": "Michael (archangel)", "s": "Archangel, warrior of God, and guardian prince of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/eschatology/": {"t": "Eschatology", "s": "Study of end times across religions and philosophies."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/mohammad-baqer-majlesi/": {"t": "Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi", "s": "Major Iranian Twelver Shi'a scholar of the Safavid era", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-sages/img/islamic-scholars-and-sages/mohammad-baqer-majlesi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-mansur/": {"t": "Al-Mansur", "s": "Second Abbasid caliph, founder of Baghdad's Round City."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/harun-al-rashid/": {"t": "Harun al-Rashid", "s": "The fifth Abbasid caliph whose reign marked the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age."}, "/e/islamic-scholars-and-sages/muhammad-al-jawad/": {"t": "Muhammad al-Jawad", "s": "Ninth Twelver Imam, known for piety and generosity."}}